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Copyright of Moreana is the property of Edinburgh University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The monograph Knižní kultura českého středověku [Czech Book Culture in the Middle Ages] presents in four chapters the history of the manuscript and partially printed books and book culture, especially the area of book painting and book binding in the Czech lands in the Middle Ages until about the end of the 15th century. There is also an additional topic connected with book history, the period of incunabula. The authors of the individual chapters are Michal Dragoun, Jindřich Marek (Institute of Information Studies and Librarianship, Faculty of Arts, Charles University), Kamil Boldan (National Library of the Czech Republic), Milada Studničková (Institute of Art History, Czech Academy of Sciences). It summarizes new knowledge in areas previously summarized in the publications published in the early 1990s, Česká kniha v proměnách staletí [Czech Book through the centuries], compiled by a collective of authors under the leadership of Mirjam Bohatcová, and Josef Krása’s study České iluminované rukopisy 13.–16. století [Czech Illuminated Manuscripts 13th to 16th centuries]. The reviewed book is based on many years of research done by the members of the author’s team and also on partial studies by personalities of Czech and Moravian codicology and library science (e.g., Jiří Hlaváček, Petr Voit, Ladislav Dokoupil, and others).

The forced displacement of the Sudeten Germans represents a crucial moment in the history of the Czechoslovakia after World War II, it was the largest migration wave in the history of the Czech lands. The experience of losing one’s home through forced migration gave rise to what is known as the “fate-bound community” of Sudeten Germans. In the aftermath of the war, particularly from the perspective of Western countries, this community forged a shared collective identity and culture of remembrance. While considerable attention has been devoted to the communicative and cultural memory of the so-called “generation of experience”, less focus has been placed on subsequent generations and the transgenerational transmission of traumatic experiences. In this study, we delve into the concept of “post memory” (Hirsch, 2012) and explore how families and generations of grandchildren perceive and process what can be termed “chosen trauma” (Volkan, 2001). The study is based on biographic and semi-structured interviews conducted with 11 participants, all of whom are descendants of displaced Sudeten Germans. The findings suggest that the repercussions of ancestral trauma are transmitted to the grandchildren’s generation primarily via a succession of dominant emotional responses and affects, rather than through comprehensive understanding of the ancestral history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study deals with the cult of St. Denis, bishop of Paris and the French “national” patron saint, in medieval Bohemia and Moravia. It attempts to provide answers to the questions about the meaning, character and spread of the veneration of St. Denis in Czech society.

The study is dedicated to the beginnings and development of the Bohemo-Moravian nobility, the role of the elites and specific terminology used in preserved sources like chronicles and other documents. The greatest attention is paid to legal sources, especially a set of provisions in early provincial law called the Statutes of Conrad Otto from the first half of the 13th century. This work contains important information on the possible stratification of the Bohemo-Moravian nobility as well as their role in the offices and the provincial judiciary. The 13th century brought a great transformation of the nobility class, especially the formation of noble dominions following colonisation, which was also reflected in the terminology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is dedicated to the cult of St. Denis, the first Bishop of Paris and the French “national” patron saint in medieval Bohemia and Moravia. The cult of St. Denis had played a rather important role already in the Duchy of Bohemia, having probably propagated there via Bavaria during the initial Christianization efforts. This is documented by the pilgrimage of St. Adalbert of Prague to SaintDenis monastery and the general presence of St. Denis in Bohemian liturgy from, at the latest, the 12th century. Although isolated monuments and altar dedications of Saint Denis had existed since the 13th century, it was not until the 14th century that the cult of Saint Denis grew stronger, driven by French influences. Its ebb and flow seem to have faithfully reflected the intensity of friendly contacts between the Kingdoms of Bohemia and France. Charles IV, the famous King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor, privately venerated St. Denis, probably due to having spent his childhood in Paris. This is evidenced not only by his acquisition of two St. Denis relics and commissioning of the image of St. Denis for the Chapel of the Holy Cross at Karlštejn but also by his personal visit to the SaintDenis monastery in January 1378, when he expressed his devotion at the saint’s tomb and kissed the saint’s head. Although the cult of St. Denis declined in the period leading up to and, especially, following the Hussite Wars, it remained present in late medieval Czech society thanks to the saint’s inclusion in the group of Fourteen Holy Helpers and the celebration of his feast day in the liturgy of all Catholic churches. Although St. Denis never became a popular saint in the Czech lands during the Middle Ages, he was widely known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The guild reforms introduced from the 1730s to the 1750s comprise various regulatory documents issued by Charles VI and his daughter Maria Theresa, the most obvious manifestation of which was the issuance of the General Guild Patent of 1731 and the General Guild Order of 1739. In the Czech and Austrian lands, the reforms in the mid-18th century were conceived primarily as a means of „liberalizing“ economic legislation, with an emphasis on restricting the power of the guilds. At least for the reign of Charles VI and his successor Maria Theresa, however, the opposite is true. While the feudal decrees certainly mention the need to purge the guild system of various abuses and faults, this does not mean that the aim of the reforms was to significantly weaken the economic and, in particular, the social role of these guild organizations. Rather, craftsmen in the Czech lands welcomed the issuance of the general guild patent and the subsequent general guild rules, especially in the question of non-guild craftsmen and the discipline of journeymen.

