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Rubus moluccanus L., commonly known as Molucca bramble or broad-leaf bramble is a member of family Rosaceae which occurs mainly in tropical Asia and Australia. It has applications in indigenous medicines and is used in the treatment of number of ailments like headache, diarrhoea, dysentery, abdominal pain, nocturnal micturition of children and enhancement of female fertility. This plant is a rich and valuable source of bioactive flavonoids, terpenes and other chemical compounds. The presence of these active chemical compounds exerts antibacterial, antifungal, antihelminthic and antioxidant activities. Regardless of its use in various diseases and disorders, the information about this plant is scanty. So the present review assessed and summarised the knowledge on taxonomy, morphology, geographical distribution, nutritional value, ethnobotany, phytochemistry and biological activities of R. moluccanus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently the determination of cyanidin 3-rutinoside content in plant petals usually requires chemical assays or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which are time-consuming and laborious. In this study, we aimed to develop a low-cost, high-throughput method to predict cyanidin 3-rutinoside content, and developed a cyanidin 3-rutinoside prediction model using nearinfrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with partial least squares regression (PLSR). We collected spectral data from Michelia crassipes (Magnoliaceae) tepals and used five different preprocessing methods and four variable selection algorithms to calibrate the PLSR model to determine the best prediction model. The results showed that (1) the PLSR model built by combining the blockScale (BS) preprocessing method and the Significance multivariate correlation (sMC) algorithm performed the best; (2) The model has a reliable prediction ability, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.72, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.04%, and a residual prediction deviation (RPD) of 2.06. The model can be effectively used to predict the cyanidin 3-rutinoside content of the perianth slices of M. crassipes, providing an efficient method for the rapid determination of cyanidin 3-rutinoside content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) and cyanidin 3-rutinoside (C3R), two anthocyanin compounds isolated from mulberry fruit, have beneficial effects in regards to reducing obesity. Their molecular targets have yet to be elucidated, however. Improving the function or increasing the quantity of mitochondria in brown adipose tissue (BAT) can promote the metabolism of carbohydrates and fat. This study was designed to investigate the mitochondrial biogenesis regulated by C3G and C3R during brown adipogenesis. The BAT-cMyc cell was treated with C3G and C3R, both of which significantly increased the expression levels of fatty acid oxidation-related genes such as PGC1α, PRDM16, and CPT1α. C3G and C3R also significantly increased the expression of TFAM and NRF1/NRF2. Notably, C3G and C3R treatment greatly elevated the mitochondrial copy number and BAT specific gene-UCP1 expression through AKT and ERK signaling pathways. These results altogether suggest that C3G and C3R may ameliorate metabolic disease through activating BAT thermogenesis.

The occurrence of allergy-mediated inflammatory diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis have increased, but comprehensive treatment remains difficult. Previous studies have shown that Schisandra chinensis Baill has antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antitumorigenic effects. Cyanidin 3-rutinoside (CR) is the major anthocyanin pigment of S. chinensis. However, the biological effects of CR have been rarely studied to date. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory effects of CR on phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)/A23187-induced allergic inflammation in vitro. CR inhibited the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and it also suppressed the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B. These results show that CR ameliorated PMA/A23187-induced allergic inflammation via the suppression of inflammatory cytokines in HMC-1 cells. Therefore, CR has potential as a therapeutic agent for allergic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria possessing an enzymatic system able to metabolize anthocyanins may play a major role in the production of compounds with different bioavailability and biological activity. In this study, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains were screened for the enzymatic activities of α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase and β-glucosidase. These strains were also screened for their ability to convert the anthocyanins from jussara. The nine evaluated strains produced at least two of the three enzymes; they were also capable of changing the main anthocyanin’s chromatographic profile. The values of cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside, following fermentation, ranged from 0 to 3217.7 and 4323.3 to 17190.9 μg/100 mL of medium fermented, respectively. The Lactobacillus deubruekii strain was able to change the anthocyanins from jussara pulp more extensively. Therefore, a culture medium containing jussara pulp and glucose was optimized using the experimental design as a statistical tool. Medium maximization occurred with a mixture composing 20% jussara pulp and 10% glucose in which the microorganism was able to reach the highest enzymatic production as well as produce the most extensive conversion of the main anthocyanins. Protocatechuic acid was the main enzymatic bioconversion product identified following fermentation. In addition, there was an observed increase in antioxidant activity following the jussara pulp fermentation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The olive tree “Cellina di Nardò” (CdN) is one of the most widespread cultivars in Southern Italy, mainly grown in the Provinces of Lecce, Taranto, and Brindisi over a total of about 60,000 hectares. Although this cultivar is mainly used for oil production, the drupes are also suitable and potentially marketable as table olives. When used for this purpose, olives are harvested after complete maturation, which gives to them a naturally black color due to anthocyanin accumulation. This survey reports for the first time on the total phenolic content (TPC), anthocyanin characterization, and antioxidant activity of CdN olive fruits during ripening and after fermentation. The antioxidant activity (AA) was determined using three different methods. Data showed that TPC increased during maturation, reaching values two times higher in completely ripened olives. Anthocyanins were found only in mature olives and the concentrations reached up to 5.3 g/kg dry weight. AA was determined for the four ripening stages, and was particularly high in the totally black olive fruit, in accordance with TPC and anthocyanin amounts. Moreover, the CdN olives showed a higher TPC and a greater AA compared to other black table olives produced by cultivars commonly grown for this purpose. These data demonstrate the great potential of black table CdN olives, a product that combines exceptional organoleptic properties with a remarkable antioxidant capacity.

Cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) and cyanidin 3-rutinoside (C3R), two anthocyanin compounds isolated from mulberry fruit, have beneficial effects in regards to reducing obesity. Their molecular targets have yet to be elucidated, however. Improving the function or increasing the quantity of mitochondria in brown adipose tissue (BAT) can promote the metabolism of carbohydrates and fat. This study was designed to investigate the mitochondrial biogenesis regulated by C3G and C3R during brown adipogenesis. The BAT-cMyc cell was treated with C3G and C3R, both of which significantly increased the expression levels of fatty acid oxidation-related genes such as PGC1α , PRDM16 , and CPT1α . C3G and C3R also significantly increased the expression of TFAM and NRF1 / NRF2 . Notably, C3G and C3R treatment greatly elevated the mitochondrial copy number and BAT specific gene- UCP1 expression through AKT and ERK signaling pathways. These results altogether suggest that C3G and C3R may ameliorate metabolic disease through activating BAT thermogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultrasound rapid and low-cost procedure for anthocyanin-based colorants from Prunus spinosa L. fruit epicarp was developed, and the advantages were compared with conventional heat-based extraction. To obtain the conditions that maximize anthocyanins’ extraction, a response surface methodology was applied using the variables of time, temperature, and ethanol content, in the case of heat extraction, whereas for ultrasound assisted extraction, temperature was replaced by ultrasound power. Two anthocyanin compounds were identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS—namely, cyanidin 3-rutinoside and peonidin 3-rutinoside. The responses used were the extraction yield and the content of the identified anthocyanins. Ultrasound extraction was the most effective method at 5.00 ± 0.15 min, 400.00 ± 32.00 W, and 47.98% ± 2.88% of ethanol obtaining 68.60% ± 2.06% of extracted residue, with an anthocyanin content of 18.17 mg/g (extract-basis) and 11.76 mg/g (epicarp-basis). Overall, a viable green process was achieved that could be used to support pilot-scale studies for industrial production of anthocyanin-based colorants from P. spinosa fruit epicarp.

Context: Euterpe oleracea Mart. (Arecaceae) fruits and their dietary supplements are gaining much popularity internationally. Anthocyanins and their aglycons are responsible for the dense color of açaí fruit and are associated with a wide spectrum of health promoting effects. Objective: Quantitative analysis of anthocyanins in açaí dietary supplement raw materials; processed açaí powder (ADSR-1), organic açaí powder (ADSR-2), and nonorganic açaí powder (ADSR-3) by quadrupole-time-of-flight liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (Q-TOF LC/MS) have been reported in this study. Materials and methods: The chromatographic separation for anthocyanins was achieved using a C-18 column with a gradient of 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in methanol and acetonitrile (50:50, v/v). MS and MS/MS experiments were carried out on an electrospray ionization-Q-TOF LC/MS. Results: Except for ASDR-2, all the açaí samples were found to have cyanidin 3-glucoside ( 1), cyanidin 3-sambubioside ( 2), cyanidin 3-rutinoside ( 3), and peonidin 3-rutinoside ( 4). ASDR-2 contained anthocyanins 1 and 3. Among the açaí samples quantified, ADSR-3 showed higher concentration of anthocyanins compared to other raw materials and capsules tested in this study. Discussion and conclusion: The anthocyanins 1-4 present in ADSR-3 were 27.13 ± 0.37, 1.76 ± 0.04, 31.07 ± 0.49, and 3.46 ± 0.08 mg/100 g dry wt, respectively. The LOQ values for anthocyanins 1-4 were in the range of 2.44-9.76 ng/mL. Accuracy of the method was assessed by performing a recovery experiments. The intraday and interday variations (RSDs) were <10%. This is the first report on quantitation of anthocyanins in açaí dietary supplement raw materials and capsules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential markers of juvenility (cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside) in autumn leaves of seven Acer palmatum Thunb. cultivars were investigated. Three shoot positions were marked on each cultivar—crown shoot, middle shoot, and basal shoot—and the anthocyanins were analyzed using HPLC-MS. The results showed great differences in cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside concentrations among seven cultivars; moreover, significant differences in cyanidin 3-glucoside content levels were also observed among three shoot positions regardless of the cultivar analyzed. The concentration decreased basipetally and reached levels up to 52 times higher in leaves obtained from crown shoots in comparison to basal shoot leaves. Therefore, the content level of cyanidin 3-glucoside can be defined as a quantitative marker of positional effect in all the Acer palmatum Thunb. cultivars analyzed. The content level of cyanidin 3-rutinoside did not express the same positional dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Nine taxa of Corydalis were surveyed for their floral anthocyanins. Five cyanidin glycosides: cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-sambubioside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-(2G-xylosylrutinoside) and cyanidin 3-(2G-xylosylrutinoside)-7-glucoside were isolated from these taxa and identified by chemical and spectroscopic techniques. A novel anthocyanin was found in the flowers of Corydalis elata and Corydalis flexuosa cultivars, and identified to be cyanidin 3-(2G-xylosylrutinoside)-7-glucoside. Two anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-sambubioside and cyanidin 3-(2G-xylosylrutinoside), were also found for the first time in Corydalis flowers. Furthermore, the major anthocyanin constituent of the flowers was cyanidin 3-sambubioside in the outer petals of Corydalis ambigua and Corydalis lineariloba, and cyanidin 3-rutinoside in those of Corydalis decumbens, Corydalis curvicalcarata and Corydalis speciosa. Similarly, Corydalis incisa contained cyanidin 3-(2G-xylosylrutinoside), and C. flexuosa ‘China Blue’ and ‘Blue Panda’, and C. elata contained the most complex structural pigment, cyanidin 3-(2G-xylosylrutinoside)-7-glucoside, as their dominant anthocyanin in their outer petals. According to the results of anthocyanin analyses, these nine plants were classified into four groups: groups A (three taxa), B (two taxa), C (one taxa) and D (three taxa). On the other hand, the anthocyanin constituent of their inner petals was composed of cyanidin 3-rutinoside as only one dominant anthocyanin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The olive tree "Cellina di Nardò" (CdN) is one of the most widespread cultivars in Southern Italy, mainly grown in the Provinces of Lecce, Taranto, and Brindisi over a total of about 60,000 hectares. Although this cultivar is mainly used for oil production, the drupes are also suitable and potentially marketable as table olives. When used for this purpose, olives are harvested after complete maturation, which gives to them a naturally black color due to anthocyanin accumulation. This survey reports for the first time on the total phenolic content (TPC), anthocyanin characterization, and antioxidant activity of CdN olive fruits during ripening and after fermentation. The antioxidant activity (AA) was determined using three different methods. Data showed that TPC increased during maturation, reaching values two times higher in completely ripened olives. Anthocyanins were found only in mature olives and the concentrations reached up to 5.3 g/kg dry weight. AA was determined for the four ripening stages, and was particularly high in the totally black olive fruit, in accordance with TPC and anthocyanin amounts. Moreover, the CdN olives showed a higher TPC and a greater AA compared to other black table olives produced by cultivars commonly grown for this purpose. These data demonstrate the great potential of black table CdN olives, a product that combines exceptional organoleptic properties with a remarkable antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultrasound rapid and low-cost procedure for anthocyanin-based colorants from Prunus spinosa L. fruit epicarp was developed, and the advantages were compared with conventional heat-based extraction. To obtain the conditions that maximize anthocyanins' extraction, a response surface methodology was applied using the variables of time, temperature, and ethanol content, in the case of heat extraction, whereas for ultrasound assisted extraction, temperature was replaced by ultrasound power. Two anthocyanin compounds were identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS—namely, cyanidin 3-rutinoside and peonidin 3-rutinoside. The responses used were the extraction yield and the content of the identified anthocyanins. Ultrasound extraction was the most effective method at 5.00 ± 0.15 min, 400.00 ± 32.00 W, and 47.98% ± 2.88% of ethanol obtaining 68.60% ± 2.06% of extracted residue, with an anthocyanin content of 18.17 mg/g (extract-basis) and 11.76 mg/g (epicarp-basis). Overall, a viable green process was achieved that could be used to support pilot-scale studies for industrial production of anthocyanin-based colorants from P. spinosa fruit epicarp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the possible protective effects of lyophilized açaí pulp (AP) in a colitis-associated carcinogenesis (CAC) rat model and the modifying effect of cyanidin 3-rutinoside (C3R) on the motility of RKO colon adenocarcinoma cells, using the wound healing assay. Male Wistar rats were induced to develop CAC using 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene acid (TNBS). Animals were randomly assigned to different groups that received basal diet or basal diet supplemented with 5.0% or 7.5% lyophilized AP. The findings indicate: 1) C3R (25 μM) has the potential to reduce RKO cell motility in vitro; 2) ingestion of lyophilized AP reduces the total number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), ACF multiplicity, tumor cell proliferation and incidence of tumors with high grade dysplasia; 3) AP increases the gene expression of negative regulators of cell proliferation such as Dlc1 and Akt3, as well as inflammation (Ppara). Thus, lyophilized AP could exert a potential antitumor activity., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)