Search

The purpose of this study was to perform a review of the literature related to the anatomy of the mandibular lingula and to provide information to improve the execution of effective anaesthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve in clinical practices of the mandible. Prognathic mandibles have a lingula that is located more posterior and superior than non-prognathic mandibles. Most of the lingulae are located above the occlusal plane, but it is occasionally located at or below the occlusal plane. The lingula of the triangular shape was generally located slightly more superior and posterior than other shapes. The mandibular lingula is an important anatomical landmark, and accurate information for exact lingula features is required during inferior alveolar nerve block anaesthesia. Proper evaluation of the lingula is key to effective anaesthesia and decreases the failure rate of the inferior alveolar nerve in clinical practices of the mandible.

7nm CMOS FinFET technology featuring EUV lithography, 4th gen. dual Fin and 2nd gen. multi-eWF gate stack is presented, providing 20% faster speed or consuming 35% less total power over 10nm technology [1]. EUV lithography, fully applied to MOL contacts and minimum-pitched metal/via interconnects, can reduce >25% mask steps with higher fidelity and smaller CD variation. A VT of 6T HD SRAM cell are 1.29 for PD (PG) and 1.34 for PU, respectively.

The influence of the sintering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe–2Ni–2Cu alloy processed by metal injection moulding was investigated. For this purpose, sintering treatments were performed at various temperatures ranging from 1100 to 1300°C for 1 h. The micropores of the sintered samples transformed into rounded shapes, and they appeared to be isolated with increasing sintering temperature. The average grain size of the sintered sample seemed to increase slightly as the sintering temperature increased from 1100 to 1200°C, and such a trend altered significantly when the sintering temperature increased from 1200 to 1300°C, whereas the volume fraction of the micropores in the sintered structure decreased with increasing sintering temperature. These results were mainly attributed to the increasing mobility of the grain boundary associated with the sintering temperature. The microhardness value of the sample sintered at 1200°C was higher than those at 1100 and 1300°C, which was due ...

The molecular mechanisms controlling post-translational modifications of p21 have been pursued assiduously in recent years. Here, utilizing mass-spectrometry analysis and site-specific acetyl-p21 antibody, two lysine residues of p21, located at amino-acid sites 161 and 163, were identified as Tip60-mediated acetylation targets for the first time. Detection of adriamycin-induced p21 acetylation, which disappeared after Tip60 depletion with concomitant destabilization of p21 and disruption of G1 arrest, suggested that Tip60-mediated p21 acetylation is necessary for DNA damage-induced cell-cycle regulation. The ability of 2KQ, a mimetic of acetylated p21, to induce cell-cycle arrest and senescence was significantly enhanced in p21 null MEFs compared with those of cells expressing wild-type p21. Together, these observations demonstrate that Tip60-mediated p21 acetylation is a novel and essential regulatory process required for p21-dependent DNA damage-induced cell-cycle arrest.

We present a sample of resolved galactic HII regions and photodissociation regions (PDRs) observed with the Spitzer infrared spectrograph (IRS) in spectral mapping mode between the wavelengths of 5--15 $\mu$m. For each object we have spectral maps at a spatial resolution of $\sim$4" in which we have measured all of the mid-infrared emission and absorption features. These include the PAH emission bands, primarily at 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.2 and 12.7 $\mu$m, as well as the spectral emission lines of neon and sulfur and the absorption band caused by silicate dust at around 9.8 $\mu$m. In this work we describe the data in detail, including the data reduction and measurement strategies, and subsequently present the PAH emission band intensity correlations for each of the objects and the sample as a whole. We find that there are distinct differences between the sources in the sample, with two main groups, the first comprising the HII regions and the second the reflection nebulae (RNe). Three sources, the reflection nebula NGC~7023, the Horsehead nebula PDR (an interface between the HII region IC~434 and the Orion B molecular cloud) and M 17, resist this categorization, with the Horsehead PDR points mimicking the RNe and the NGC~7023 fluxes displaying unique bifurcated appearance in our correlation plots. These discrepancies seem to be due to the very low radiation field experienced by the Horsehead PDR and the very clean separation between the PDR environment and a diffuse environment in the NGC~7023 observations., Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures. ApJ accepted

The massive star forming region W49A represents one of the largest complexes of massive star formation present in the Milky Way and contains at least fifty young massive stars still enshrouded in their natal molecular cloud. We employ Spitzer/IRS spectral mapping observations of the northern part of W49A to investigate the mid-infrared (MIR) spatial appearance of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) bands, PAH plateau features, atomic lines and continuum emission. We examine the spatial variations of the MIR emission components in slices through two of the ultra compact-HII (UC-HII) regions. We find that the PAH bands reproduce known trends, with the caveat that the 6.2 $\mu$m PAH band seems to decouple from the other ionized PAH bands in some of the UC-HII regions -- an effect previously observed only in one other object: the giant star forming region N66 in the LMC. Furthermore, we compare the nature of the emission surrounding W49A to that of `diffuse' sightlines. It is found that the surrounding emission can be explained by line of sight emission, and does not represent true `diffuse' material. Additionally, we examine the MIR appearance of star formation on various scales from UC-HII regions to starburst galaxies, including a discussion of the fraction of PAH emission in the 8 $\mu$m IRAC filter. We find that the MIR appearance of W49A is that of a starburst on large scales yet its individual components are consistent with other galactic HII regions., Comment: 23 pages, 14 figures, ApJ accepted