On the basis of an examination of the rich Bohemical (i.e., Bohemiarelated) material, the study discusses the Neo-Latin didactic and descriptive poetry, which was widely cultivated in the Early Modern Czech lands until the Battle of White Mountain (1620). After it, there was an exodus of non-Catholic writers and a decline in most poetic genres. In the case of descriptive poetry, the study relies on domestic genre studies for topographies and celebrations of inventions, but other genres are treated comprehensively for the first time. Didactic epic was mainly cultivated in the Czech Lands by physicians, its most important representative being Vavřinec Špán. Teachers and clergymen also wrote minor didactic compositions. A frequent theme was the plague, which could be conceived from a medical or theological-moralistic point of view. Versified reflections on general questions of education, art and human life were usually treated as New Year’s wishes (strenae). A special kind of didactic texts were university theses and professors’ speeches in verse. Descriptive poetry, which mixed descriptive and celebratory elements in varying proportions, had as its theme depictions of cities, buildings, roads, festivals, etc. The addressees of descriptive compositions were often rulers and the nobility, but mostly town councils. The presented outline of the types of poems based on the Bohemical material is not intended as a codification, but rather as an invitation to discuss the forms of Neo-Latin poetry in the Czech Lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Listy Cukrovarnicke a Reparske is the property of VUC Praha a.s. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to introduce the Czech traditional ballad to the international reader from the perspective of mnemopoetics, i.e., inherent textual patterns of orally transmitted compositions that support the singers’ memory. It discussesCzech traditional balladry’s distinctive features and important mnemopoetic textual patterns— such as first line, genre, repetition and incremental repetition, assonance/rhyme scheme, law of three, strophe patterning, and parallelism — which are illustrated in these ballads. Special focus is paid to the supra-narrative function of formulas, especially connected to green and black epithet formulas, using the analytical framework of Flemming J. Andersen’s Commonplace and Creativity: The Role of Formulaic Diction in Anglo-Scottish Traditional Balladry (Odense: Odense University Press, 1985). The study forms a conclusion that mnemopoetics of Czech ballads exist but are less prominent than in Czech traditional lyric songs, and discusses the role of Czech traditional ballads in the formation of Czech cultural memory

This study searches for the characteristic features of religious healing in three phenomena of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: veneration of miraculous images, apparitions from Purgatory, and vampire incidences. All the examples originate from the Czech lands, and all were in some way related to the Catholic renewal or strengthening the Catholic faith in this region. Individual cases have been analyzed with regard to the social relevance of religious remedies, their connection to social problems, and the interaction between the actors involved. The authors draw attention to the link between physical and mental healing and show the key role of local spiritual authorities, especially members of religious orders and parish priests, in spreading practices of spiritual healing. The study reveals that, however theologically sensitive they might have been, the practices analyzed were apparently encouraged by the clergy and the social elites in the local communities, therefore they can hardly be associated only with the so-called popular piety of the rural folk.

