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En France métropolitaine, on compte environ 8 % de bénéficiaires de l’allocation personnalisée d’autonomie (APA) parmi les 60 ans ou plus. Ce taux varie de 4 % dans les Yvelines à 12 % en Corse. Quelles sont les raisons de ces grandes différences entre départements ? Ce webinaire tentera de questionner les différences territoriales de prise en charge de la perte d’autonomie au prisme de l’équité. Deux éléments de la prise en charge seront étudiées : l’éligibilité à l’APA via le taux de bénéficiaires de l’APA et la solvabilisation de la prise en charge via la dépense départementale d’APA. Nous distinguerons entre les déterminants « acceptables » de ces différences, à savoir ceux relatifs au cadre législatif et réglementaire (degré de perte d’autonomie pour le recours à l’APA par exemple) et les autres déterminants, non ainsi justifiés, qui seront questionnés. Notamment, il apparaît que, contrairement à ce que l’on pourrait attendre, les besoins de prise en charge sur un territoire donné ne sont pas les facteurs les plus déterminants du taux de recours à l’APA. D’autres déterminants entrent en ligne de compte, vraisemblablement résultants des budgets plus ou moins contraints des départements

Background: Influenza mortality has dramatically decreased in France since the 1950s. Annual death rates peaked during two pandemics: the Asian flu (1956–1957) and the Hong Kong flu (1969–1970). Objective: This study’s objective is to evaluate whether the second pandemic created a structural change in the dynamics of influenza mortality in France. Methods: We employ a new database on influenza mortality since 1950 at the subnational level (90 geographic areas) to estimate statistical models to find out whether a structural change happened and to explain the differences in mortality rates across geographic areas. Influenza mortality increased between 1950 and 1969 and decreased from 1970 onward. Conclusions: The Hong Kong flu is identified as the event of a structural break. After the break, geographical differences are less explained by regional characteristics such as income, density, or aging ratio. The Hong Kong flu was found to be associated with a major change in influenza mortality in France. Change in health practices and policies induced a decline in mortality that started in 1970, just after the pandemic. The health benefits are notably important for senior citizens and for the poorest regions. Contribution: We employ a new database on influenza mortality since 1950 at the subnational level (90 geographic areas). Change in health practices and policies induced a decline in mortality that started in 1970, just after the pandemics. The health benefits are notably important for senior citizens and for the poorest regions.

Les espérances de vie sans incapacité ainsi que leurs déterminants individuels ont fait l'objet de nombreux travaux, en France comme dans l'ensemble des pays à faible mortalité. En revanche, à l’échelle infra-nationale les études sont très rares, faute d’enquête mesurant les niveaux d’incapacité représentative à cet échelon. Pourtant, à l'instar des écarts infra-nationaux de mortalité déjà démontrés, il y a tout lieu de penser que l'indicateur national d'espérance de vie sans incapacité recouvre d'importantes inégalités territoriales. En 2014, l’enquête Vie Quotidienne et Santé (VQS) offre la possibilité de calculer, pour la première fois, les niveaux d’incapacité des 60 ans et plus à partir d’un échantillon représentatif à l’échelle départementale. Nous mobilisons les données de cette enquête pour, dans un premier temps, calculer l’espérance de vie sans incapacité dans chacun des 100 départements français, puis, dans un second temps, mettre en lien cet indicateur avec les limitations fonctionnelles rencontrées par la population des 60 ans et plus. Les premiers résultats mettent en évidence de forts écarts départementaux concernant l’incapacité, selon une géographie proche de celle des écarts de mortalité. Les départements dans lesquels l’espérance de vie sans incapacité est faible se caractérisent par une forte prévalence des limitations fonctionnelles touchant les fonctions physiques.

The COVID-19 pandemic did not affect European subnational regions in a uniform way. Within a country like France, Brittany seems to have been spared while Île-de-France suffered a heavy toll. Knowledge of the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on mortality at the local level is therefore an important issue today. Vital statistics are now available for a large number of countries for 2020, and allow the calculation of national excess mortality. Excess mortality is defined as the difference between the mortality observed during the pandemic and the mortality that would have been observed in the absence of a pandemic. The calculation of excess mortality at the local level has two important methodological challenges: (1) it requires appropriate mortality projection models; (2) small populations in some areas implies consequential uncertainty in the estimates. In this paper, we address both issues by proposing a method that ``coherently'' forecast mortality for sub-national areas and by incorporating uncertainty in the computation of life tables measures. We thus achieve an accurate uncertainty estimation of regional excess mortality for all ages. We apply our approach to French départements (NUTS 3, 95 geographical units) in 2020 (and later 2021) for both sexes. However, flexibility and availability of the proposed method allows to estimate excess mortality in many European subnational regions.

