Search

Taxonomic evaluation of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) from Sulawesi has resulted in the recognition of 39 species. Of these, four species are described as new here: Cyrtandra balgooyi H.J.Atkins & Karton., C. flavomaculata H.J.Atkins & Karton., C. longistamina H.J.Atkins & Karton. and C. parvicalyx H.J.Atkins & Karton. Eleven names are lectotypified and three names are placed in synonymy. Provisional conservation assessments suggest that seven of these species are Critically Endangered, six are Endangered, three are Vulnerable, two are Data Deficient and 21 are of Least Concern. Illustrations, distribution maps, and a key to the Cyrtandra species of Sulawesi are presented. Evaluasi taksonomi Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) dari Sulawesi menghasilkan pengenalan 39 jenis. Diantara jenis-jenis tersebut, empat jenis dideskripsikan sebagai jenis yang baru disini: Cyrtandra balgooyi H.J.Atkins & Karton., C. flavomaculata H.J.Atkins & Karton., C. longistamina H.J.Atkins & Karton. and C. parvicalyx H.J.Atkins & Karton. Sebelas nama telah dilektotipifikasikan dan tiga nama ditempatkan dalam sinonim. Penilaian konservasi sementara menyarankan bahwa tujuh dari jenisjenis ini dinyatakan Critically Endangered, enam dinyatakan Endangered, tiga dinyatakan Vulnerable, dua dinyatakan Data Deficient dan 21 sisanya dinyatakan Least Concern. Ilustrasi, peta distribusi dan kunci identifikasi untuk jenis-jenis Cyrtandra dari Sulawesi disajikan.

Tropical rainforest communities are often characterized by a small number of species-rich genera that contribute disproportionately to the alpha diversity in these habitats. In the Pacific Basin there are nearly 200 species of Cyrtandra, most of which are white-flowered woody shrubs that are single-island endemics. Within these island communities, multiple Cyrtandra species are commonly observed to occur sympatrically in wet forest understories, forming swarms of what appear to be ecologically similar taxa. The aim of this study was to determine if communities of these plants are randomly assembled with respect to phylogenetic relatedness and traits that are ecologically relevant. Using a combination of ten functional traits and a well-resolved species phylogeny, I examined community assembly within 34 species of Cyrtandra across three Pacific archipelagoes. Coexisting species were generally found to be more closely related and more phenotypically similar than would be expected by chance. This pattern was observed at both broad (island communities) and fine (site communities) spatial scales. The retention of phylogenetic signal in floral traits and the strong influence of these traits on the observed degree of phylogenetic clustering may indicate that pollinators act as a biotic filter for closely related species of Cyrtandra. In contrast, the absence of phylogenetic signal in most leaf traits, coupled with the lower contribution of these traits to niche clustering, suggests that environmental filtering along this trait axis is minimal in the observed communities. This study supports the theory that plant communities are not randomly assembled, and instead, that niche-based processes structure biodiversity at broad and fine spatial scales in diverse congeneric species assemblages.

Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae), with over 800 species, is a mega-diverse genus which presents considerable taxonomic challenges due to its size. A well-sampled phylogeny of the genus across Southeast Asia has confirmed that all but one of the sections within Clarke’s 1883 genus-wide infrageneric classification are polyphyletic. It also shows that there are high levels of homoplasy in key morphological characters, although it is possible to use morphological characters to define clades in parts of the phylogenetic tree. There is some geographic structure in the phylogeny, but there is also evidence of dispersal between islands. A practical approach for tackling the taxonomy of Cyrtandra in the region, through phylogenetically informed taxonomic revisions of geographic areas, an approach which combines evidence from molecular, morphological and distribution data, is discussed. Completing our understanding of species diversity and delimitation in this genus will allow us to maximise the use of Cyrtandra as a tool for studying biogeography, speciation, diversification and conservation prioritisation in the rainforests of Southeast Asia.

