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In recent years, discussions about the essence of humanitarization and humanization of international relations have intensified due to the aggravation of economic, social, and ethical problems against the background of a sharp deterioration in the international situation, particularly in the Global South. This paper aims to identify the specifics and provide a comparative analysis of the approaches of both the developed and developing states of the North and the South to the formats, content and purpose of humanitarian diplomacy in contemporary world politics. The first section examines academic discussions on the issues of humanitarian diplomacy. The authors highlight two main approaches in foreign and Russian international political studies to addressing the humanitarian problems of the Global South — an objectal and a subjectal ones. The former is typically associated with the developed countries of the Global North and is rooted in the practices of the colonial era. The latter gained prominence in academic research in the 21st century with the emergence of the ‘new donors’, which promoted joint development programs led by the countries of the Global South and built on regional financial institutions. At the same time, the authors note that academic research tends to focus primarily on the dynamics of aid flows and conditions for development assistance, while a number of current trends in the humanitarian diplomacy remain understudied. These trends are examined in the second section of the article. The authors emphasize the growing trend towards transnationalization and privatization of humanitarian diplomacy, active involvement of non-state and hybrid actors. The third section outlines the key features of humanitarian diplomacy of the leading countries of the Global South (China, India, Turkey), as well as that of the ASEAN states and Arab monarchies. The authors identify several general principles of humanitarian diplomacy shared by the countries of the Global South: a broad, pluralistic understanding of the humanitarian agenda to include cultural, scientific, academic, and youth policy issues; commitment to the ideas of solidarity and humanitarian cooperation (instead of the donor-recipient model); normative neutrality of the humanitarian policy; adherence to the principles of state sovereignty.

The IBSA Fund, which marks its 20th anniversary in 2024, has extended SouthSouth cooperation to 34 states since its establishment in 2004. This article aims to compare the recipients of bilateral development assistance from IBSA members with IBSA Fund projects’ partners. The objective is to discern the motivations behind the selection of the Fund’s project partners, assess the influence of member states on partner selection, and explore the potential benefits of including Russia and China (both BRICS and New Development Bank participants) as members. The authors analyze the structure, mechanisms, and priorities of IBSA projects, juxtaposing them with New Development Bank projects to highlight key differences and assess shortcomings. The research draws on releases and reports from development agencies, AidData databases, and online databases detailing cooperation projects of all IBSA members and the IBSA Fund. The analysis reveals that the IBSA Fund serves as an additional tool for member states in development cooperation, driven by shared opportunities and responsibilities. Partner selection appears largely motivated by the national interests of IBSA states. While both the IBSA Fund and New Development Bank espouse similar development principles, goals, and narratives, they exhibit differences in terms of development cooperation modalities, emphasis on loans versus grants, project geography, and priorities. As this makes closer cooperation between the two entities unreasonable, Russia and China, whose development assistance priorities largely align with those of the IBSA members, could still be included in the IBSA Fund mechanism, particularly if additional funding is required.

Introduction. Massive perioperative blood loss that accompanies major surgical interventions is a specific critical condition, the pathogenesis of which is dominated by severe hypovolemia, anemia, and threatening coagulopathy in combination with powerful shockogenic sympathoadrenal stress. Both massive blood loss itself and massive transfusion are associated with a significant risk of serious complications, including death. It is worth noting that information on the survival of patients after replacement of several circulating blood volume (CBV) is limited, and most of the articles are devoted to adult patients with highly traumatic surgical interventions.The objective was to present the experience in managing the patient with blood loss of more than 5.5 CBV according to the MT protocol adopted at the Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology. The 3-year-old patient underwent surgical intervention in the following volume: median laparotomy, nephradrenalectomy on the right (lesion 10–15–20 cm in size), paracaval and aortocaval lymph node dissection (conglomerate 7–8 cm in size), resection of S5-S6-S7 liver segments, resection of the right domes of the diaphragm. During the surgical intervention of 440 minutes (7.3 hours), the total blood loss was 5.5 CBV (5.500 ml).Results. After surgery, he was transferred to prolonged assisted ventilation of the lungs, the duration of which was 2 days. On the 3rd day after the operation, adjuvant polychemotherapy was started. 17 days after the operation, the patient was transferred to the specialized department for further treatment. The patient was alive for a year after surgery.Conclusion. Maintenance of homeostasis, normothermia, normocoagulation through basic infusion therapy with balanced crystalloid solutions, targeted transfusion therapy with the introduction of fresh frozen plasma, transfusion of donor platelets and donor erythrocytes/autoerythrocytes during anesthesia in the child with extremely massive blood loss, contributed to early post-anesthetic rehabilitation, provided the opportunity to continue special treatment in the intensive care unit.