International audience

Understanding the differences in loss of autonomy between French departments is essential since they are the leading providers of social services to the elderly. For the first time, thanks to the combination of several data sources, it is possible to obtain a snapshot of the care needs of the elderly in each French department. This study sheds light on the differences in care that can be observed between departments from the perspective of the needs of their citizens, and can help to orient local policies to meet these needs. Unlike previous studies on the subject, it is not restricted to the population receiving benefits related to loss of autonomy (Abassi et al., 2020), it includes both the at-home and institutionalized populations (Brunel and Carrère, 2017), and it compares several measures of disability (Larbi and Roy, 2019). Moreover, it allows us to question the implications of departmental policy via two channels: (1) the way departments mobilize the criteria for assessing loss of autonomy; and (2) the supply of institutional places and the residential mobilities that may induce.

La question des différences de perte d’autonomie entre les départements est essentielle puisque ceux-ci sont chefs de file de l’action sociale auprès des personnes âgées. Pour la première fois, grâce à la combinaison de plusieurs sources de données, il est possible d’avoir une photographie des besoins de prise en charge des personnes âgées dans chaque département de France. Cette étude permet d’éclairer les différences de prise en charge que l’on observe entre départements au prisme des besoins de leurs administrés, et peut les aider à orienter leur politique locale pour y répondre. Contrairement aux précédentes études sur le sujet, elle ne se restreint pas à la population recevant des prestations liées à la perte d’autonomie (Abassi et al., 2020), elle inclut à la fois la population à domicile et celle en établissement (Brunel et Carrère, 2017) elle compare plusieurs mesures de la perte d’autonomie (Larbi et Roy, 2019). Par ailleurs, elle permet de questionner les implications de la politique départementale via deux canaux : (1) la façon dont les départements mobilisent les critères d’évaluation de la perte d’autonomie, et (2) l’offre de places en établissement et les mobilités résidentielles qu’elle peut induire.

To increase understanding of agricultural intensification processes over time and their sustainability, we studied dimensions of sustainability in the context of ongoing expansion of intensive, commercial mono-cropping of banana in Southwestern Uganda. In our approach we considered five dimensions of sustainability: economic, agricultural productivity, environment, social and human. We compared farming systems in 1998 and 2018 and integrated a gender lens. A total of four focus group discussions, two group interviews and fifteen individual interviews (8m / 7f) were conducted, complemented with a discourse analysis of newspaper articles. Results show that although intensification of banana production increased the average income level indicating improvement in the economic dimension, it did not yield sustainable outcomes in the other dimensions. The integrated analysis of five dimensions of sustainability illuminated aspects often neglected in assessment studies or policy-making around agricultural intensification, in particular socio-economic and gender dynamics. We further recognized that the observed local trends are part of a set of patterns that take place throughout the world. We conclude that to advance sustainable development, stakeholders should move away from the current over-emphasis on economic values prioritizing the individual, and that avoiding patterns of unsustainable development requires broadening to environmental and community values.

In the last two years comprehensive legislative reforms have been passed in France which aim to change the territorial architecture of the Republic to ensure increased transparency and efficiency in public administration in the long term. The reforms focus on the metropolises, the merging of regions and the reorganisation of the powers of the various levels of regional bodies. Cross-border cooperation on the Upper Rhine and in the Greater Region is affected but not called into question by the reforms.