Cyrtandra tempestii, a species endemic to the southeast coast of Taveuni, Fiji, is reevaluated in light of recent field collections and a thorough examination of herbarium specimens. A revised description of this species based on observations and morphological measurements from the field is presented here. Cyrtandra tuiwawai sp. nov. was formerly included under C. tempestii based on similarities in floral morphology and is described here as a new species endemic to the montane forests of Taveuni. Habitat preference, as well as morphological characters, distinguish the two species from one another. The addition of C. tuiwawai brings the total number of Cyrtandra species in Fiji to 42, and supports the need for continued fieldwork in the region.

Cyrtandra argentii Olivar, H.J.Atkins & Muellner sp. nov., endemic to the Philippines and named after George Argent, is herein described and illustrated. Collections associated with this new species are often confused with three other species, namely C. ferruginea Merr., C. villosissima Merr., and C. hirtigera H.J.Atkins & Cronk. Distinguishing characters including keys, updated descriptions, distribution maps, and photos of live specimens are provided to aid identification of the four species. Following the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria, C. argentii sp. nov. is considered to be Near Threatened (NT) due to its distribution in a zone susceptible to anthropogenic pressure and the lack of any formal protection.

Genus Cyrtandra J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (Forster & Forster 1775) Key to the studied species 1. Mature leaves anisophyllous (i.e., smaller leaves less than half the length of the larger leaves in a pair)..................................................................................................................... C. ferruginea Merr. ��� Mature leaves subequal..................................................................................................................... 2 2. Indumentum white; inflorescences pendulous and pedunculate.................................................................................................................................... C. argentii Olivar, H.J. Atkins & Muellner sp. nov. ��� Indumentum ferruginous; inflorescences erect and subsessile......................................................... 3 3. Calyx divided almost to the base; corolla red.................................................... C. villosissima Merr. ��� Calyx fused for half or more of its length; corolla yellowish green or dull reddish orange........................................................................................................................ C. hirtigera H.J.Atkins & Cronk, Published as part of Olivar, Jay Edneil C., Atkins, Hannah J., Hauenschild, Frank & Muellner-Riehl, Alexandra N., 2020, Cyrtandra argentii, a new species of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) from the Philippines, and a review of the C. villosissima group, pp. 1-15 in European Journal of Taxonomy 676 on page 4, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.676, http://zenodo.org/record/3928370