Photonic crystal (PhC) nanocavities have attracted much attention recently for their high-Q, low-volume resonances, with applications in optical switching, cavity quantum electrodynamics, sensing, and many others. While the highest Q-factors have been reported in 2D planar photonic crystal cavities, interest has been growing in 1D waveguide nanocavities [1]. These offer many benefits over 2D cavities, including ease of design and fabrication, small size, and the ability to confine light in material systems with index contrasts too low to support 2D photonic bandgaps [2,3].

We designed and prepared several groups of glasses with a mean coordination number (MCN) from 2.2 to 2.94 in order to explore the effect of MCN and chemical compositions on the physical properties of the glasses. We found that, while glass transition temperature increases with increasing MCN, the density and elastic moduli of the glasses show two transition thresholds at MCN = 2.45 and 2.65, respectively. Raman scattering measurements indicate that the former corresponds to merging of the 225 cm−1 and 250 cm−1 modes which is a symbol of the extinction of free Se, while the latter corresponds to the appearance of two new modes at 280–290 cm−1 and 170 cm−1 that come from the defect modes of ethanelike Ge2Se6/2. The analysis of the experimental results on the glasses with same MCN but different chemical compositions suggest that, while MCN is a primary factor to determine the physical properties of the ternary glasses, the chemical compositions could be second factor to tune the physical properties.

Newly developed 22 cm long, serpentine shaped As2S3 waveguide exhibiting record low loss of 0.05 dB/cm and ultra-high nonlinearity of 1700 W-1km-1 enables all-optical wavelength conversion of an 80 Gb/s return-to-zero signal via cross-phase modulation.

Bit-error rate performance of newly developed AS2S3 planar waveguides in applications of highspeed all-optical time-division demultiplexing and wavelength conversion of 40-160 Gb/s optical signals through the use of four-wave mixing and cross-phase modulation is investigated.

To study in vitro the molecular mechanism of apoptosis caused by beta-lapachone, a quinone obtained from the bark of the lapacho tree (Tabebuia avellanedae).The study was carried out on human bladder carcinoma T24 cell line. Determination of cell viability was done using trypan blue exclusion method, apoptosis quantitative estimation - by DAPI staining and agarose gel electrophoresis for DNA fragmentation. Flow cytometry analysis, RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, colorimetric assay of caspase activity were applied as well.It was found that in micromolar range of concentrations beta-lapachone inhibited the viability of T24 cells by inducing apoptosis, which could be proved by formation of apoptotic bodies and DNA fragmentation. Treatment of T24 cells with beta-lapachone resulted in a down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression and up-regulation of Bax expression. beta-lapachone-induced apoptosis was also associated with activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, inhibition of IAP expression, and degradation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, phospholipase C-gamma1 and beta-catenin proteins. At the same time Fas and FasL levels were inhibited upon treatment with beta-lapachone in a concentration-dependent manner.beta-lapachone-induced apoptosis in T24 cells is mediated, at least in part, by the mitochondrial-signaling pathway.

Heteropolysaccarides were isolated from the Korean medicinal plant, Phellodendri cortex (Hwangbek), by hot water and alkali extractions. The extracted polysaccharides were fractionated into eight fractions and they are mainly composed of D-N-acetylglucosamine, D-galactose, D-mannose, and D-glucose. Among the polysaccharide fractions, Fr.-2 showed a potent B-lymphocyte-stimulating activity in a system using polyclonal antibody forming cells in C57BL/6XC3H mice at dosages of 2-10 mg. On the basis of their solubility in aqueous ethanol, four fractions of Fr.-2-1 to Fr.-2-4 were further obtained from the Fr.-2, and Fr.-2-3 was divided into Fr.-2-3-1, 2, 3, and 4 by DEAE cellulose chromatography. The main activity was found in Fr.-2-3-2, which contained 100% (w/w) of carbohydrates and further purified to Fr.-2-3-2-2 by gel filtration chromatography using TSK Gel HW50S. Fr.-2-3-2-2, having a molecular weight of about 230 kDa, showed the highest B-cell-stimulating activity and the half-maximal concentration for B-lymphocyte-stimulating activity was ca. 2.2 microg/ml.