National audience

International audience; This paper analyses the change in spatial income inequality across the departments of metropolitan France since 1922. Its most significant contribution is the reconstruction of average fiscal income per department, before and after the payment of income tax, based on an unprecedented use of archives from the Ministry of Finance. We highlight the following stylised facts: (i) a very significant reduction in interdepartmental average fiscal income inequality over the last century, with two periods of continuous decline, between 1922 and 1939 and from 1948 onwards; (ii) a significant contribution, albeit varying over time, of income tax to the reduction in inter-departmental inequality; (iii) an improvement in the situation in all departments lying along a line running from Calvados to Gard since 1948.; Cet article analyse l’évolution des inégalités spatiales de revenu entre les départements de la France métropolitaine depuis 1922. La contribution la plus notable est la reconstruction du revenu fiscal moyen par département, avant et après paiement de l’impôt sur le revenu, grâce à une exploitation inédite d’archives du ministère des Finances. Nous observons les faits stylisés suivants : (i) une très forte baisse des inégalités interdépartementales de revenu fiscal moyen sur un siècle, avec deux périodes de baisse continue, entre 1922 et 1939 et depuis 1948 ; (ii) une contribution significative, mais variable dans le temps, de l’impôt sur le revenu à la baisse des inégalités interdépartementales ; (iii) une amélioration de la situation relative de tous les départements se trouvant sous une ligne allant du Calvados au Gard depuis 1948.

International audience

À la Restauration, le rêve ultra de provinces échoue à liquider les départements et les préfets. La décentralisation est indissociable du combat pour les « libertés chéries ». Le compromis orléaniste permet de nommer des gestionnaires municipaux capables au sein des élus.

This chapter discusses what we can learn from the long history of mostly forgotten attempts to better serve equality through agricultural education systems. The chapter first demonstrates how gender, racial and other social biases and segregation have been built in the foundation of agricultural education systems worldwide despite challenges of the mirrored biases and hierarchies in budgets, teachers’ positions, and educational contents. Three countries serve as examples for the integration, normalisation and transfer worldwide: the Netherlands, USA, and colonial Ghana. Furthermore, the chapter presents initiatives from the 1970s onwards that challenged these foundations as unfair and ineffective but never effected structural change. It concludes that lifting segregation is not sufficient nor is the inclusion of formerly segregated groups. To achieve agricultural education systems to work in socially just and agriculturally viable ways, integration is required to include all farm-related domains and to challenge normalised biases often grounded in Western views including farm family ideology.

International audience; Vers une nouvelle confrontation entre l'Etat et les départements ?

“Science for impact” has been the implicit motto for the agricultural sciences since the late 19th Century. New insights into the natural sciences that could benefit agriculture inspired the establishment of agricultural sciences with an emphasis on biophysical components. Gradually, disciplines with a societal perspective started to provide guidance to improve effectivity and avoid harmful impacts. By acknowledging farmers as a diverse group of actors on various farm types, women in farming also came into the picture. Nevertheless, until the 1970s scientific investigation of the systemic interplay of all scales, aspects, and actors had been lacking and never became mainstream. Currently, agriculture and food-oriented scientific institutions explicitly frame their work as “science for impact” in support of the Sustainable Development Goals. In addition to the life sciences, social sciences are urged to contribute. This chapter highlights gender integration in international agricultural research for development (AR4D) in its capacity to interconnect social and life sciences. The chapter first distinguishes five research orientations and then stresses their interconnectedness by presenting recent research on gender in international AR4D. Lastly, current gender approaches are explicated to stimulate purposefully selecting approaches in advancing further gender integration.

La mémoire vivante du passé peut être mesurée par la gestion des odonymes (nom des routes et places). La présence de la Grande Guerre en France par l’étude de l’actuel fichier FANTOIR est significative. Mais le nombre d’odonymes qui commémore la seconde guerre mondiale, ou d’autres conflits, est plus important. Il faut donc s’interroger sur les causes de ce fait. The living memory of the past can be measured by the management of odonyms (route and place names). The presence of the Great War in France by studying of the actual FANTOIR file is significant. But the number of odonyms who commemorates the second world war, or other conflicts, is more important. We have to ask what the cause of that is.

ANR

Background: Debates concerning the French territorial divide are deep in France. However, few historical data on French demography at the local level for the 20th century are available for the study of these territorial disputes. Objective: The main objective is to present a new demographic database built at the departmental level for the 20th century, as well as the methods used to build this database. Methods: The database was constructed by digitizing a large part of the raw data available in the French archives and by using new statistical sources for military deaths and deportees during the two world wars. The methods used are both the methodological protocol of the Human Mortality Database and a set of methods that take into account the specificities of the French departments. Contribution: With this database, the French departmental lifetables by sex and year, including military deaths and deaths in deportation, will be available, as well as the departmental populations by age, sex, and year between 1901 and 2014.