The first codification of church law in the territory of the historically Czech lands, known as the provincial statutes of Ernst of Pardubice (Statuta provinicialia Arnesti), was issued in 1349, with validity for the entire Prague archdiocese. The Statute applied not only to the clerical and lay population, but also to Jews, for whom special rules and restrictions applied. The regulation of the legal and social life of the Jewish population is explicitly dealt with in three provisions (Articles 66-68), which mainly regulate the contact of Jews with Christians and their rights and obligations in public. Many of these prohibitions and regulations are based on papal decrees approved by the ecumenical councils, the text of which was reflected in the Decretals of Gregory IX and subsequently in the Mainz Statutes of Peter of Aspelt of 1310. The roots of these restrictions, however, in most cases go back to antiquity. This concerns, for example, the prohibition on hiring Christian nurses, midwives and servants; Jews were also not allowed to participate in public life, to build new synagogues or to improve existing ones. These measures were introduced by the Roman Emperor Theodosius II as part of the gradual process of Christianization of the Eastern Roman Empire. Although the legal provisions of the provincial statutes of Ernst of Pardubice imposed many restrictions on the Jews, this fact, on the other hand, was to some extent counterbalanced by protective provisions that prohibited laymen and Christian clergy from disturbing Jewish religious rites, destroying their graves, and arbitrarily punishing them without the existence of a relevant legal title. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study searches for the characteristic features of religious healing in three phenomena of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: veneration of miraculous images, apparitions from Purgatory, and vampire incidences. All the examples originate from the Czech lands, and all were in some way related to the Catholic renewal or strengthening the Catholic faith in this region. Individual cases have been analyzed with regard to the social relevance of religious remedies, their connection to social problems, and the interaction between the actors involved. The authors draw attention to the link between physical and mental healing and show the key role of local spiritual authorities, especially members of religious orders and parish priests, in spreading practices of spiritual healing. The study reveals that, however theologically sensitive they might have been, the practices analyzed were apparently encouraged by the clergy and the social elites in the local communities, therefore they can hardly be associated only with the so-called popular piety of the rural folk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our opinion, the scholarly and general ways of perceiving the emigrants from the Czech lands are based on methodological nationalism, which identifies the concept of society with the modern national state. Based on this, Bohemian resettlers who founded several settlements on the southern border of the Habsburg Empire in present-day Romanian Banat in the early nineteenth century have hitherto been divided, in the spirit of ethnicism and methodological nationalism, into Czechs (Bohmen) and Czech Germans (Deutschbohmen). Against this, an alternative research perspective, represented by the concept of national indifference, can be applied. The object of this article is hereby to re-assess of the collective identity of emigrants resettlers from the Czech lands towards its nationally indifferent character. We propose to overcome the ethnicist framework of the research on Bohemian resettlers by introducing what we term as the inclusive approach to expatriatism. This article is based on archival and local written sources and ethnographic field research (interviews) collected during the years 2010-2017.

The study provides an overview of the themes and forms of epic poetry in the Czech Lands in the period before the Battle of White Mountain (1620) on the basis of a large amount of extant material. In the introduction, it outlines the problems of understanding epic poetry in antiquity and the Early Modern period, combining insights from modern neo-Latinist handbooks and experience with a corpus of Bohemical (i.e., Bohemiarelated) material to create a basic division of epic poetry applicable to poems from the Czech Lands. It divides epic poetry into secular, religious and animal poetry, with religious epic outnumbering secular poetry. Both of these include many types of poetic compositions, not all of which are typical examples of epic poetry, often straddling several genres. Classical heroic epics, as we know them from antiquity, occur little in the Bohemical material; when they do, they deal with battles with the Turks, or are genealogical epics or have biblical themes. This is related to the state of patronage and the social status of poets, which in Bohemia rarely allowed them to devote enough time to demanding epic work. Shorter epic compositions, for which the term epyllion is now also used, were more popular and more widely published, responding to a current event. The practical solution was a cycle of shorter poems, most often in chronological order – this was usually how the popular series of rulers were composed, the type of composition for which poets received the laurel wreath of poeta laureatus from the emperor. The theme of the Neo-Latin epyllia used to be descriptions of historical events, battles or natural disasters, often depicted in so-called recapitulatory strenae. Religious epic concentrates on the depiction of Christ’s life and its most important phases (birth, passion and ascension), associated at the same time with important Christian feasts. Old Testament themes, often parallel to New Testament themes or to current events, or the lives of saints, conceived differently by Catholic and non-Catholic authors, or poems about angels and their duties, are also treated. A special kind is the animal epic, represented by Jan Dubravius’s Theriobulia, a work variously interpreted as an animal epic, allegory, or mirror for princes. The presented outline of the types of epic based on the Bohemical material is not intended as a codification, but rather as a call for a discussion on the categorization of the Neo-Latin epic in the Czech Lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conciliarism is the theory of the supremacy of the Council over the papacy. The study investigates whether such ideas were known in Bohemia. It traces the environment of the court of Wenceslas IV, the role of the University of Prague, Hussitism with its Wycliffian definition of the Church, and the period after the conclusion of the Compactata and during the reign of George of Poděbrady. The knowledge of conciliarist theories in Bohemia is a fact, even if their development and application did not take place on Bohemian soil. The Czech lands were not a fertile ground for Conciliarist ideas, yet at certain moments the Czech environment reached for Conciliarist arguments.