Book Review: Martynov B.F. Getulio: a novel-biography. – Moscow: MGIMO University, 2022 (in Russian). – 458 p.

The article presents the results of field studies conducted in 2018-2020 on the leached chernozem of the Volga foreststeppe. The objects of the research are the varieties of spring wheat Tulaykovskaya 10 (control), Yoldyz and Tulaykovskaya 108. At seeding rates of 5.0 and 5.5 million viable seeds per 1 ha the effect of mineral fertilizers was studied. The fertilizers were represented by a complete NPK mineral fertilizer of 16 kg a.i. and by top-dressing with mineral nitrogen fertilizer in the tillering phase at the doses of 30, 60 and 90 kg a.i./ha against this background. An increase in the seeding rate of seeds from 5.0 to 5.5 million seeds per 1 ha led to a significant increase in the yield of spring wheat in all years of study (by 0.11-0.26 t/ha), the weight of 1000 seeds – by 1.44 g (LSD05 = 1.14), the nature of grain - by 8 g/l (LSD05 = 5). The effect of top-dressing with nitrogen fertilizers has been proved – the increase in yield ranged from 0.15 to 0.28 t/ha over three years on the average, the maximum from a dose of 60 kg a.i. A statistically significant increase in the weight of 1000 seeds was provided by nitrogen fertilization in doses of 60 and 90 kg a.i./ha – by 2.79 and 1.87 g, respectively (LSD05 = 1.47), grain nature increased at doses of 30, 60 and 90 kg a.i./ha by 34, 23 and 16 g/l, respectively (LSD05 = 2). The average yield of spring wheat varieties with the selected combination of factors (5.5 million seeds/ha, N60) was in the range of 2.64-2.70 t/ha with a mass of 1000 grains 44.03-44.56 g, the nature of grain 765-783 g/l. The studied varieties differed in responsiveness to nitrogen fertilization (N60 against the NPK background): Tulaykovskaya 10 (+0.43 t/ha), Tulaykovskaya 108 (+0.39 t/ha), Yoldyz (+0.24 t/ha). Increases in yield from an increase in the seeding rate were 0.20 (Yoldyz), 0.25 (Tulaykovskaya 108) and 0.26 t/ha (Tulaykovskaya 10). In general, according to the experiment relative to the control variety Tulaykovskaya 10, the variety Yoldyz stood out with a stable increase in yield over the years of research (+0.08 t/ha), statistically significant in years with insufficient moisture. The Yoldyz variety was distinguished by an increased profitability of cultivation – up to 59.4 % at a seeding rate of 5.5 million viable seeds/ha against the background of applying mineral fertilizers N16P16K16 for pre-sowing soil cultivation.