Many development countries are currently undergoing major demographic shifts as the percentage of young people of the total population rapidly increases. This shift is associated with high rates of migration, unemployment and instability. In policy discourses, engaging youth in commercial agricultural is often presented as a measure to control or even counter these trends. In Uganda, a country with one of the youngest populations in the world, we investigated whether young people themselves see a career in farming as an option. We studied the livelihood pathways of rural-born young men and women from Central Uganda and in particular; 1) their aspirations, 2) the extent to which these aspirations are associated with agriculture, and 3) the importance of gender in shaping their opportunity spaces. Data consisted of in-depth interviews with 8 young men and 8 young women originating from the same rural community in Central Uganda (2017) and was supported by three additional datasets collected between 2010 and 2014; one qualitative case-study conducted in the same site (2014) and two survey datasets collected in three rural sites in Central Uganda in 2010 (N = 199) and 2012 (N = 54). Our findings suggest a large proportion of youth out-migrating from the rural communities, with young women migrating more often than young men. Farming was seldom an aspiration but irrespective of sex or residence most young men and women did remain engaged in agriculture in some way. The nature of the engagement was different for men and women though, with young women specifically refraining from commercial agriculture. By analyzing the opportunity space of young men and women, we uncovered how their livelihood pathways were linked to a set of normative and structural constraints maintaining gender inequality. Examples were young women's weaker resource base (land) and gender norms which discourage young women's independent commercial (agricultural) activities. To advance the engagement of young men and especially women in commercial agriculture, it is important to acknowledge these patterns and their underlying structural gender differences.

National audience

National audience

International audience

International audience; La recomposition intercommunale renforcée depuis 2010 n’aura de sens que si elle s’accompagne rapidement d’une recomposition territoriale d’ensemble la parachevant. Les différentes tentatives de rationalisation du ‘bloc communal’, qu’elles soient volontaristes ou incitatives, réussies ou avortées, ne règlent en effet que partiellement les problèmes de l’émiettement communal et de la forte croissance urbaine, et génèrent en outre plus de complexité, de désarticulation et de désorganisation que d’ordre. Si le chantier de l’intercommunalisation est devenu permanent, il semble avoir vocation à rester inachevé et bancal, dans la mesure où les questions connexes de l’avenir des communes et des départements sont jusqu’à présent systématiquement contournées

Depuis 2005, le Service d’archéologie préventive d’Eure-et-Loir a pris en charge près de 40 % des diagnostics prescrits sur le département. De la préparation des opérations à la diffusion des résultats, l’équipe d’archéologues place le diagnostic au cœur d’une démarche scientifique globale. Le séminaire de Caen était donc l’occasion de partager ces 13 années d’expérience et de pratique du diagnostic en collectivité territoriale. Après avoir brièvement exposé le cadre de cette pratique, l’accent est mis sur trois principaux axes de travail issus de la recherche conduite lors des diagnostics : la connaissance des contextes chrono-stratigraphiques à l’échelle du département, la modélisation de l’occupation des territoires, l’utilisation des données isolées dans des réflexions multiscalaires., Since 2005, Eure-et-Loir Preventive Archaeology Service has taken charge of nearly 40% of the archeological evaluations prescribed in the department. From the preparation of operations to the dissemination of results, the team of archaeologists places this kind of operation at the heart of a global scientific approach. The Caen seminar was therefore an opportunity to share these 13 years of experience and practice of evaluations in territorial authorities. After a brief presentation of the framework of this practice, the emphasis was placed on three main lines of work resulting from the research conducted during the diagnoses: knowledge of chrono-stratigraphic contexts on the scale of the department, modeling of the occupation of territories, and the use of isolated data in multiscalar reflections.

