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To evaluate the influence of overweight/obesity on the incidence of hypertension among adults in China.The subjects of this prospective study were 13 739 Chinese adults aged 35-74 years recruited at the baseline surveys of China Multicenter Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Asian. Baseline surveys were conducted in 1998 and during 2000-2001, respectively, and the follow-up was conducted during 2007-2008. According to the body mass index, the subjects were divided into four groups: underweight group(18.5 kg/m(2)), normal weight group(18.5-23.9 kg/m(2)), overweight group(24.0-27.9 kg/m(2))and obesity group(≥28.0 kg/m(2)). Age-standardized cumulative incidence of hypertension was calculated for each group, respectively. The relative risks(RRs)and 95% confidence intervals(CIs)for the incidence of hypertension of underweight, overweight and obesity groups were estimated by using generalized linear regression model with normal weight group as reference.During 8.1 years of follow-up, 4 271 hypertension cases were detected(2 012 in men and 2 259 in women). Age-standardized cumulative incidence of hypertension for the underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity groups were 20.3%, 30.9%, 43.6% and 50.8% in men, respectively; and 22.9%, 30.4%, 41.1% and 50.8% in women, respectively. Compared with the normal weight group, multivariate-adjusted RR(95% CI)for the incidence of hypertension in underweight, overweight and obesity groups were 0.78(0.64-0.95), 1.22(1.13-1.30)and 1.28(1.16-1.42)in men, respectively; and 0.89(0.77-1.03), 1.16(1.09-1.23)and 1.28(1.18-1.38)in women, respectively. The overweight and obese subjects had higher risk for the incidence of hypertension, with the population attributable risk proportion of 7.4% in men and 8.8% in women, respectively.Overweight or obese people are at an increased risk of developing hypertension, thus prevention and control of overweight/obesity are needed to reduce hypertension incidence among adults in China.

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) plays a key role in maintaining immune tolerance. IgAN has a close relationship with the immune response. However the significance of CD4+CD25+ T cells to improve renal function of IgAN patients is not clear. The purpose of this study is to evaluate renal function of experimental IgAN rats treated by CD4+CD25+ Tregs cells.CD4+CD25+ Tregs were separated from the blood of SD rats by immunomagnetic beads, and amplified in vitro. The amplified in vitro and cultured 2*106 CD4+CD25+ Tregs were infused intravenously into IgAN rat model, 3 times every other day. The serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, urinary protein and red blood cells were detected in the fourth and eighth week. The glomerular damage was evaluated by pathological analysis.Tregs cells can be amplified largely in vitro. After CD4+CD25+ T cells were infused into IgAN rat model, urine protein and red blood cells were improved. The glomerular injury can be improved by pathological analysis.CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells can significantly improve the symptoms of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) rat model, and have clinical application prospect.

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis is performed on a polymer-stabilized liquid crystal (PSLC) monodomain in the presence of an AC electric field. The twist elasticity and viscosity of the PSLC are determined. Compared with the nematic solvent (5CB), both the elasticity and the viscosity of the PSLC show substantial increases, reflecting the anchoring effect of the polymeric gel network. Time-resolved DLS measurements during the cure reaction yield information on the kinetics of network formation.

Although colorectal cancer is one of the leading malignancies worldwide, there are few data on aetiological relationships from the Asia-Pacific region. Therefore, a collaborative study was conducted involving over half a million subjects from 33 cohort studies in the region. Age-adjusted death rates from colorectal cancer, over an average of 6.8 years follow-up, were 12 and 14 per 100,000 person-years among Asian women and men, respectively; corresponding values in Australasia were 31 and 41. Height was strongly associated with death from colorectal cancer: an extra 5 cm of height was associated with 10% (95%confidence interval, 3% - 18% additional risk, after adjustment for other factors. Smoking increased risk by 43% (9% - 88%), although no significant dose-response relationship was discerned (p0.05). Other significant (p0.05) risk factors were body mass index and lack of physical activity. There was no significant effect on colorectal cancer mortality for alcohol consumption, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose or diabetes, although the latter conferred a notable 26% additional risk. Height may be a biomarker for some currently unknown genetic, or environmental, risk factors that are related both to skeletal growth and mutanogenesis. Understanding such mechanisms could provide opportunities for novel preventive and therapeutic intervention.

The inter-satellite baseline plays a vital role in the formation flying satellites missions. Based on the relation between the spatial states and the inter-satellite baseline, this paper erects a model to associate these two kinds of parameters. The error propagation relations are deduced in detail, which are described by the precision influence factors and error propagation matrices. Simulations are also carried out to show the baseline determination precision in some certain scenarios.

