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Cyprinidae, the largest known fish family including carp and minnows, has worldwide distribution with many species that are economically important in aquaculture. As would be expected, many viral pathogens can affect this group. The most pathogenic of these are the rhabdoviruses, a reovirus and three herpesviruses. Cyprinid herpesviruses can cause significant economic losses in aquaculture, and some of these viruses are oncogenic. The three herpesviruses are closely related but cause distinctly different diseases. Fish pox, caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (CyHV-1), is one of the oldest known fish diseases, being recorded as early as 1563. It takes the form of a hyperplastic, epidermal papilloma on common carp. Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is causative agent of herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (HVHN). The herpesvirus was first isolated from cultured goldfish in Japan. It causes a severe epizootic but no external clinical signs were apparent on affected fish. One of the most economically important and researched viral diseases of carp is koi herpesviral disease caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3). The aim of this paper is to present the current knowledge on herpesvirus diseases of the cyprinids.

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Fish herpesviruses can cause significant economic losses in aquaculture, and some of these viruses are oncogenic. The virion morphology and genome organization of fish herpesviruses are generally similar to those of higher vertebrates, but the phylogenetic connections between herpesvirus families are tenuous. In accordance with new taxonomy, fish herpesviruses belong to the family Alloherpesviridae in the order Herpesvirales. Fish herpesviruses can induce diseases ranging from mild, inapparent infections to serious ones that cause mass mortality. The aim of this work was to summarize the present knowledge about fish herpesvirus diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (CyHV-1) is the causative agent of carp pox characterized by epidermal papillomas in common carp and other cyprinids. In this study, we identified CyHV-1 in koi (Cyprinus carpio) from Iran in 2017 and 2019, showing clinical signs of the carp pox disease. Histopathology showed severe epidermal hyperplasia and the absence of club and goblet cells. Degenerative changes, including spongiosis and single-cell necrosis, were also observed. Keratinocyte dysplasia and a moderate lymphocytic infiltration were observed within the epidermis. PCR of the extracted DNA from skin lesions of affected koi from both outbreaks showed CyHV-1 specific TK amplicons, with high sequence identity (above 99%) among themselves and with other CyHV-1 isolates belong to Cluster I, as well as show 97% similarity to Cluster II isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Carp pox disease (CyHV-1) of koi in Iran and the Middle East. • This is the first report of Carp pox virus (CyHV-1) from koi in Iran. • Diagnosis of CyHV–1 was made by clinical, histopathological, and molecular characterization. • The isolates have been detected using the TK gene-based PCR assay. • We have classified the CyHV–1 isolates in to Cluster I (I-a and I-b) and Cluster II based on TK gene. • The Iranian CyHV–1 isolates were classified as Cluster I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]