Cyrtandra ferruginea Merr. (Merrill 1915) Figs 1, 3B, 4B Material examined Type PHILIPPINES ��� Luzon, Camarines, Mt Cauayan; 9 Dec. 1913; Phil. Pl. Ramos 1548 (syntypes: BM!, GH!, NY!, P!, US!). Additional material PHILIPPINES ��� Mt Isarog, Camarines Sur; Aug. 1915; Ramos 23554 (US00081328) ��� ibid.; 22 Mar. 1997; Mendum et al. 29182 (E00057041) ��� ibid.; 23 Mar. 1997; Argent et al. 20182 (L.3805694) ��� Mt Bulusan, Sorsogon; Dec. 1915; Elmer 16074 (L.2818244, US00081329, U.1341267, P03884333) ��� ibid.; 19 Jun. 1958; Sinclair 9624 (E00631523) ��� Mt Mayon, Albay; 15 Nov. 1991; Reynoso, Romero & Fuentes 3584 (E00316099) ��� Catanduanes; 11 Dec. 1917; Ramos 30288 (US00081330, P03884332) ��� Mt Malinao, Albay; 29 Oct. 1995; Reynoso, Sagcal & Fernando 21406 (L.3805666). Description An erect suffrutescent plant up to 1 m in height. Stems terete with ferruginous hairs all throughout. Leaves opposite, anisophyllous; petioles 4���7 cm long, densely hirsute; blades ca 20 �� 12 cm, oblong to oblong-elliptic slightly falcate, apex acute or slightly acuminate, base acute or rounded, pronouncedly asymmetrical, not decurrent, margins denticulate, 10 pairs of lateral veins, curving and uniting at the margin, densely hirsute on both sides; blades of smaller leaves of a pair 6.5���9�� 2���2.5 cm, resembling the major leaves in all other respects. Inflorescences cymose, axillary, erect, pedunculate, with 1���3 flowers; peduncle 2���3 cm long, densely hirsute; bracts green, ca 10 �� 1 mm, linear lanceolate, densely hirsute on both surfaces, persistent. Calyx tubular, pale green, 20���30 mm long, upper lobes ca 3 mm long, lower lobes ca 7 mm long, acuminate, densely hirsute externally, with glandular hairs internally at base of lobes. Corolla white, 50���65 mm long, funnel-shaped, upper lobes rounded, ca 8�� 9 mm, lower and lateral lobes rounded, ca 5�� 6 mm, densely hirsute, with glandular hairs internally, lobes slightly recurved. Stamens 2; filaments ca 10 mm long, attached ca 18 mm from base of corolla, sparsely covered with glandular hairs; anthers ca 1.5 mm long, thecae parallel, coherent at apices; staminodes 3, lateral staminodes ca 4 mm long, central staminode ca 1 mm long. Gynoecium ca 25 mm long overall; disc cupular with undulate margin, ca 2 mm long, glabrous; ovary 8���9 mm long, with glandular hairs throughout; style ca 12 mm long, with glandular hairs throughout; stigma bilobed, ca 1 mm across. Fruits lanceolate, green, hirsute, verrucose, 30���40 �� 6 mm; calyx persistent and entirely enclosing the fruit, style persistent. Distribution and habitat Cyrtandra ferruginea is found growing in damp forests at approximately 500���800 m a.s.l. and can be found on Catanduanes, Mt Isarog, Mt Mayon, Mt Malinao and Mt Bulusan (Fig. 1). Notes Cyrtandra ferruginea is morphologically most similar to C. argentii sp. nov., but can be separated by the following characters: ferruginous anisophyllous leaves, 1���3 flowered simple cymes, and hirsute corolla., Published as part of Olivar, Jay Edneil C., Atkins, Hannah J., Hauenschild, Frank & Muellner-Riehl, Alexandra N., 2020, Cyrtandra argentii, a new species of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) from the Philippines, and a review of the C. villosissima group, pp. 1-15 in European Journal of Taxonomy 676 on pages 7-9, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.676, http://zenodo.org/record/3928370, {"references":["Merrill E. D. 1915. New or noteworthy Philippine plants, XI. The Philippine Journal of Science. Section C, Botany 10: 1 - 84.","Pelser P. B., Barcelona J. F. & Nickrent D. L. 2011 onwards. Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines [online]. Available from www. philippineplants. org [accessed 2 May 2019]."]}

