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Este libro deriva de la sesión homenaje a Antonio Gilman Guillén, celebrada el 6 de septiembre 2018 en Barcelona en el marco del congreso anual de la European Association of Archaeologist. A través de sus veintidós capítulos, los distintos autores abordan los temas tratados por el prehistoriador e hispanista a lo largo de su carrera, desgranando sus logros y contribuciones como arqueólogo comparativo y de campo y revisando su lógica teórica y sus ideas clave. Esto implica un arco cronológico muy amplio, desde los orígenes de la humanidad, hasta la actualidad, con la desigualdad social como protagonista, y reflexiones certeras sobre cuestiones de arqueología del paisaje, arqueometría, bioantropología, etnografía, o cronología absoluta. Queda así de manifiesto el calado de la influencia de Antonio Gilman sobre las distintas generaciones que han recibido su magisterio, así como la vitalidad de su pensamiento a la hora de abordar la economía política de las sociedades del pasado.

Con autorización de la editorial para este capítulo, The organizer’s invitation to participate in the 2018 edition of Archeology and History of Peasantry seminars placed me face to face with the term ‘peasants’ years after I had abandoned it, mainly as a consequence of my uneasiness with the way it had been applied to the Late Prehistory of Iberia. The text that follows is in some ways a reappraisal of my own statements but, most of all, is a political economic interpretation of the reasons why I believe that Iberian Copper Age societies did not develop the material conditions necessary to allow the systematic and permanent exploitation of the primary producer through extra-economic means., Research has been funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades de España, Project TRIBE- The times and uses of Iberian ditched enclosures (PGC2018-095506-BI00). Antonio Gilman, Jess Beck, Isabel Martínez Navarrete, Antonio Uriarte and Juan Vicent provided essential support and critical comments during the production of the manuscript.

[EN] This chapter summarizes Antonio Gilman’s career and contributions as a Marxist, comparative and field archaeologist. We review his implacable logic, key ideas and their reception in archeology and in the history of political economy, as well as their influence on Iberian archaeology and its academic community., [ES] Este capítulo sintetiza la carrera y las contribuciones de Antonio Gilman como arqueólogo marxista, comparativista y de campo. Revisamos su lógica implacable, sus ideas clave, la recepción de las mismas en la arqueología y en la historia de la economía política así como su influencia en la arqueología prehistórica peninsular y su comunidad académica

[EN] One of the contributions of Antonio Gilman to Prehistoric Archaeology is the Iberian Late Prehistory Radiocarbon Database (IDEArq-C14), a result of a systematic critical collection of archaeological radiocarbon dates in Iberia. It gathers over 10,000 dates from more than 2000 archaeological sites, mainly of Mesolithic to Iron Age chronologies. Nowadays, this information is freely accessible via the Internet, in accordance with an open data paradigm, through the IDEArq platform, a spatial data infrastructure for the online publication of repertories of georeferenced archaeological information, hosted by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). In this paper, we present the dataset and propose its use in the evaluation of biases produced by regional variations in research intensity, a problem brought out in recent interpretative debates. This application is illustrated by the discussion of the issue of potential “demographic holes” during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition, a crucial question in the debates about the neolithisation process in Iberia. By analysing the spatial and chronological distribution of radiocarbon dates, we evaluate the likelihood that these vacuums are due to regional research biases., [ES] Entre las aportaciones del Prof. Antonio Gilman a la arqueología prehistórica, está la Base de Datos de Radiocarbono de la Prehistoria Reciente Ibérica (IDEArq-C14), fruto de su trabajo de recopilación crítica sistemática de dataciones radiocarbónicas de la Península Ibérica. Reúne más de 10 000, pertenecientes a más de 2000 yacimientos, con cronologías entre el Mesolítico y la Edad del Hierro. Esta información es accesible actualmente vía Internet, de acuerdo con un enfoque de datos abiertos, en la plataforma IDEArq, una infraestructura de datos espaciales para la publicación en línea de repertorios de datos arqueológicos georreferenciados, gestionada desde el Instituto de Historia del CSIC. En este trabajo, se presenta este conjunto de datos y se propone su aplicación a la evaluación de los sesgos debidos a las variaciones regionales en la intensidad de la investigación, un problema puesto de manifiesto en recientes debates interpretativos. Esta aplicación se ejemplifica con la discusión del problema de la posible existencia de «vacíos poblacionales» durante la transición Mesolítico-Neolítico, una cuestión clave en los debates sobre el proceso de neolitización de Iberia. Mediante el análisis de la distribución espacial y cronológica de las dataciones, se evalúa la posibilidad de que estos «vacíos» se deban a sesgos regionales en la investigación.