Adjuvant activity of saponins extracted from the South American tree Quillaja saponaria has been demonstrated with many antigens. Recently, four saponin fractions (designated as QS-7, QS-17, QS-18, and QS-21) with adjuvant activity were purified by reverse phase chromatography. In particular, efficacy of the less toxic QS-21 fraction has been demonstrated with several recombinant viral antigens including HIV gp120. Here, we report a novel saponin fraction (designated as QS-L1) derived from Quillaja saponaria. Unlike previously identified saponins, QS-L1 had a different chemical structure and showed adjuvant activity only when administered in the presence of alum-precipitated antigen. Interestingly, the QS-L1 greatly increased not only a humoral immune response but also cellular immune response to recombinant hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg). Furthermore, QS-L1 showed lower toxicity in vivo and in vitro than the previously identified saponin fraction, QS-21. Finally, we examined the chemical structure of the QS-L1 using mass spectroscopic analysis, carbohydrate composition analysis and NMR spectroscopic analysis. Thus, our results indicated that this novel QS-L1 saponin fraction had several desirable properties required for an effective adjuvant.

We have searched for direct photons of low PT (≤1.0 GeV/c) at θc.m.=90° in pp collisions at √s =63 GeV. We used two independent methods: direct detection in NaI crystals and conversion to e+e− pairs. No signal is observed; the photon spectrum is well described by the decay of hadrons. The result is consistent with a direct low-PT photon signal reported at √s =12 GeV, but excludes a rapid growth of soft-photon production with √s .

The applicability of micro-ELISA was evaluatd in human neuro-cysticercosis using paired samples of serum and CSF. A total of 355 cases who were mostly neurologic patients was subjected. Cystic fluid of C. cellulosae was used as antigen in protein concentration of 2.5 micro-g/ml. Serum was diluted to 1:100 and CSF was undiluted in the assay for the specific IgG antibody level. The differential criterion of the positive reaction was the abs. of 0.18 in both samples. The results were summarized as follows: The overall sensitivity of the micro-ELISA in 71 confirmed neurocysticercosis was 90.1%; the sensitivity by serum was 77.5% and that by CSF was 83.1%. CSF was a more sensitive and valuable material. Most of the false negative cases of neuro-cysticercosis showed far lower level of abs. rather than marginal. The overall specificity of the micro-ELISA in 52 confirmed other neurologic diseases was 88.5%; the specificities by serum and by CSF were 94.2% respectively. Cases of other neurologic diseases did not show false positive reactions in both samples. When serum was assayed, taeniasis(2/18), sparganosis(2/20), paragonimiasis(1/56), clonorchiasis(1/15) and fascioliasis(1/1) cases showed cross reactions. When CSF was assayed, 2 of 10 neuro-sparganosis showed cross reactions while none of 9 neuro-paragonimiasis showed it. Out of 71 confirmed neuro-cysticercosis cases, 6 and 11 showed cross reactions by serum and CSF to crude extract antigen of sparganum; but no case did show it to crude extract antigen of Paragonimus westermani. Ventricular CSF showed low or negative levels of IgG antibody than lumbar CSF unless the lesion was at the lateral ventricle itself. Out of 4 racemose cysticercosis cases, 3 showed positive reaction in serum while all of 3 examined CSF were positive. The above results indicated that the serological test for detecting the specific IgG antibody by micro-ELISA using paired samples of serum and CSF was very helpful for clinical differentiation of neuro-cysticercosis from neurologic diseases of other causes.

Results Injection of 0.5mg/kg and 5mg/kg of melittin suppressed tumor growth by 25.30% and 56.92%, respectively; these results are superior to those obtained for mice treated with the COX-2 inhibitor, NS398. Melittin reduced tumor cell proliferation (PCNA), microvessel density (MVD), expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), VEGF-A, and VEGFR-2, but did not affect VEGFR-1, in VEGF-A-induced hm LLC tumors. Similarly, the COX-2 inhibitor NS398 significantly inhibited proliferation, MVD, COX-2, VEGF-A, and VEGFR-2 expression in the tumor section, supporting the role of COX-2 in melittin-induced inhibition of angiogenesis. Melittin significantly inhibited VEGF-A-induced proliferation and tube formation in the endothelial cells. Melittin inhibited phosphorylation of ERK 1/2, JNK and p38 MAPK in a dose-dependent manner in VEGF-A-HLECs. p38 inhibitor SB203580 abolished the down regulation of COX-2 and VEGF-A and anti-proliferative activity induced by melittin.

Purpose WIN-34B is a butanol fraction extract from the mixture of two oriental herbs, the dried Lonicera japonica flowers and the root of Anemarrhena asphodeloides. In previous studies, we indentified that WIN-34B has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective and safety effects. In this study, we measured the major components and investigated the efficacy of WIN-34B on cartilage protection and regeneration through the chondrognesis of mesenchymal progenitor cells of subchondral bone for the treatment of osteoarthritis and development of new medicines.