To explore potential effective measures for lowering incidence and mortality of stroke in rural community population of China.Beijing Fangshan Cardiovascular Prevention Program (BFCP), under whole population and high risk individuals strategies with measures of health education and hypertension control, were launched in 1991 in five communities including intervention communities (IC), about 66,000 residents, and control communities (CC), about 54,000 residents, in Fangshan, Beijing suburb.Incidences of stroke averaged 235.23 per 100,000 and 289.22 per 100,000, for IC and CC respectively, with a statistically significant difference, and mortalities of stroke averaged 80.63 per 100,000 and 98.01 per 100,000, for IC and CC respectively, with a statistically significant difference, during years of 1992 to 1999. The net change of stroke incidence was 126.13 per 100,000 in IC versus CC, with a statistically significant difference. Incidences of stroke increased by 11.63% and 75.27%, for IC and CC respectively, while mortalities of stroke decreased by 46.80% and 22.82%, respectively, for IC and CC from years of 1992 to 1999.BFCP has yielded obvious effect on controlling incidence and mortality of stroke in rural community population, but the trend of stroke incidence increasing was still not restrained radically.

To study the changes of risk factors of cardiovascular disease in the rural community population after intervention.The Beijing Fangshan cardiovascular prevention program was a community-based comprehensive intervention study which was launched from 1991 and ended in 2000 in five communities including three as intervention communities (IC) and two as control communities (CC) in Fangshan, Beijing suburb. The intervention measures were focused on health education and hypertension control. The changes of risk factors of cardiovascular disease in IC and CC were analyzed using random sample in the year 1991, 1995 and 1999, respectively. The risk factors include systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), body mass index(BMI), serum total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL), smoking, and drinking.From the year 1991 to 1999, the risk factors of cardiovascular disease such as SBP, DBP, smoking rate and drinking rate were reduced in the population of IC. For male in IC, the decline of SBP, DBP, smoking rate, and drinking rate were 1.6 mmHg, 1.1 mmHg, 14.5% (P0.01) and 3.7%, respectively. For female of IC, SBP and DBP declined 4.8 mmHg (P0.01) and 3.2 mmHg (P0.01), respectively. SBP, DBP and smoking rate in the population of CC had a little reduction while BMI, TC and TG increased in both IC and CC. During the period of 1991 to 1999, most cardiovascular risk factors in the population of IC had net reduction compared to that of CC.Except for BMI and lipids, rural community intervention, as focused on health education and hypertension control, has resulted in the reduction of most risk factors of cardiovascular disease.

Through researching textually the name, alias, life story, family tree, and medical thought, medical activities and unearthed culture relics etc. of an imperial doctor, Gu Dingfang, his remarkable contribution to the reservation of ancient classic medical editions and the reality of a new creative theory on psychological therapy put forward by him are shown. His outstanding achievements not only complement the blank of medical history of the Ming dynasty, but also occupy a position in the world's medical history.

Essential hypertension (EH) is the most common risk factor for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal diseases. It is a complex trait that is heritable and involves multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) and environmental conditions affecting the underlying physiological mechanisms.1 Genetic linkage studies and genome wide scans have disclosed many possible candidate loci contributing to hypertension. Hypertension has been found to occur more often than expected in families with familial hyperlipidaemia. Because dyslipidaemia is a common finding in hypertensive patients, the lipoprotein lipase ( LPL ) gene is a logical candidate gene that could contribute to the development of hypertension.2 LPL is a crucial enzyme in plasma lipoprotein metabolism, which hydrolyses triglycerides and chylomicrons. Two genetic linkage studies of hypertension in Taiwan suggested some positive linkage signals in or near the LPL gene region with blood pressure (BP).3,4 Because most Taiwanese have consanguinity with Chinese Han people, it is feasible and rational to verify these results in another homogeneous group. Adducin is a membrane skeletal protein that is involved in the regulation of cellular signal transduction and membrane ion transport. Hypertension has also been linked to the α-adducin ( ADD1 ) gene in some human studies.5–7 ### Key points

BACKGROUND: Elevated levels of body mass index (BMI) and smoking are well established lifestyle risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. If these two risk factors have a synergistic relationship, rigorous lifestyle modification may contribute to greater reduction in cardiovascular burden than previously expected. METHODS: A pooled analysis of individual participant data from 38 cohorts, involving 378,579 participants. Hazards ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for BMI by cigarette smoking status were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 3.8 years, 2706 CHD and 3264 strokes were recorded. There was a log-linear, positive relationship of BMI with CHD and stroke in both smokers and non-smokers with evidence of a synergistic effect of smoking on the association between BMI and CHD only: HRs (95% CIs) associated with a 2 kg/m2 higher BMI were 1.13 (1.10-1.17) in current smokers and 1.09 (1.06-1.11) in non-smokers (p-value for interaction=0.04). CONCLUSION: Smoking amplifies the positive association between BMI and CHD but not stroke. If confirmed, these results suggest that effective strategies that target smoking cessation and weight loss are likely to have a greater impact than anticipated on reducing the burden of CHD., published_or_final_version