Con autorización de la editorial para autores CSIC. [EN] This is a comprehensive and interpretative paper on the archaeological evidence recovered at the Casa Montero early Neolithic flint mine (Madrid, Spain). It reviews technical and social aspects of mining activities and contextualizes them in what we know about the earliest Neolithic communities in central Iberia. The combination of all the evidence and conclusions accumulated by the interdisciplinary team behind the Casa Montero Project suggest that these first mining actions were probably a generational phenomenon put forward by small scale and somehow mobile groups. These aggregations served as the basis for establishing a new framework of political relations beyond each individual group. In order for these processes to take place, a set of strategic, tactical and logistical preconditions were necessary [ES] Este trabajo describe e interpreta la evidencia arqueológica documentada en la mina de sílex del Neolítico antiguo de Casa Montero (Madrid, España). Revisa las características técnicas y sociales de la minería en el contexto de las sociedades del primer Neolítico del interior peninsular. La combinación de todas las evidencias y conclusiones acumuladas por el equipo interdisciplinar que ha desarrollado el Proyecto Casa Montero nos permite sugerir que esta primera minería fue probablemente un fenómeno generacional de agregaciones de grupos pequeños y dispersos. Estas agregaciones sirvieron como base para establecer un nuevo marco de relaciones políticas más allá de cada grupo individual. Para que se diesen estos procesos fueron necesarias un conjunto de condiciones previas de carácter estratégico, táctico y logístico. Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el «Proyecto de Investigación Arqueológica en el yacimiento de Casa Montero (Madrid). Producción y circulación de sílex en el Neolítico de la Meseta» patrocinado por Autopista Madrid Sur C.E.S.A. a través del 1 % Cultural; y los proyectos PGC2018-093309-A-I00 (IP Nuria Castañeda) y PGC2018-095506-B-100 (IP Pedro Díaz-del-Río) del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades.

Carles Lalueza-Fox and Ignacio de la Torre (Challenge Coordinators). 185 pp. Disponible para su descarga gratuita en: http://libros.csic.es/product_info.php?products_id=1459, One of the greatest challenges in the study of Human Evolution is to understand the social and biological adaptive processes that took place along our evolutionary history. This challenge has molecular, genetic, behavioural, social and anatomic morphological dimensions and requires new multidisciplinary and technological approaches.

[EN] We present a comprehensive and interpretative overview of the evidence recovered at the mining field of Casa Montero (Madrid, Spain). We describe the technical and social aspects of flint mining in the specific historical context of central Iberia’s Early Neolithic societies. Combination of all the evidence allows us to suggest that mining at the site was probably a generational phenomenon, where the acts of gathering in order to perform a collective action served as a basis for binding new political relations beyond each individual group. Strategic, tactical, and logistic preconditions were required for those gatherings, including the ability and capacity to convene, design, and organize an orderly set of actions such as those deployed at the flint mine. As with other Neolithic mining sites in Europe, understanding these social preconditions are important if archaeologists are to move beyond describing the formal and technical variability of the mines., [ES] Presentamos una revisión de conjunto e interpretativa de las evidencias recuperadas en la mina de sílex de Casa Montero (Madrid, España). Describimos los aspectos técnicos y sociales de la minería del sílex en el contexto histórico específico de las sociedades del Neolítico Antiguo de la Península Ibérica. La combinación de todas las evidencias recuperadas nos permite sugerir que la minería en Casa Montero fue probablemente un fenómeno generacional, donde los actos de agregación de pequeños grupos para el desarrollo de acciones colectivas sirvieron de base para establecer nuevas relaciones políticas más allá de cada grupo individual. Para ello se requirieron un conjunto de precondiciones estratégicas, tácticas y logísticas, incluyendo la habilidad y capacidad para convocar, diseñar y organizar un conjunto ordenado de acciones como las que se desarrollaron en la propia mina. Proponemos que estas precondiciones sociales son clave para ir más allá de la variabilidad formal y técnica de las minas.