International audience

The Telemedicine program in retirement homes allows telemedicine acts (teleconsultation, tele-expertise, telemonitoring and teleassistance) between an expert center and a resident in an equipped retirement home. In 2019, 63% of retirement homes in New-Aquitaine are equipped or in the process of being equipped with telemedicine. Identify french regions and overseas territories using Telemedicine in retirement homes. It’s a descriptive overview of Telemedicine in retirement homes in France and overseas territories. It was carried out from January 23rd to June 12th of 2019 by sending a questionnaire to regional telemedicine managers in France and overseas territories. We had a total of 100% answers. The telemedicine activity in retirement homes is deployed in the 12 regions of metropolitan France, and in Martinique and StPierre-and-Miquelon islands. It is being studied in Corsica, Guadeloupe and Reunion islands. It’s not yet considered in Guyana and New-Caledonia. It should be noted that French Polynesia and the archipelago of Wallis and Futuna don’t have retirement homes. The most advanced regions in the project are New Aquitaine with 63% of retirement homes equipped or in the process of being equipped, the Center-Val de Loire (63% of retirement homes), the Great-Est (42% of retirement homes) and Normandy (32% of retirement homes). Note that the only retirement home of St-Pierre-and-Miquelon island has telemedicine. In the other regions where telemedicine is present in retirement homes, between 3.4% and 16% of the facilities are already equipped or are being equipped. The telemedicine project in retirement homes is at an early stage in the majority of french regions and overseas territories. However, it remains a priority project for all territories in order to improve the care of elderly people living in these facilities.; Le programme télémédecine en EHPAD permet de réaliser des actes de télémédecine (téléconsultation, télé-expertise, télésurveillance et téléassistance), entre un médecin spécialiste d’un centre expert et un résident d’un EHPAD équipé. En 2019, 63% des EHPAD de Nouvelle-Aquitaine sont équipés ou en cours d’équipement. Déterminer les régions françaises et des DROM et COM dans lesquelles la télémédecine en EHPAD est présente. Il s’agit d’un état des lieux descriptif de l’activité télémédecine en EHPAD en France métropolitaine et dans les DROM et COM. Il a été réalisé du 23 janvier au 12 juin 2019 par l’envoi d’un questionnaire aux responsables télémédecines des ARS de France métropolitaine et des DROM et COM. Nous avons obtenu un total de 100% de réponses. L’activité télémédecine en EHPAD est déployée dans les 12 régions de France métropolitaine, en Martinique et à St-Pierre-et-Miquelon. Elle est en cours de réflexion en Corse, en Guadeloupe et sur l’île de la Réunion. Il n’est pas encore envisagé en Guyane et en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Il est à noter que la Polynésie Française et l’archipel de Wallis et Futuna sont dépourvus d’EHPAD. Les régions les plus avancées dans le projet sont la Nouvelle-Aquitaine 63% des EHPAD équipés ou en cours d’équipement, le Centre-Val de Loire (63% des EHPAD), le Grand Est (42% des EHPAD) et la Normandie (32% des EHPAD). A noter, l’équipement de l’unique EHPAD de St-Pierre-et-Miquelon. Les autres régions où la télémédecine en EHPAD est présente comportent entre 3.4% et 16% des EHPAD équipés ou en cours d’équipement. Le projet télémédecine en EHPAD est peu avancé dans la majorité des régions de France et d’outre-mer. Cependant, il reste un projet prioritaire pour l’ensemble des territoires afin d’améliorer la prise en charge des personnes âgées résidant dans ces EHPAD.

International audience

The Exodus of May-June 1940 remains in the French memory a traumatic episode.However, the internal population flows due to the war did notstop in 1940.This paper analyzes these internal flows of refugees in France during the whole Second World War.To do so,I present a method for estimating intercensal local populations from three kinds of statistical data, namely intercensal national populations,local census populations, and intercensal local births and deaths. I use this method to estimate female populations in the French départements between 1939 and 1946,and finally calculate the yearly departmental migratory flows. I show that the Exodus of May-June 1940 was only a first step in the massive flows observed in France at that time. Between 1940 and 1941 a large part of the population was displaced from the North to the South of the country.In detail, Ardennes was the most affected by departures: in 1941, 60% of the population counted in 1939 were missing. I also show that the “ligne de démarcation” represented, until 1943, a spatial boundary between the départements which welcomed refugees and those in which the population left. This result proves that this fictitious border did not prevent people from moving. Finally, I show that France kept the scars of war in 1946: the North-West and the North-East did not see all of their refugees come back. At the opposite,the population of the South-West, a land of refugees during the war,increased between 1939 and 1946 because of these internal flows of refugees.