In the history of medicine, scurvy is associated mainly with great overseas discoveries in the 15th and 16th centuries. It is estimated that about 2 million sailors died of scurvy during this period of discovery. The occurrence of scurvy in the past is therefore well mapped in coastal countries, but insufficient attention has as yet been paid to its distribution among the civilian population inland. The presented communication summarizes the available information on this disease, obtained both from literary sources and from the study of direct evidence on skeletal remains from various dated archaeological sites in the Czech Lands (Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia), located in Central Europe. The study also seeks to capture the living conditions of individuals with scurvy, with a special focus on the nutrition of the studied population. It confirms the occurrence of this disease from prehistory to modern times. The endangered group is always children between 2 and 5 years of age, which corresponds to the period when breastfeeding ends and there is a transition to a solid diet. In modern times, scurvy is recorded mainly in social institutions (orphanages, foundling homes), prisons and in armies in times of war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to clarify the prerequisites, character and duration of Ivan Drasov`s teaching in the Czech cities of Pisek and Prague. As a main source material were used Ivan Drasov`s school notebooks from the period of his studies in Bohemia, Drasov`s epistolary legacy and some memoirs. Through analysis and comparison of the mentioned sources, the following circumstances were established. The most likely reason for directing Ivan Drasov to Bohemia was his desire to study chemistry and engineering, and the choice of Pisek was predetermined by the presence of his compatriots in this city. Although Drasov had the opportunity to gain good knowledge in various fields during his studies in Pisek, in the end he remained unsatisfied. In 1874, Ivan Drasov made an attempt to study in the Austrian city of Linz. After this attempt failed, Drasov returned to Bohemia and in 1875 completed his education in Prague. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to introduce the Czech traditional ballad to the international reader from the perspective of mnemopoetics, i.e., inherent textual patterns of orally transmitted compositions that support the singers' memory. It discussesCzech traditional balladry's distinctive features and important mnemopoetic textual patterns-- such as first line, genre, repetition and incremental repetition, assonance/rhyme scheme, law of three, strophe patterning, and parallelism -- which are illustrated in these ballads. Special focus is paid to the supra-narrative function of formulas, especially connected to green and black epithet formulas, using the analytical framework of Flemming J. Andersen's Commonplace and Creativity: The Role of Formulaic Diction in Anglo-Scottish Traditional Balladry (Odense: Odense University Press, 1985). The study forms a conclusion that mnemopoetics of Czech ballads exist but are less prominent than in Czech traditional lyric songs, and discusses the role of Czech traditional ballads in the formation of Czech cultural memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mapping and re-mapping of language borders in Central Europe in the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries provides a rich example of a historical moment when ethnic cartography was at the height of its influence. This article analyses the process of cartographic representation of the 'language border' dividing Czech and German speaking populations in the Czech Lands based on analysis of more than 350 maps published primarily in Prague, Berlin and Vienna between 1810 and 1945. The dataset includes different types of maps, including single-sheet, atlas, newspaper and wall maps produced for academic, administrative, educational and propaganda purposes. The data collected have made it possible to identify the basic milestones, periodization and dynamics of public and private mapping of this border that furthered identification with a particular territory or national agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Carolinae Historia Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis is the property of Charles University Prague, Karolinum Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Carolinae