Cyrtandra hirtigera H.J.Atkins & Cronk (Atkins & Cronk 2001 ) Figs 1, 3C, 4C Material examined Type PHILIPPINES • Palawan, Cleopatra’s Needle; 29 Jan. 1998; Cronk et al. 25433 (holotype: PNH!; isotypes: E!, K!, L!). Additional material PHILIPPINES • San Vicente, Palawan; 4 Aug. 1988; Soejarto & Madulid 6353 (L.2818243) • Mt Beaufort, Palawan; 12 Mar. 1984; Ridsdale SMHI 23 (L.2818051) • Pagdanan Range, Palawan; 22 Apr. 1984; Podzorski SMHI 934 (L.2818049) • Mt Mantalingahan, Palawan; 5 May 1948; Edaño 122 (L.2818048) • ibid.; 4 Mar. 1992; Argent & Romero 9666 (L.3805814) • Malampaya Bay, Palawan; Oct. 1922; Merrill 11573 (US00081506) • Mt Capoas, Palawan; Apr. 1913; Merrill 9500 (US00081487) • Palawan; Apr. 1906; Foxworthy 581 (US00081485, P03899657) • Taytay, Palawan; 31 Jan. 1991; Stone 327 (L.2822680). Description An erect suffrutescent plant, up to 2–2.5 m in height. Stems terete, with crimson or white hairs throughout. Leaves opposite, subequal; petioles 5–8 cm long, densely hirsute; blades 22–30 × 15–18 cm, broadly elliptic, slightly falcate, apex acuminate, base cuneate, not decurrent, margins denticulate, 12–14 pairs of lateral veins, curving and uniting at the margins, densely hirsute on both sides. Inflorescences cymous, axillary, erect, subsessile, with 4–many flowers; peduncle 4–5 mm, densely hirsute; bracts green, ca 1 cm × 5 mm, lanceolate, densely hirsute on both surfaces, persistent; bracteoles up to 5 mm long, densely hirsute on both surfaces; pedicels ca 5 mm long, densely hirsute. Calyx tubular, red or green, ca 1–1.5 cm long, lobes ca 5 mm long, lower lobes ca 6 mm long, acute or narrowly acuminate, densely hirsute externally, with scattered glandular hairs internally and has prominent tufts of hairs at the base. Corolla dull reddish orange or yellowish green, ca 2 cm long, funnel-shaped, lobes slightly bilabiate or subequal, upper lobes, 1–1.5 × 2 mm, lateral lobes 1× 1.5 mm, lower lobes 2× 1.5 mm; glandular hairs externally and internally. Stamens 2; filaments ca 1–1.5 cm long, attached ca 12–13 mm from base of corolla, glabrous; anthers ca 2 mm long, thecae parallel, coherent at apices; staminodes 2, 5– 8 mm long. Gynoecium ca 20 mm long overall; disc cupular with undulate margin, ca 1.5 mm long, glabrous; ovary ca 4–5 mm long, glabrous; style ca 10 mm long, with eglandular hairs throughout; stigma bilobed, ca 2.5 mm across. Fruits ovoid, green, glabrous, ca 1 cm × 5 mm; inflorescence bracts persistent, calyx and style not persistent. Distribution and habitat Cyrtandra hirtigera is distributed throughout the island of Palawan and is usually found on slopes near gullies at 30–900 m a.s.l. Notes Atkins & Cronk (2001) described two varieties of this species, C. hirtigera var. hirtigera and C. hirtigera var. chlorina, distinguishable by color and shape of their calyces and corolla limbs. Cyrtandra hirtigera var. hirtigera has a crimson indumentum, red calyces with acute lobe apices, and reddish orange corollas with slightly bilabiate limbs. Cyrtandra hirtigera var. chlorina has pale indumentum, green calyces with acuminate lobe apices, and yellowish green corollas with subequal lobes.

