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In the last 15 years, we reported numerous biological effects of extremely-lowfrequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on different cells types. We showed morphological and cytoskeletal changes in keratinocyte cell lines exposed to a 50-Hz 2 mT ELF-EMF. Furthermore, we reported that very high magnetic field (MF) intensity promotes maturation and differentiation in newborn cerebellar granule cells, and a 50-Hz 2 mT ELF-EMF produced a sudden increase in the intracellular calcium level in rat anterior pituitary-derived AtT20 D16V cells followed by a reorganization of the cytoskeletal network via polymerization of actin and differentiation of protein expression. Recently, we showed that a combination of static and alternate EMFs, tuned to Ca2+ ion cyclotron energy resonance (Ca2+-ICR) was able to trigger human cardiac stem sell-specific differentiation. In the present review, we report a summary of the most relevant results that we have reached in the last 7 years, in particular, we focus the attention on the differentiation effect of ELF-EMF on 3 different types of primary cell culture: human oral keratinocytes (HOK), newborn rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGN), and human adult cardiac stem cells (CSC).

Living organisms are complex electrochemical systems being evoluted in a relatively narrow range of well-defined environmental parameters. For life to be maintained these parameters must be kept within their normal range; since deviations can induce biochemical effects. Environmental natural electro-magnetic field is an ubiquitary factor in nature. If nature gave certain organisms the ability to receive information about the environment via invisible electromagnetic signals, then there must also have been the benefice of an ability to discriminate between significant and meaningless signals. The most evident example of adaptation of living creature to the environment electromagnetic component is the visual system: the eye is a biological tool committed to the perception of the entire visible electromagnetic spectrum. A great variety of living organism are able to utilize the electromagnetic energy to regulate cellular or sensorial function such as in protein folding, circadian rhythm and in central nervous system function. Bearing in mind that electromagnetic field can be perceived by living organism, we should not be amazed if they can consequently be able to induce biological effects. The discovery that electromagnetic signal can be associated to specific biological function is known since the time of Galvani and Matteucci. In the past century several studies indicated a correlation between some physiological and pathological processes and electromagnetic field. Despite the fact that electromagnetic therapy is already used in clinical trial such as in orthopedy, still we are debating about the mechanisms of the interaction between specific irradiation protocols and biological target. The role of physical processes in participating in the organization of living matter are still far to be adequately understood. Organization in biological systems include organization of morphological structures, of chemical reactions, and of physical fields. Physical fields may have effect on behavior of all structures in connection with the space-time dynamic functional order. As the majority of biological molecules and structures are electrically polar an electromagnetic mechanism in articipating in their organization can not be negletted. We assume that especially the electric component of the endogenous electromagnetic field may be important for organization. Electric component can exert forces on charges, on dipoles, and also on neutral particles. Electric field may be important for transport of molecules in cytoplasm between different reaction compartments, for active transport of molecules across plasma membrane, and for transfer of electrons. There have been many reports on the biological effects of simultaneously acting static (DC) magnetic and electric fields and frequency alternative (AC) magnetic or electromagnetic fields on membrane transport and physiological functions. These studies indicate that the mechanism of field exposures are not identical. While some reports show an inhibitory effect by the fields, others show activation, and still others no significant influences.

In the last 15 years, we reported numerous biological effects of extremely-low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on different cells types. We showed morphological and cytoskeletal changes in keratinocyte cell lines exposed to a 50-Hz 2 mT ELF-EMF. Furthermore, we reported that very high magnetic field (MF) intensity promotes maturation and differentiation in newborn cerebellar granule cells, and a 50-Hz 2 mT ELF-EMF produced a sudden increase in the intracellular calcium level in rat anterior pituitaryderived AtT20 D16V cells followed by a reorganization of the cytoskeletal network via polymerization of actin and differentiation of protein expression. Recently, we showed that a combination of static and alternate EMFs, tuned to Ca2+ ion cyclotron energy resonance (Ca2+-ICR) was able to trigger human cardiac stem sell-specific differentiation. In the present review, we report a summary of the most relevant results that we have reached in the last 7 years, in particular, we focus the attention on the differentiation effect of ELF-EMF on 3 different types of primary cell culture: human oral keratinocytes (HOK), newborn rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGN), and human adult cardiac stem cells (CSC).

Fuchs and collaborators [1, 2] showed that when a high voltage is applied between two electrodes, immersed in two beakers containing twice distilled water, a water bridge between the two containers is formed. We observed that a copper ions flow can pass through the bridge if the negative electrode is a copper electrode. The direction of the flux is not only depending on the direction of the applied electrostatic field but on the relative electronegativity of the electrodes too. The fact seems to suggest new perspectives in understanding the structure of water and the mechanisms concerning the arising of ions fluxes in living matter.

The specific aim of the present work concerns the effectiveness of low frequency electromagnetic fields treatment to modify biochemical properties of human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Cells exposed to a 7 Hz electromagnetic field and 9.2 mu T static magnetic field (B-o) and 9 for one hour (twice daily), showed by Scanning Microscopy modification in shape and morphology; these modifications were also associated to different actin distribution revealed by phalloidin fluorescence analysis. Indirect immunofluorescence with fluorescent antibodies against involucrin and beta catenin, both differentiation and adhesion markers, revealed an increase in involucrin and beta catenin expression, supporting that exposure to electromagnetic field carries keratinocytes to an upper differentiation level.