Historia Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis is the property of Charles University Prague, Karolinum Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The guild reforms introduced from the 1730s to the 1750s comprise various regulatory documents issued by Charles VI and his daughter Maria Theresa, the most obvious manifestation of which was the issuance of the General Guild Patent of 1731 and the General Guild Order of 1739. In the Czech and Austrian lands, the reforms in the mid-18th century were conceived primarily as a means of „liberalizing“ economic legislation, with an emphasis on restricting the power of the guilds. At least for the reign of Charles VI and his successor Maria Theresa, however, the opposite is true. While the feudal decrees certainly mention the need to purge the guild system of various abuses and faults, this does not mean that the aim of the reforms was to significantly weaken the economic and, in particular, the social role of these guild organizations. Rather, craftsmen in the Czech lands welcomed the issuance of the general guild patent and the subsequent general guild rules, especially in the question of non-guild craftsmen and the discipline of journeymen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professor Jiří Pražák of the Prague Law Faculty has been regarded as the founder of Czech constitutional studies throughout their existence. His founding position in the field is attributed to him on the basis of his monumental work The Austrian Constitutional Law, in which he laid and defined the foundations of the subject. In the case of Jiří Pražák, the role of the founder of the subject of constitutional law in Czech lands is usually briefly limited to the authorship of the aforementioned work. No less important was his contribution in the form of the de facto introduction of the subject of constitutional law into legal education and its transformation from an optional subject into one of the key subjects. However, returning to Jiří Pražák's seminal publication, it is not true that it was the first comprehensive and elaborate work on constitutional law in Czech language and in Czech lands. Rather, it should be regarded as such a book, namely The Constitutional Laws in Austria by Karel Čížek, who preceded Jiří Pražák by ten years. Its existence is proof of the fact that 140 years ago there was a vast non-university science in Czech lands, which still deserves our attention today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ignaz Cornova and his biography of Bohuslav of Lobkowicz and Hassenstein. The varied and contradictory perception of the personality and work of Bohuslav of Lobkowicz and Hassenstein in the early modern period was symbolically crowned in the Enlightenment by Ignaz Cornova’s biography, which is still the most comprehensive work dedicated to Hassenstein. After a brief recapitulation of research and the state of knowledge before Cornova, the study examines his approach to the material and the main substantive and formal features of his biography. Older Latin literature dealing with humanism plays an important role, as do contemporary models from the European literatures of the Enlightenment. Cornova’s work partly follows the traditional chronological approach, but several timeless chapters emerge from it, driven both by an interest in Bohuslav as an individual and by a desire to make a purposeful pedagogical impact on the reader. His aim was to present a rounded and engaging picture of Hassenstein’s life and literary output, based on his surviving works, especially his poems and correspondence, tastefully and without distracting remarks and comments. Ludwig Schubart, for example, with his biography of the German humanist Ulrich von Hutten, could have been a model for him in this respect. Brief mention is also made of the critical reviews of Cornova’s work, which he himself deals with in the preface to Hassenstein’s biography. A separate section is devoted to a comparison of the selection of poems translated by Cornova and his contemporaries Thám, Vinařický and Budík. Although the biography was considered Cornova’s most important work in his lifetime, was cited and received positive feedback, it is not very useful for contemporary research, unlike the works of Josef Truhlář, who was a few decades younger. From a scholarly point of view it falls short of contemporary demands and as a literary work is even more outdated, although (or perhaps because) it reflected the literary trends of the time.