Cyrtandra villosissima Merr. (Merrill 1906) Figs 1, 3D, 4D Material examined Type PHILIPPINES ��� Mindanao, Camp Keithley, Lake Lanao; Jan. 1906; Mrs Clemens 51 (holotype: AAH!; isotypes: F!, US!). Additional material PHILIPPINES ��� Mt Malindang, Misamis Occidental; 16 Mar. 2004; Opiso et al. 2088 (L.3794253) ��� ibid.; May 1993; Gaerlan et al. 10925 (K000184579, L.3794112) ��� Mt Hibok-Hibok, Camiguin; 1999; RBGE & PNH 48 (E00743749) ��� Lake Balunsasayao, Negros Oriental; 11 Sep. 1953; Britton 357 (L.2826671) ��� Cuernos Mountains, Negros Oriental; 13 May 1948; Eda��o 7393 (AAH00092001) ��� ibid.; Mar. 1908; Elmer 9511 (L.2826672, US00081486) ��� Mahilucot River, Bukidnon; Jul. 1920; Ramos & Eda��o 38649 (L.2826670, US00081488) ��� Mt Daho, Jolo; Sep. 1924; Ramos & Eda��o 43913 (P03899658). Description An erect suffrutescent plant up to 7m in height. Stems terete or slightly grooved,with ferruginous woolly hairs throughout. Leaves opposite, subequal; petioles 3���5 cm long, densely hirsute; blades 11���20�� 3.5���8 cm, oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, slightly falcate, apex acuminate, base acute or acuminate, pronouncedly asymmetrical, not decurrent, margins denticulate, 12���14 pairs of lateral veins, curving and uniting at the margins, densely hirsute on both sides. Inflorescences cymous, axillary, erect, subsessile, with 4���many flowers; peduncle 4���5 mm, densely hirsute; bracts green, ca 1 cm, linear, densely hirsute on both surfaces, persistent; bracteoles up to 5 mm long, densely hirsute on both surfaces; pedicels ca 5 mm long, densely hirsute. Calyx tubular, pale green, lobes linear ca 1.5 cm �� 1 mm, densely hirsute. Corolla red, ca 18 mm long, funnel-shaped, lobes orbicular-ovate ca 4 mm long, densely hirsute. Stamens 2; filaments ca 2 mm long; anthers ca 2.5 mm long, thecae parallel, coherent at apices. Gynoecium ca 20 mm long overall, densely hirsute; disc cupular, glabrous; style densely hirsute. Fruits oblong, green, densely hirsute, ca 1 cm �� 4.5 mm; calyx and style persistent. Distribution and habitat Cyrtandra villosissima is distributed throughout the island of Mindanao and extends to the island of Negros in the Visayas and is usually found in well-shaded areas near ravines. Notes Cyrtandra villosissima is vegetatively similar to C. hirtigera. It is distinguishable by its red corolla and green calyces with distinctly linear lobes. Based on available distribution data, C. hirtigera appears to be restricted to the island of Palawan while C. villosissima can be found from Negros Island to the island of Mindanao., Published as part of Olivar, Jay Edneil C., Atkins, Hannah J., Hauenschild, Frank & Muellner-Riehl, Alexandra N., 2020, Cyrtandra argentii, a new species of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) from the Philippines, and a review of the C. villosissima group, pp. 1-15 in European Journal of Taxonomy 676 on page 11, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.676, http://zenodo.org/record/3928370, {"references":["Merrill E. D. 1906. New or noteworthy Philippine plants, V. Philippine Journal of Science 1 (Supplement): 169 - 246."]}

The islands of Southeast Asia comprise one of the most geologically and biogeographically complex areas in the world and are a centre of exceptional floristic diversity, harbouring 45,000 species of flowering plants. Cyrtandra, with over 800 species of herbs and shrubs, is the largest genus in the family Gesneriaceae and is one of the most emblematic and species-rich genera of the Malesian rainforest understorey. The high number of species and tendency to narrow endemism make Cyrtandra an ideal genus for examining biogeographic patterns. We sampled 128 Cyrtandra taxa from key localities across Southeast Asia to evaluate the geo-temporal patterns and evolutionary dynamics of this clade. One nuclear and four chloroplast regions were used for phylogenetic reconstruction, molecular dating, and ancestral range estimation. Results from the dating analysis suggest that the great diversity of Cyrtandra seen in the Malesian region results from a recent radiation, with most speciation taking place in the last five million years. Borneo was recovered as the most likely ancestral range of the genus, with the current distribution of species resulting from a west to east migration across Malesia that corresponds with island emergence and mountain building. Lastly, our investigation into the biogeographic history of the genus indicates high levels of floristic exchange between the islands on the Sunda shelf and the important role of the Philippines as a stepping stone to Wallacea and New Guinea. These patterns underlie much of the plant diversity in the region and form an emerging paradigm in Southeast Asian plant biogeography.