Transregionalization has already become a powerful trend in world politics. States and regional associations employ transregional initiatives to realize their own and collective interests. This new level of international interaction embraces a wide range of actors and fosters interconnectedness based on geographical proximity but shared functional preferences. Given the opposition between isolationism and disintegration, there is a problem of the relation between transregionalization and globalization. If the processes are unidirectional, then transregionalization is a stage of globalization. If they contradict each other, transregionalization facilitates the creation of new dividing lines.Considering several cases of megaprojects, especially in the Asia-Pacific, the article substantiates the typology of transregionalization, emphasizing its cooperative (inclusive and aimed at global integration) and competitive form (mostly exclusive and impossible to converge with other projects). The author stresses that strengthening functional ties makes transregionalization an adaptive version of globalization driven by common interests and shared views of future global development paths. Intensification of transregional relations is likely to stimulate globalization and integration practices and the participation of state and nonstate actors in global governance.In today’s world politics, transregionalization exists mainly in the form of projects and initiatives. This signifies both difficulties in reaching consensus on further cooperation and conservative states’ policy towards participating in such large-scale associations. However, the very emergence of transregional associations with varying degrees of convergence and institutionalization, promoting specific institutional and economic development and cooperation patterns, strengthens multipolarity of the international system.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which caused a pandemic in 2020, has posed not only a medical, economic and social threat, but also a challenge to international security and international cooperation. It is now becoming obvious that the problem of the current pandemic cannot be reduced to individual states and regions and has the potential to influence the entire political organization of the modern world. Analyzing the role of the COVID-19 pandemic in world politics, the authors rely on the concept of transformations in the system of the world political organization, as well as the concept of global governance and megatrends of world politics, the key of which is globalization. The authors of the article consider the experience of individual global and regional associations, which are considered to be the elements of global governance, whose functions, among the other, include responding to challenges of a biogenic nature, identifying several important trends, among which are the intensification of previously emerging trends, the strengthening of isolationism, the growing political fragmentation of the world, destructive influence of “coronacrisis” on globalization, but with parallel sectoral polarization in global economy, a new balancing between cooperation and competition in international relations. At the same time, it is argued that there is no alternative to international cooperation in solving problems of a global nature, which can hardly indicate the end of globalization and the triumph of disintegration and de-democratization. The authors argue about the heightened need to reform global governance, since the efforts of individual international associations cannot lead to solving global challenges, and the national-centrist approach to solving global problems proves its inefficiency and irresponsibility. As a result, we are talking about the lack of alternative to the idea of forming a system of global governance, which should be based on cooperation and interaction of states, international organizations and institutions, as well as business structures and academic communities, in other words, rely on multilateral and multilevel approach. The authors are convinced of the need to develop a project of an “ideal future” taking into account the identified trends in the transformation of the political organization of the world and the effects of megatrends, which implies the further development of scientific research and discussions, as well as a series of international negotiating forums on the future structure of the world and the corresponding pattern of global governance.

Latin America and the Caribbean region (LAC), which includes more than thirty countries, is traditionally characterized by a complex combination of elements of homogeneity and heterogeneity. The latter, stemming from traditional economic social and political differentiation and ideological polarization, in the modern context strengthens regional contradictions and creates new division lines. At the same time, the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries was marked by a growing integration of the region into the global market and globalization processes in general. In order to provide an outlook on the possible future developments in LAC, the author examines how the key trends of the current world politics permeate the region. The theoretical framework of the paper is based on the methodology proposed by the Russian researcher M.M. Lebedeva who outlines three basic megatrends — globalization, integration, and democratization and their counter-trends — deglobalization, disintegration, and dedemocratization, accordingly. It is within this broader context of a complex interplay of these trends and counter-trends, that the dynamics of regional processes in LAC is conceived. On this basis, the author identifies three possible regional development scenarios. The first one presupposes strengthening of institutional linkages between North, Central, and South America on the basis of Pan-American ideas. The second implies civilizational ‘isolation’ of LAC within large but still only regional integration projects. Finally, the third scenario proceeds from the linear development of the current regional trends. It implies further fragmentation of LAC within subregional organizations and chaotization of regional international relations. The author concludes that currently the regional development is affected predominantly by counter-trends, which are evidenced by increasing isolationism, an impasse facing major integration projects and democratic institutions, and the growth of populist movements. At the same time, all this shows that Latin America is fully integrated in global economic and political processes since these counter-trends characterize the development of a contemporary system of international relations in general.

Review of the book “China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Potential Transformation of Central Asia and the South Caucasus. Ed. by Harinder S. Kohli, Johannes F. Linn, Leo M. Zucker. Sage Publications Pvt. Ltd, 2020. 300 p.”