El Rebollosillo is a small karstic cave located in the center of Iberia used for the disposition of secondary burials during the mid third millennium BC. We present bioanthropological, isotopic ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, δ 13 C y δ 18 O) analyses and 16 radiocarbon dates on human remains, as well as mineralogical characterization of 6 beads (4 of them variscite from Palazuelo de las Cuevas, Zamora), and a quantitative analysis of 43 pottery fragments recovered during the 1989 excavations. A minimum of 21 individu-als have been identified, covering all age ranges and sex. Low percentages of pathologies have been detected, mainly dental calculus and caries, with specific cases of cribra orbitalia, periostosis and arthritis. Only adults received a clearly individualized treatment, suggestive of achieved status. We interpret the evidence as a multi-staged mortuary program, the last phase of which is documented at the site, with previous stages perhaps carried out elsewhere, and we evaluate these results in the context of the regional funerary record., El Rebollosillo es una pequeña cueva kárstica situada en el centro de la Península Ibérica utilizada para la disposición de enterramientos secundarios en la mitad del III milenio AC. Presentamos resultados bioantropológicos, isotópicos (87Sr/86Sr, δ13C y δ18O) y 16 dataciones radiocarbónicas de los restos humanos, una descripción cuantificada de los 43 fragmentos cerámicos y de caracterización mineralógica de 6 cuentas recuperadas durante la excavación de 1989, cuatro de las cuales probablemente proceden de Palazuelo de las Cuevas (Zamora). El análisis bioantropológico indica un mínimo de 21 individuos con todos los rangos de edad y sexo. Se han detectado bajos porcentajes de patologías, mayoritariamente cálculo dental y caries, con casos puntuales de cribra orbitalia, periostosis y artrosis. La disposición de los restos sugiere que sólo los adultos recibieron un tratamiento claramente individualizado, quizás acorde con un estatus adquirido con la edad. Proponemos que el registro representa la última fase de un programa mortuorio cuyas etapas previas debieron desarrollarse en otros lugares y valoramos estos resultados en el contexto del registro funerario regional, Investigación desarrollada en el contexto de los proyectos HAR2013-47776-R y CGL2012-35199 del Ministerio de Ciencia y Competitividad y el proyecto Cód. 099100 de la FUAM

The editorial opens the four-year period of the current editorial team of Trabajos de Prehistoria, assessing the leading role of the members of the previous Editorial and Advisory Boards, external reviewers and authors in the trajectory of the journal’s growing internationalization.It highlights the impetus given by Professor Antonio Gilman, outgoing editor and the first one that does not belong to a Spanish institution.We consider the implications of the generational change under way in the Spanish academy may have on the visibility of the journals and the role of an open, public and collective space for scientific communication exerted by Trabajos de Prehistoria. El editorial inicia el cuatrienio del actual equipo de la revista Trabajos de Prehistoria, valorando el protagonismo de los miembros de los anteriores Consejos de Redacción y Asesor, evaluadores externos y autores en la trayectoria de creciente internacionalización de la revista. Se destaca el impulso que el Profesor Antonio Gilman, director saliente y el primero no perteneciente a una institución española, ha dado a esa trayectoria. Se reflexiona sobre las implicaciones que el cambio generacional en curso en la academia española puede tener en la visibilidad de las revistas y se reivindica el papel de un espacio abierto, público y colectivo de comunicación científica como el ejercido por Trabajos de Prehistoria.

This paper is the first updated review of the scope, depth and problems related to the current radiocarbon chronology of the late prehistory of southern Iberia. The aim is twofold. First, it critically analyses the quantity and quality of radiocarbon dates used to interpret the diverse trajectories of western Mediterranean societies throughout more than four millennia. Secondly, it reviews a set of three different and prominent archaeological phenomena from an inter-regional comparative perspective: primary and secondary burial practices, domestic stone architecture and ditched enclosures. Our long-term, geographically wide-ranging approach locates similarities while highlighting the effects of local and historical conditions in certain divergent circumstances.

SILEX (Sistema de Información Locacional en XML, in English Locational Information System in XML) is an information system, under the form of a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI), designed for the systematic management and distribution of data recovered through the excavation of a particular archaeological site.

History is critical for the comparison of Iberia and the Southwest on at least two distinct levels: the history of research in the present, and the history of events in the distant past. Archaeologists study the latter: we want to understand and interpret events in the distant past, for example, Chaco Canyon at ad 1000 or Los Millares at 3000 bc. But archaeological understandings and interpretations of these events refl ect the history of our disciplines. Th e axes of comparison we discuss in our chapters refl ect these two levels of history.