Study on the used of medicinal plants by Marind people who lived at Wasur National Park, Merauke was conducted by using descriptive methods which include observation, interview, documentation, literature review techniques, as well as emic and ethic approaches. During the study there were 46 species which belong to 26 families plants found as medicinal plants used by Marind people to cure about 30 diseases. Among 46 species, there were 7 potential medicinal plant species which known and used by most Marind people. The seven potential medicinal plant species were Ipomoea triloba L., Bauhinia sp., Pittosporum sp., Kingiodendron platycarpum Bent., Sophora tool mentosa L. Cyrtandra sp., dan Tinopspora disstiflora L. Part of plant used vary from leaf, root, bark, fruit and other part of plant. Compare to other part of plant, leaf was the most common used as traditional medicinal plant. Key words : traditional medicinal plant, Marind people, Wasur National Park

Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) is among the largest genera of flowering plants in the remote oceanic islands of the Pacific, with an estimated 175 species distributed across an area that extends from the Solomon Islands, east to the Marquesas Islands, and north to the Hawaiian Islands. The vast majority of species are single-island endemics that inhabit upland rainforests. Although previous molecular phylogenetic studies greatly advanced our understanding of the diversification of Pacific Cyrtandra, a number of uncertainties remain regarding phylogenetic relationships, divergence times, and biogeographic patterns within this large and widely dispersed group. In the present study, five loci (ITS, ETS, Cyrt1, psbA-trnH, and rpl32-trnL) were amplified and sequenced for phylogenetic reconstruction of 121 Cyrtandra taxa. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference confirmed that C. taviunensis from Fiji is sister to the remaining members of the Pacific clade. Dating analyses and ancestral area estimation indicates that the Pacific clade of Cyrtandra originated in Fiji during the Miocene ca. 9mya. All major crown lineages within the Pacific clade appeared < 5mya, coincident with the emergence of numerous Pacific islands and a subsequent increase in available habitat. The biogeographic history of Cyrtandra in the Pacific has been shaped by extinction, dispersal distance, and founder events. Biogeographic stochastic mapping analyses suggest that cladogenesis within Pacific Cyrtandra involved a combination of narrow (within-area) sympatry and founder events. A mean of 24 founder events was recovered between Pacific archipelagos, while a mean of 10 founder events was recovered within the Hawaiian archipelago.

Two new species of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) are described; one apparently endemic to Yapen Island, Tanah Papua, the other present in Tanah Papua and in Papua New Guinea: both species are described and illustrated, and preliminary conservation assessments given. Notes on the identity of other known collections of Cyrtandra from Yapen are provided.

International audience; Aim The diversity and composition of species pools within oceanic archipelagos is determined by a combination of colonization, abiotic tolerance, in situ diversification, biotic interactions and extinction. The signature of biogeographic events and evolutionary processes, however, may be masked by recent coalescence and hybridization between closely related species. We used the species-rich plant genus Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) to investigate the roles of colonization and hybridization in shaping community assemblages on the geologically young Hawai'i Island. Location Hawaiian Islands. Taxon Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae). Methods We sampled 29 Cyrtandra taxa and putative hybrids across the main Hawaiian Islands and generated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from nine single-copy nuclear genes. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships, divergence times were estimated using secondary calibrations and island ages, and ancestral area estimation was done using likelihood models. Lastly, we used a Bayesian population assignment test and principal components analysis to infer population genetic structure. Results Cyrtandra colonization of the main Hawaiian Islands appears to have followed the progression rule, whereby the oldest high Hawaiian Islands (Kaua'i and O'ahu) were colonized first, followed by colonization of the younger islands as habitat became available. Hawai'i Island was colonized four times, with two dispersal events from O'ahu and two from Maui Nui. The different colonization events gave rise to significantly uneven numbers of species, and hybridization among the incipient lineages was detected in the form of intermediate genotypes. Main conclusions Our investigation into community assembly in a species-rich plant genus on a geologically young oceanic island revealed a history of multiple colonizations and hybridization among colonizing lineages. The rapid diversification (3.5 species/My) of one of four Cyrtandra lineages on Hawai'i Island may be the result of hybridization between genetically diverse lineages that stem from independent colonization events. Multiple colonization events followed by a merging of lineages may be particularly common during early-stage community assembly on islands and, through the generation of genetic variation, may be especially important for species diversification.