The article presents the results of field trials conducted on leached chernozem of forest-steppe of the Volga region in 2012-2014. Studied was the development of the leaf surface of filmy varieties (Horizon, Krechet, Eclipse) and naked varieties (Vyatsky, Persheron) of spring oat during the growing season under the influence of nitrogen fertilizers (without nitrogen fertilizers, N60, N60 + N30). The most rapid formation of the leaf apparatus was observed in the filmy oats of Horizon and Krechet varieties in the phase of shooting when nitrogen fertilizers were applied at a dose of 60 kg of active ingredient (30.7-30.3 thousand m2 /ha). However, by the time the panicle was headed, the filmy variety Krechet had almost achieved this value. Naked varieties of oats in comparison with the filmy ones formed a slightly smaller assimilation surface. The use of nitrogen fertilizers had a significant impact on the formation of the assimilation surface of the leaves. However, the additional application of nitrogen fertilizers did not give a significant increase in the leaf apparatus. A higher air-dry mass (94.73 g/m2 ) was formed in the filmy variety Krechet in the phase of milk ripeness against the background of pre-sowing dose of nitrogen fertilizers with additional fertilizing them in the phase of tillering of the culture (variant N60 + N30). Naked varieties of oats were significantly inferior in this indicator to filmy varieties and practically did not differ from each other in the accumulation of dry matter in plants. Only a significant accumulation of dry matter in the Vyatsky and Persheron varieties was noted against the background of applying a pre-sowing dose of nitrogen fertilizers with additional fertilizing them in the tillering phase of the culture (variant N60 + N30). The highest rates of net photosynthesis productivity (NPF) among the studied varieties was observed in filmy varieties in the interphase period "shooting-heading of panicle" against the background of nitrogen fertilizers N60 + N30 (7.17-7.38 g/m2). In naked varieties, this figure was slightly lower than in the filmy ones (6.89-6.90 g/m2). When applying nitrogen fertilizers at a dose of 60 kg active ingredient /ha, there was an increase in the NPF in the interphase period "tillering-shooting " in the following varieties: Horizon by 23%, Krechet by 21%, Eclipse by 15%, Vyatsky by 44%, Persheron by 11%. With the additional introduction of N30 a further increase in the NPF was noted in Horizon by 46%, Krechet by 26%, Eclipse by 42%, Vyatsky and Persheron by 56% relative to the variant without the introduction of mineral nitrogen fertilizer.

The study was carried out in 2013-2015 in the Republic of Mordovia on leached medium deep heavy loam chernozem. In a field experiment the effect of pre-sowing application of mineral nitrogen fertilizers (N60) in combination with dressing-applied (N30) on yield and grain quality of covered varieties of oats (Gorizont, Krechet, Eclipse) was studied. The average yield of spring oat varieties without mineral fertilization varied from 2.58 to 2.84 t/ha. Early application of nitrogen mineral fertilizers under cultivation (N60) contributed to the increase in the seed productivity of spring oat varieties by 0.02-0.49 t/ha (Least Significant Difference LSD 0.5=0.12). The combination of pre-sowing application with dressing-applied nitrogen at the tillering stage (N30) led to increase in grain yield of spring oats by 0.18-0.43 t/ha (LSD 0.5=0.20) as compared to the variant without mineral fertilization. On the average in the experience the test weight of oat grain was 480-573 g/l. Nitrogen application for early-spring cultivation provided the increase of this index by 3-84 g/l (LSD 0.5 =6.5), mineral dressing at tillering stage - by 31-74 g/l (LSD 0.5=6.9) At the same time such parameters as the mass of 1000 grains and the degree of grain uniformity were not influenced by the rates of nitrogen fertilizers. Krechet variety proved to be the best among the cultivars studied. It showed almost as high seed productivity as standard Gorizont variety.

The effect of different doses of mineral fertilizers and chelated micronutrient fertilizers Mikrovit on varieties of Udacha and Snegir’ was studied in technology of potato cultivation of early ripening group. The study was carried out in 2012-2014 in the leached medium loamy Chernozem. Monitoring the phenology of potato varieties for early maturity group showed that the duration of interphase periods of growth and development of plants in the first half of the growing season are not dependent on fertilization. In the period from the phase of budding prior to the death of foliage with increasing doses of mineral fertilizers the duration of the growing season has lengthened on average by grades 9-13 days. The average for study without the use of mineral fertilizers the harvest of potato tubers was 12.6 t/ha, the input of N90P90K90 - to 18.6 t/ha, N120P120K120 - 21.2 MT/ha. Variety of potato Udacha is more sensitive for fertilizing (the average increase in yield of tubers, 8.4 t/ha), Snegir’ - slightly lower (average increase of 6.2 t/ha). On average for experiment regardless of the variety, the marketability of potatoes amounted to 74-94%. It is established that processing of tubers micronutrients contributed to increase mortality by 5 %, spraying of vegetating plants on 4-15 %. Maximum potato yield, early maturity varieties of Udacha - 25.6 t/ha were formed with the integrated use of mineral fertilizers (N120P120K120) and preplant treatment of tubers chelate complex Microvit.