The site of La Albareja (Fuenlabrada, Madrid) was discovered as a result of the archaeological assessment of Madrid’s southern subway (VIA sector of Metrosur). Preliminary surface and subsurface analyses and open-area excavations determined the presence of three small pits and a stratified area of 344’45 square meters. The excavations in this area recovered a sequence of at least four structures with related postholes that we consider small huts functionally attached to a big underground oval structure. The site is located on a smooth slope of a secondary valley. This fact, together with the existence of occasional postholes, the presence of a layer of wood imprints in mud, the existence of hearths, and the shape and section of the main structure itself suggests its interpretation as an underground hut. None of these wattle and daub buildings would be visible until actually inside the small secondary valley bottom where it is set. All the material evidence points to an early Iron Age (circa VII century BC –in non calibrated dates) dispersed rural settlement. The site may be contemporary to the hilltop site of Cerro de San Antonio and the close-by site of Sector III de Getafe, actually located in a very similar topographic setting. La Albareja may be interpreted as a small household, part of a more general dispersed rural settlement pattern. Although dependence from a nuclear ‘central’ settlement could be a plausible hypothesis, we up-to-date lack one such site in the surroundings. The open-area excavation of La Albareja shows how the previously thought to be domestic huts may in fact be small timber building functionally subsidiary to bigger close-by domestic spaces. The structure of this settlement may in fact be a good evidence of the socioeconomic changes initiated some time around the end of the Bronze Age.

The more we charge specifi c historical events with explanatory causality, the more possible alternative pasts we will be able to construct. In this paper I argue that this fact critically affects the interpretations of those of us who rely on an extremely limited and incomplete data set, and no available textual source. This adds up to the fact that prehistorians seldom have the evidence to claim that a particular set of occurrences may in fact be a transformative event in a Sewellian sense, partially—but not only—because of the diffi culties in establishing any detailed succession of happenings, and thus have problems arguing that a specifi c event had a structural effect. Nevertheless, and as Sewell also suggests, we may shift in spatial and temporal scales and confront “eventful” analyses of macrohistorical processes. In order to discuss these issues I have used a characteristically underdetermined hypothesis: the arrival of seafaring Neolithic colonists— Argonauts —on the Iberian coast, a local event that has been said to have a structural effect at a regional scale.

We present the radiocarbon dates for twelve charcoal samples covering the complete area of the mine fi eld of Casa Montero (Madrid, Spain), a site with more than 4000 plotted shafts. The χ2 test shows that eleven of them are statistically identical, with a 65% probability that all mining episodes occurred between 5337 and 5218 cal BC, a time span of approximately four generations. We test this probable hypothesis against other archaeological evidence and conclude that the comparatively large scale mining actions at Casa Montero would have necessarily required the mobilization of several small scale Early Neolithic groups into a succession of collective actions, probably performed in a seasonal manner. Neolithic fl int mining in Europe was not a long term technical solution to a practical need, but an extraordinarily meaningful and timely -historically contingent- social activity. In order to understand mining actions in these terms, we would require a reevaluation of the statistical variability and meaning of series of radiocarbon dates already obtained at many other fl int mines. When we do so, we might observe that, as in the case of Casa Montero, many of these radiocarbon dates actually represent sets of short term highly active ‘generational’ mining episodes separated in time.