This article examines two bookkeeping handbooks from the Czech Lands written by Jan Brtvín of Ploskovice and Mikuláš Artemisius Černobýl, both published in the sixteenth century. The main principles of the bookkeeping process are described, and the relationship between the handbooks and contemporary accounting practices in the Czech Lands is explained. These handbooks are also compared with similar handbooks written by Heinrich Schreiber (Grammateus), Johann Gottlieb, and Anzelm Gostomski from Leżenic that were issued in neighboring countries with close economic and political connections to the area under research. The results demonstrate a different character from the early bookkeeping handbooks published at the time in Germany, while there are a great deal of similarities with the handbooks from Poland. This article argues that the style of bookkeeping presented in the Czech and Polish handbooks was designed to organize internal estate affairs and its purpose was primarily to control, not to measure. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text. JEL Classifications: M41; B11; N23. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Moravian legal handbook, Manipulus vel directorium iuris civilis, written by Jan of Gelnhausen in the second half of the 14th century represents an important source directly connected to the older Law Book of Jan the Notary (Brno, Czech Lands). Manipulus reflects an extensive body of interpretive rules and definitions which his author, Jan of Gelnhausen, took over from some medieval manuscript including 16th and 17th title of 50th of Digest, an integral part of the Corpus iuris civilis. The aim of this paper is to introduce the section De regulis iuris et de verborum signification, which includes the regulations adopted from those titles of Digest and reflects on the origin of one modified rule and its comment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Count Maximilian von Lamberg: a Cosmopolitan between Europe and Moravia. This paper deals with the personality and the work of the noble, writer and intellectual Maximilian count Lamberg (1729–1792) which was already examined by several Czech historians (Polišenský, Kroupa, Cerman). Firstly, the paper evaluates the current state of research to show that despite of the attention of researchers focused on this personality, there are still lot of contexts and details which remain unknown. Secondly, the paper analyses the question of the relevance and the historical value of Lamberg’s conserved works which are situated between memories, essays and autobiographical fiction. In the main part of the paper, the thesis of Jiří Kroupa, which assumes the appurtenance of Maxmilian Lamberg both to the Moravian milieu and to the European Republic of letters, is examined. Lamberg’s accessible works, not only the most famous Mémorial d’un mondain but also the other books, are used as a base of the research.

The article discusses the state of knowledge and the significance of a special group of early medieval material culture artefacts – namely, spindle whorls made of Ovruch pyrophyllite slate originating from the territory of present-day Ukraine. Thousands of these artefacts, interesting not only for their specific, usually reddish color, but also for their professional standardized design, were made between the 10th and 13th c. Their occurrence in the Czech lands is very limited, however: only 13 specimens are presently known. In Bohemia, they have been discovered only in Prague, which was their target destination. In Moravia and Czech Silesia, they are known from five sites: with a single exception (a cemetery), they are important supra-regional and local fortified centers. Non-destructive analyses carried out have shown that all detected spindle whorls can be considered originals. An analysis of the archaeological contexts showed that the earliest occurrence of these imports can be dated as far back as the second half of the 10th century. However, most of them probably belong to the 11th century, and some, exceptionally, even to the 12th century. Given their low number, we assume that this most probably was not a regular item in long-distance trade.

The article focuses on the museum journal Mittheilungen des Mährischen Gewerbe-Museums in Brünn, one of the important source materials for research on the arts and crafts of the last third of the 19th century and the early 20th century not only in Moravia but also in the cultural areas of the Austrian monarchy. The journal was published in the Moravian Industrial Museum in Brno in 1883–1918, when the museum was headed by two important directors – August Prokop (1883–1893) and Julius Leisching (1893–1922). Under the influence of the latter, the museum became the press authority of the Association of Austrian Museums of Applied Arts, the Association of Austro-Moravian Local Museums and the German-Moravian Association of Heritage Preservation. The journal contained articles on art history and information on current exhibitions, museum collections and activities as well as on the museum library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Carolinae Historia Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis is the property of Charles University Prague, Karolinum Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ayer: Revista de Historia Contemporánea is the property of Asociacion de Historia Contemporanea and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The army was perhaps the first bulk buyer of mass-produced footwear. In Europe, several regions focused on the bulk production of military (and civilian) footwear owe their origins to the army. This was also the case in the Czech Lands. The belated industrialisation of footwear production in the Czech Lands dates back to the Balkan Wars and World War I. The army and the war economy businesses under military control played a key role in this process. This study is devoted to the multifaceted role of the army in the completion of the industrialization of Czech shoemaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of our study is to estimate the frequency and types of the tarsal coalition in the populations of the Czech Lands, where this type of data is still missing. Examined skeletal collections belong to seven different sites and periods (from the Early Bronze