Cyrtandra Forster & Forster (1776: 5) is the largest genus in the family Gesneriaceae, with over 800 species distributed throughout Southeast Asia and the Pacific (Atkins et al. 2013). Members of the genus are important understory elements in primary forests, with varying habits (Burtt 2001). The Philippines is considered a center of diversity for the genus, with approximately 105–150 spp. (Atkins et al. 2013, Johnson et al. 2017).

Using a time-calibrated phylogenetic hypothesis including 768 Gesneriaceae species (out of [Formula: see text]3300 species) and more than 29,000 aligned bases from 26 gene regions, we test Gesneriaceae for diversification rate shifts and the possible proximal drivers of these shifts: geographic distributions, growth forms, and pollination syndromes. Bayesian Analysis of Macroevolutionary Mixtures analyses found five significant rate shifts in Beslerieae, core Nematanthus, core Columneinae, core Streptocarpus, and Pacific Cyrtandra These rate shifts correspond with shifts in diversification rates, as inferred by Binary State Speciation and Extinction Model and Geographic State Speciation and Extinction model, associated with hummingbird pollination, epiphytism, unifoliate growth, and geographic area. Our results suggest that diversification processes are extremely variable across Gesneriaceae clades with different combinations of characters influencing diversification rates in different clades. Diversification patterns between New and Old World lineages show dramatic differences, suggesting that the processes of diversification in Gesneriaceae are very different in these two geographic regions.

A study on structure and association of ground cover plants commnunity was conducted in Cikiniki Resort, Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java. The aimed of this study was to determine the structure and degree of association of ground cover plant that dominates with others ground cover plants. Plot observation using purposive sampling method. The sampling location was divided into two observation sites near the water source and away from the water source. We developed 20 plots with measure on 2 x 2 m2. The data obtained are frequency, density, dominance, Importance Value Index (INP), Distribution Index and Diversity Index Type. The relationship between abiotic factor and vegetation association was analyzed using Chi-Square analysis. The results showed that the dominant type was Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Roxb.) Zoll. & Moritzi (INP: 41.67%), Homalomena cordata Schott (INP: 16.87%), Cyrtandra populifolia Miq. (INP: 12.27%), Psychotria viridiflora Reinw. Ex Blume (INP: 11.79%) and Amischotolype mollissima (Blume) Hassk. (INP: 10,77%). Based on the calculation of chi-square (X2) associations S.calyptrata with other dominant species have low values of 0.26 (H. cordata), 0.25 (C. populifolia), 0.275 (P. viridiflora) and has no association with A. mollissima.

During fieldwork in Fiji, four new species of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) were discovered and are described herein: C. gregoryi M.A.Johnson, sp. nov., C. hispida M.A.Johnson, sp. nov., C. longifructosa M.A.Johnson, sp. nov., and C. waisaliensis M.A.Johnson, sp. nov. The addition of four new species brings the current number of Fijian Cyrtandra to 41 endemic species. Two of the four species are known from only a single locality, and all of the new species are likely endangered or critically endangered. Continued fieldwork in the islands of Fiji is warranted in order to better understand current species distributions and population demographics of Cyrtandra in this species-rich and still poorly explored region of the South Pacific.

During the preparation of the Vascular Flora of the Marquesas Islands three new species of Coprosma (Rubiaceae, tribe Anthospermeae) have come to light and are described herein: Coprosma fatuhivaensis W. L. Wagner & Lorence, Coprosma meyeri W. L. Wagner & Lorence, and Coprosma temetiuensis W. L. Wagner & Lorence. Descriptions, illustrations, conservation status, and specimen citations are provided. Amended descriptions of three previously described Marquesan Coprosma species are also provided as well as a key to the species, four of which fall into the Critically Endangered (CR) and two into the Endangered (EN) category. With the description of these the new species, Coprosma becomes the sixth largest lineage in the Marquesas Islands with six species after Psychotria (one lineage which has 9 spp.), Cyrtandra (8 spp.), Bidens (8 spp.), Melicope (7 spp.), and Ixora (7 spp.).