Today’s world is witnessing the remarkable development of transregional ties between distinct regions and powers within the international system evolving towards multipolarity. However, the essence of transregionalism remains understudied to the extent that there is no clear consensus for which terminology should be used to define this phenomenon. The article compares existing approaches to transregionalism conceptualization, analyzes the differences in the use of terms, and discusses the global impact of transregional relations on world politics and economy. The author advocates a term transregionalism (instead of interregionalism, crossregionalism, macroregionalization etc.) and suggests its definition.

Book review: Martynov, B.F. The West and Non-West: the Past, the Present... the Future? Moscow: Institute of Latin American Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2015. 172 p.

Active influence of external environment on pharmaceutical activity, and the inner processes in pharmaceutical organizations may be accompanied with certain threats appearance for economical state of an organization. In this connection, there is an objective need in administering of the safety for a pharmaceutical organization and its management basing on the corresponding knowledge. Formation of conceptual model of economical safety management of a pharmaceutical organization is the purpose of this study. Using logic analysis and generalization of literature data and the results of our studies for economical safety of pharmaceutical organizations we have revealed and characterized the principal element of a concept of “economical safety of pharmaceutical organization” and the interconnection of these elements. As the result of this study, we have formed a conceptual model of the management of analyzed subsystem of pharmaceutical management.

The article analyses regionalism and regionalization in modern Latin America paying special attention to political and ideological factors, which have already shifted political and economic landscape of Latin America and encouraged sub-regional differentiation, with each of the sub-regional integration association following its own (and sometimes competing) development pattern. At the same time the region witnesses the consolidation of UNASUR that assumes a leading role trying to converge the sub-regional alternative patterns and to strengthen political and economic ties, based on regional leadership of Brazil, civilizational unity and imminent security threats. The author also uses comparative method to speculate on the model of Latin American integration.

On-going regional transformations in Latin America have already dramatically shifted the landscape of Latin American integration. The article analyzes evolution as well as current trends of the regional integration and poses that political and ideological factors increasingly prove to be driving forces of regionalism leading to subregionalization, with each of the existing integration associations elaborating its own (and sometimes competing) development pattern. The author resorts to SWOT-analysis to single out internal and external forces, which influence integration in Latin America, and formulates several scenarios of regional/subregional development in the future, to wit: Pan-American dream, Bolívar’s dream and Latin American mosaics.

The aim of review. To present state-of-the art on the role and value of videocapsular and balloon enteroscopy in diagnostics of small intestinal tumors.Original positions. Tumors of the small intestine are quite rare, despite of major extent of the organ, that is due to the presence of antineoplastic media. Nevertheless, neoplasms in this area are represented by multiple types with various location and nonspecific clinical course, that complicates their diagnostics. The methods of videocapsular and balloon enteroscopy which have appeared in 2001 allow to estimate macroscopic appearance of tumor more clearly, to determine its character and location, to carry out biopsy, to obtain the proof for chemotherapy prescription, to remove tumor endoscopically or determine indications for elective surgery.Conclusion. Introduction of modern videoendoscopic methods of the small bowel into clinical practice has got diagnostics of neoplasms of jejunum and ileum to new level. Tumors are more frequently diagnosed in time, electively, before development of complications and urgent surgical interventions.

Предложена схема многоуровневого автономного инвертора напряжения (МАИН). Определены рабочая область входных напряжений и рабочих частот инвертора, получены соотношения для расчета его потерь мощности и коэффициента полезного действия (КПД). Даны рекомендации по выбору рабочих частот и числа уровней квантования напряжения МАИН.