Age through the Migration Period and Middle Ages until the 20th century). Tarsal coalition is hereditary abnormal bridging between two tarsal bones (mainly talus, calcaneus, and navicular) which would normally be separate bones. The bridging is caused by a type of connective tissue. Gross macroscopic analysis and comparison with clinical and archaeological literature were used to detect the signs of tarsal coalition. In some cases, the analysis was combined with the radiographic examination. A total of 267 individuals from the following locations were observed: Mikulovice, Kolín, Praha-Zličín, Sady-Špitálky, Trutmanice, Znojmo, and skeletons of recent cadavers from the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno. Another 212 isolated tarsal bones from Brno ossuary material (dated to the 13th-18th century and currently deposited in the Department of Anatomy) were also studied. We estimated that the frequency of tarsal coalition (when individuals from all seven studied archaeological collections were pooled) was 5.6 %. The tarsal coalition frequencies for individual collections ranged between 2.3 % - 10.3 %. If the ossuary material was included in the total tarsal coalition frequency calculations (the number of individuals from the ossuary material was calculated as the minimum number of individuals), the tarsal coalition frequency was 6.1 %. In most of the cases, the calcaneonavicular coalition was detected. The findings may expand our overall understanding of tarsal coalition and stimulate further clinical research when looking for a causal link between tarsal coalition and orthopaedic diseases, such as painful, rigid flatfoot (fibular spastic flatfoot, tarsal synostosis, or dysostosis), and their possible secondary complications (intra-articular trauma, infection, arthropathy, osteonecrosis, neoplasm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Popular music scholars generally agree that the popular music studies discipline emerged between the mid-1970s and the early 1980s in Western Europe and North America, mainly on the initiative of young sociologists, and that it focuses primarily on modern pop-rock music. Many academics from the former Eastern bloc countries share this narrative. Consequently, the history of popular music's systematic exploration in this region remains largely unknown. Recent years, however, have witnessed growing interest in the history of popular music research in East-Central Europe, as shown by a few (Czech, Slovakian, Polish, and Hungarian) texts, albeit focusing exclusively on local issues. The present study is the first to deal with the history of popular music research between 1918 and 1998 in a wider Central European context, and the Czech lands and Hungary in particular. It provides a detailed analysis of an extensive collection of Czech and Hungarian sources (archival materials and published texts of both an academic and non-academic nature - monographs, individual studies, articles in popular music magazines, and so on). It aims to show the specifics of theoretical reflection on popular music in both states and the manner and extent of the contacts between the respective scholarly communities in light of developments in popular music and cultural policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enlightenment as ‘Vernacularization of Knowledge’. This study, in the form of an essay or first draft of opening remarks delivered at an international conference on Culture in the Age of Enlightenment, presents one of many possible models for the conceptualization of the Enlightenment in the Czech Lands. Here Enlightenment is conceived as a process whereby ‘knowledge’ (information) is disseminated and gradually democratized and information networks are expanded. This conception draws primarily on theories of vernacularization and cultural transfer. In view of the directional dynamic, we have focussed mainly on ‘unidirectional’ flow in the sense of dispersal from (informational/cultural) centres to the (informational/cultural) periphery – both socioeconomically (transfer to lower social classes) and geographically (transfer to rural areas remote from major urban and educational centres). In this model, the process of vernacularization and democratization of knowledge was divided into three periods: the early formation of educated elites; the ‘acculturation’ of the middle classes; and the extension of information networks to the petty intelligentsia – and through them to the wider rural population. This last phase, carried out as part of a ‘programme’ of popular enlightenment around the turn of the 19th century, more or less coincided, in the theory Miroslav Hroch, with the first and second phases of the Czech National Revival and relied on the same media (Czech-language newspapers, ‘popular’ literature) and authors (Kramerius, Tomsa, Rulík, et al.)

The Circulation, Import and Export of Enlightenment. This article is a response to Daniela Tinková’s study Enlightenment as ‘vernacularization of knowledge’. In the first part we comment on the positive aspects of Tinková’s conception of the history of the Enlightenment, but also on the lack of clarity concerning the nature of knowledge as both a component of cultural transfer and the outcome of that process. The second part changes perspective, focussing on ‘the transfer of Enlightenment’ and the ‘radiation’ of Enlightenment from the Czech Lands to surrounding regions of the Habsburg monarchy, especially Galicia. For this reason the Czech Lands assumed a regional hegemony in many areas of administration and economic and intellectual life. We also attempt to explain the motivations for accepting ‘Enlightenment knowledge’ while relativizing the power asymmetries in these processes.

Enlightenment, National Revival, Vernacularization or ‘Cultural Renewal’? Further Observations on the Concept of Enlightenment as the ‘Democratization of Knowledge’ and the Relationship between Enlightenment and National Revival. This study is a response to the preceding discussion on the original essay on the concept of enlightenment. It examines the relationship between enlightenment, national revival and Romanticism, issues of popular enlightenment, and the role of the Catholic clergy in the Enlightenment, with further remarks on the phases and specific features of the Czech Enlightenment.