Cyrtandra sect. Dissimiles C. B. Cl., sect. Radicicaules Kraenzlin and sect. Radiciflorae Kraenzlin are lectotypified. Two varieties are raised to specific rank: C. dispar var. glabriflora B. C. Stone to C. stonei (Malay Peninsula), C. decurrens var. polyneura C. B. Cl. to C. polyneura (Sulawesi). Nineteen new species are described (11 from Sarawak, 1 from Sarawak and Kalimantan, 7 from Sabah—6 of them from Mt Kinabalu). Annotations are provided on 6 previously known species: C. calycina Benth. (New Guinea), C. debilis Kraenzlin (Kalimantan), C. farinosa C. B. Cl. (Sarawak), C. ligulifera C. B. Cl. (New Guinea), C. rubropicta Kraenzlin (Kalimantan and Sarawak), and C. russa C. B. Cl. (Sarawak).

Nineteen miscellaneous species of Bornean Cyrtandra are dealt with. Cyrtandra atrichoides, C. congestiflora, C. crockerella, C. dulitiana, C. kanae, C. libauensis, C. plicata, C. vaginata and C. disparoides subsp. inconspicua are newly described. Descriptions and discussion are provided for C. erythrotricha and C. poulsenii, originally published with diagnoses only. Cyrtandra axillaris, C. longicarpa and C. microcarpa are also described, while C. borneensis, C. dajakorum, C. glomeruliflora, C. latens and C. prolata are reduced to synonymy.

Six new species of Cyrtandra from Borneo (C. apaensis, C. burleyana, C. filisecta, C. subsphaerocarpa, C. tibangensis, C. toreniiflora) are described. Cyrtandra albibracteata is re-described in order to correct gross errors in the original paper. The published diagnosis validating C. paragibbsiae from Brunei is supplemented by a full description.

Two groups of species are dealt with: first, Cyrtandra schizostyla together with three new species, all notable for the extraordinary elaboration of their anthers; second, C. velutina and C. diplotricha together with four new species, notable for their remarkably slender, soft-walled fruits. All species are fully described and identification keys provided.

Section Dissimiles C.B. Clarke is reviewed. Eleven species are known, one of which is newly described here (C. fulvisericea), and one species is reduced to synonymy (C. producta = C. trisepala). The section is centred on Borneo, with two outlying species in Sumatra and one in Peninsular Malaysia. Section Dissimiles is defined by a unique combination of characters, the most distinctive of these are: a zygomorphic calyx (the upper three lobes are fused to form one but the tips remain free, and the lower two lobes are completely separated to the base); anisophyllous leaf pairs, and a small (generally less than 2 cm long), predominantly white, somewhat translucent corolla.

Section Dissimiles C.B. Clarke is reviewed. Eleven species are known, one of which is newly described here (C. fulvisericea), and one species is reduced to synonymy (C. producta = C. trisepala). The section is centred on Borneo, with two outlying species in Sumatra and one in Peninsular Malaysia. Section Dissimiles is defined by a unique combination of characters, the most distinctive of these are: a zygomorphic calyx (the upper three lobes are fused to form one but the tips remain free, and the lower two lobes are completely separated to the base); anisophyllous leaf pairs, and a small (generally less than 2 cm long), predominantly white, somewhat translucent corolla.

Seven new species of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) from Sulawesi are described and illustrated: C. gorontaloensis, C. fasciata, C. luteiflora, C. serratifolia, C. purpurea, C. tenuicarpa and C. roseiflora.