Salvador Domínguez-Bella, José Ramos muñoz, José María Gutiérrez López, Manuela Pérez Rodríguez (eds.)., [ES] El objeto de este trabajo es presentar la caracterización de las rocas silíceas de la mina neolítica de Casa Montero (5400-5200 cal. BC). Se localiza en Madrid (España) y ocupa una superficie de 4 hectareas, con 3897 pozos cartografiados, de los cuales 324 han sido excavados durante tres campañas de excavaciones. Este tipo de estudios es esencial para establecer las características diagnósticas de la materia prima e investigar la distribución de los productos de las minas. Se ha realizado también un análisis de las relaciones entre las diferentes materias primas silíceas y la cadena lítica operativa. La caracterización se realizó usando dos métodos: descripción macroscópica y análisis petrológico. Han sido establecidos siete tipos macroscópicos (de 1 a 7) y cuatro grupos petrológicos (de A a D). La clasificación macroscópica fué fundamental en el análisis de los restos líticos, dado el gran volumen de material lítico recuperado en el sitio. La clasificación petrológica constituye un buen método para identificar los materiales de la Mina de Casa Montero en otros sitios arqueológicos., [EN] The aim of this paper is to present the characterisation of the siliceous rocks from the Neolithic mine of Casa Montero (5400-5200 cal. BC). It is located in Madrid (Spain) and it occupies 4 hectares with 3897 mapped shafts, out of which 324 have been excavated throughout three field seasons. This kind of study is essential in order to establish the diagnostic features of the raw material and to investigate the distribution of the mine’s products. An analysis of the relationship between different siliceous raw materials and the lithic operative chain has been carried out as well. The characterisation has been performed using two methods: macroscopic description and petrological analysis. Seven macroscopic types (from 1 to 7) and four petrological groups (from A to D) have been established. The macroscopic classification has been found to be fundamental in the analysis of the lithic remains, given the large volume of lithic material recovered in the site. The petrological classification provides a good method for identifying materials from the Casa Montero mine at other archaeological sites. The observation of refits has suggested a preference for a certain raw material. In order to verify this, an statistical Factorial Analysis has been applied to study the representation of each phase of the lithic operative chain in each macroscopic type of raw material.

In this chapter, I will argue that the period known as the Copper Age saw the rise of lineage societies, made possible and sustained through the cyclical involvement of different communities in collective labor processes and other public events. Collective infrastructural investments were non-agricultural facilities: enclosures, fortifi cations, and monumental burials. Th ese kinship-based societies had limited technological development, and groups were by no means economically “caged,” to use Mann’s terms (Mann 1986). Consequently, inclusive — and frequently ritualized — strategies would have been more effi cient than coercion as means of legitimizing political authority in and between aggregated corporate groups.

This research has been centred on the analytical identification of the use of cinnabar (the red mercury sulphide-HgS-) as a pigment in Neolithic and Chalcolithic archaeological contexts (VI to III millennia B.C.) and in the determination of its possible origin by the application of Lead Isotopes analysis. In order to confront the isotopic results of the archaeological cinnabar pigments, samples from the mercury sulphide mineral deposits of Usagre (Badajoz) and Las Alpujarras (Granada) were submitted to Lead Isotopes analysis. These results were added to those available in the geo-chronological literature referred to the Almadén mining district (Ciudad Real), the largest concentration of cinnabar in the world, although with the oldest evidence of mining dated, at present, to the 8th century BC. The confrontation of the lead isotopic results of the samples from archaeological contexts and of the mineral deposits showed, firstly, the distinguishable lead isotopic composition of the main cinnabar mines studied and, secondly, the consistency of the isotopic composition of the archaeological Neolithic and Chalcolithic cinnabar samples with the Almadén district isotopic field. Based on the currently available isotopic data, it is proposed that the exploitation and the use as a pigment of cinnabar mineral from the Almadén district started, at least, in the late 6th millennium BC, being distributed through long distance exchange networks during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods

SILEX is a Spatial Data Infrastructure developed for the management and distribution of the primary archaeological information about the Neolithic flint mine of Casa Montero, located in the periphery of the city of Madrid (Spain). It is designed according an open approach, based on the use of standards and open source software and on the free access to the whole data about the site via Internet. It is a distributed information system with a three layer architecture: the data layer, formed by GIS info and a complex entity-relationship thematic database; the web service layer, with the use of standard protocols and languages for accessing the database; and the interface layer, a mashup that combines forms and a geographic viewer for querying and retrieving data.

International Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences. Proceedings of the XV World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006). Session WS29: The Idea of Enclosure in Recent Iberian Prehistory. António Carlos Valera and Lucy Shaw Evangelista eds., Materialist perspectives have focused their arguments on the leading role of coercion and conflict in order to explain the Third millennium BC Iberian archaeological record. Recently, ritual dynamics have been considered. All arguments rely on the same evidence, having explicit or implicit generalizing interpretative intentions. This paper is a critical review of two recurring opinions used by Spanish scholars to support the hierarchical -read class- and coercive nature of Copper Age societies: that variability in settlement size reflects control hierarchies and that highly formalized planning of villages and monumental enclosures reflect direct coercive control of labor. Finally, I briefly comment on some recent problematic uses of the ritual/domestic dichotomy.