A number of art historians have noted how in around 1800 the social function of the visual arts in the Czech Lands fundamentally changed and a new ideal of bourgeois vizuality emerged. At the same time, visual culture in the Age of Enlightenment came to be seen as a ‘movement of knowledge’ through different cultural spheres. Reacting to the discussion of Daniela Tinková’s view of the Enlightenment as a process of spreading and democratizing knowledge and extending information networks, the present text develops these ideas and considers other ways in which art in the Czech Lands during the Enlightenment could be conceptualized. We point out that new centres of culture and broad-based social penetration brought not only changes in the way information on the visual arts was disseminated, but a new situation in which the exchange of knowledge across a variety of social and educational fields was no longer restricted to the hitherto clearly defined professions that had established the prevailing terminology and methodology in their own domains. For example, professional artists might now explore all sorts of fields of knowledge, while traditional humanistic art-theoretical discourse began to attract not only dilettante ‘amateurs’ but also a new class of professional art experts and critics with no formal artistic training. The study of art thus became an independent branch of knowledge, a component of education, a source of cultural and historical memory, and a badge of patriotism and personal identity. A similar shift can be observed in modes of visual perception, which in the Enlightenment were moulded by an endeavour to extend the traditional range of art consumers and recipients by means of aesthetically oriented education and training. There was also a clear attempt to fulfil the ideal of public art based on modern criteria of ‘taste’, aimed at eliminating persisting social barriers and the cultural monopoly of established aristocratic elites and creating a template for a bourgeois visual culture (sensibility, reappraisal of hierarchy of genres, instruction in drawing, growth of graphic art, etc.). This movement of knowledge also made it far easier for recipients to find their bearings in the art market (exhibitions, reviews, advertisements) by providing them with criteria for judging the quality of artworks and, more generally, promoting the visuality of the dawning industrial age (public access to art collections, industrial exhibitions, the first museums, etc.), and hence to a hitherto unseen extent opening up the world of visual art to the wider public.

The present article focuses on the festivities held between the 1860s and 1914 in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, which were associated with various construction phases of buildings essential for the Czech speaking society (especially the laying of the foundation stone or the grand opening). These festivities lie somewhere between the artificially constructed concepts of "high" and "low", "the elite" and "the people", and between "folk" and "mass" culture. The study aims to show that without the people, without an audience, these festivities would not be celebrations but just elite parties. Therefore, the nature of these festivals was primarily popular, as evidenced by many details, including their character, the accompanying theatre plays and souvenir items. The festivities and the whole idea of the National Theatre in Prague are examined in the first part of the article, followed by examples from other parts of the Czech lands, and finally, medals, postcards and promotional brochures are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the restless 20th century, Jews from the Czech lands repeatedly faced emigration. While it was their voluntary choice during the period of the first Czechoslovak Republic until the second half of the 1930s, concerning mainly Zionists (national Jews who left for Palestine as pioneers), the emigration from respected Czechoslovakia in the course of the next years was a response to the worsening political, economic, and social possibilities. After World War II, the community faced two emigration waves (from 1945 to 1948 and after 1968). The choice after the defeat of the Prague Spring can be considered an individual decision caused by the contemporary political and social situation. The study focuses not only on the nature of these emigration waves, but mainly on an analysis of the debates on emigration conducted within the structured Jewish community. The said opinions were presented not only within Jewish, but also within Czech society where emigrants were no longer considered part of the nation, especially after the February coup. The analysis also covers the structured relationship between those who left for abroad and the ones who stayed at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conciliarism is the theory of the supremacy of the Council over the papacy. The study investigates whether such ideas were known in Bohemia. It traces the environment of the court of Wenceslas IV, the role of the University of Prague, Hussitism with its Wycliffian definition of the Church, and the period after the conclusion of the Compactata and during the reign of George of Poděbrady. The knowledge of conciliarist theories in Bohemia is a fact, even if their development and application did not take place on Bohemian soil. The Czech lands were not a fertile ground for Conciliarist ideas, yet at certain moments the Czech environment reached for Conciliarist arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]