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Following the accidental introduction and initial discovery of H. halys in Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA, this species has been detected in 41 states and the District of Columbia in the USA. Isolated populations also exist in Switzerland, France, Italy and Canada. Recent detections also have been reported in Germany and Liechtenstein. BMSB has become a major nuisance pest in the mid-Atlantic region and Pacific Northwest, USA, due to its overwintering behaviour of entering human-made structures in large numbers. BMSB also feeds on numerous tree fruits, vegetables, field crops, ornamental plants, and native vegetation in its native and invaded ranges. In the mid-Atlantic region, serious crop losses have been reported for apples, peaches, sweetcorn, peppers, tomatoes and row crops such as field maize and soyabeans since 2010. Crop damage has also been detected in other states recently including Oregon, Ohio, New York, North Carolina and Tennessee.

Experimental sprays were applied to 3 tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of'Yorking' and 2 replicates of'Golden Delicious' with a buffer row between blocks. These trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 30 ft and were 16-yrs-old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster '309' at 50 gpa per alternate side spray (100 GPA-both sides) driven at 2.3 mph. Rates for treatments are listed as amounts/acre/both sides spray. The Diazinon/Insegar treatment received complete sprays for all covers and the RH-5992 treatments received complete sprays on 22 May and 15 Jul. A routine schedule of fungicides (Benlate, Dikar, Nova, and Dithane M-45) was maintained throughout the experiment. For a complete schedule of all treatments, see the first table. Effectiveness on the aphid complex was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals, and aphids/most infested leaf. Effect of sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. Effect of sprays on the predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. STLM were evaluated by a 5- min count of mines around the periphery of trees at the end of each of the three generations before peak emergence of the next generation adults. TABM were also evaluated with a similar 5-min count of shelters on 11 Jul during the first generation when most larvae were late fourth and fifth instars. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops between 3 Jul and 1 Sep and two picked samples on 21 Aug (35 apples/replicate) and 24 Sep (100 apples/replicate). All lepidopteran larvae from one replicate of each treatment that were found at the time of scoring were placed singly on an artificial lima diet normally used for rearing TABM. These larvae were then reared to adults in sealed 22 ml plastic cups at 25°C and 16:8 LD. Adults were identified to species and parasites noted to give an indication of the proportion of species attacking the apples at various times of the season. Pest pressure was extremely high throughout the season. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface). Possible ranges are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface).

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of'Golden Delicious' and 2 replicates of'Yorking'. Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 35 ft and were 35-yrs-old. Sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying 7 spray guns arranged to wet to run-off the uniformly trimmed trees. Approximately 6.0 gallons of spray were applied per replicate tree (ca 400 GPA). Refer to the first table for application dates. Applications for Exp. Comp. 1 and 2 were timed for CM control based on pheromone trap catches and a degree day based computer predictive model. The first two treatments of Exp. Comp. 1 and 2 received Guthion applications at petal-fall (15 May) and 4th cover (9 Jul) to lessen OFM damage that might mask CM damage. The last two treatments of Exp. Comp. 1 and 2 were optimally timed single applications for peak egg deposition of each CM generation. Effectiveness on the aphid complex was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals, and aphis/most infested leaf. Effect of sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. Effect of sprays on the predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. STLM was evaluated by a 5-min count of mines around the periphery of trees at the end of each of the three generations before peak emergence of the next generation adults. TABM were also evaluated with a similar 5-min count of rolled leaf shelters on 11 Jul during the first generation when most larvae were late fourth and fifth instars. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all dropped apples from 1 Jul to 28 Aug and picked samples of 25 fruit/tree on 9 Aug and 35 fruit/tree on 20 Aug. A final harvest pick evaluation of 120 fruit/tree was made on 18 Sep. All internal lepidopteran larvae from one replicate of each treatment at each drop and pick evaluation date were placed singly on an artificial lima diet normally used for rearing TABM. These larvae were then reared to adults in sealed 22 ml plastic cups at 25°C and 16:8 LD. Adult lepidoptera were identified to species and parasites were noted to give an indication of the proportion of species attacking apples at various times of the season. Lepidoptera pest pressure was extremely high throughout the season. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface). Possible ranges are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface).

Treatments were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of 'Yorking' and 2 replicates of 'Golden Delicious'. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 20 ft and were 18-yr-old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 GPA at 2 mph, with the exception of HHE-3736 70 WG and Savey 50 WP which were applied with a handgun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gal/min pump at 4.2 gallons of spray/tree. Pre-bloom sprays were applied at the half-inch green stage of tree development (8 Apr) for Sun 6 E Oil and the Apollo treatments and at pink (17 Apr) for AC-801757 20 EC. Post-bloom sprays were applied based on the following thresholds of motile mites/leaf: 5-10 for AC-801757 following Sun 6 E Oil, 5 for Kelthane 50 WP, and 3-5 for HHE-3736 70 WG and Savey 50 WP. Kelthane sprays were delayed due to extraneous circumstances. General sprays of fungicides (Benlate, Captan, Nova, and Thiram) were made at 1-2 week intervals throughout the experiment. Insecticides (Guthion and Lannate) were applied at 1-2 week intervals beginning with petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of the treatments against mites was evaluated by counts at approximately weekly intervals during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 125 leaves/treatment. The predator, S. punctum was observed by making 3 minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface). Possible ranges are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface)

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 4 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Plots consisted of 3 trees, one each of cultivars 'Yorking', 'Golden Delicious', and 'Rome Beauty'. Test trees were planted at a spacing of 20 × 20 ft and were 18-yrs-old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa. The first three treatments were applied at half-inch green stage (8 Apr) and the Cygon treatment was applied at pink stage (17 Apr) of'Golden Delicious' development. A regular fungicide schedule (Benlate, Captan, Nova, and Thiram) was maintained throughout the season. Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion, Lannate) were applied at 1- to 2-week intervals beginning at petal-fall in early May. A cleanup spray of Diazinon, Swat, and Tween-20 was applied after injured clusters were counted on 29 May and another application of Swat was applied on 7 Jun. Effectiveness of sprays for RAA was evaluated by counting RAA injured clusters/tree in a 10 minute sample and total number of damaged apples per tree ('Rome Beauty' and 'Yorking'). WALH density was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 injured leaves.

Experimental sprays were applied to replicated 6-15 tree plots in a block of'Bartlett' (82%), 'Bosc' (9%), D'Anjou' (7%), and 'El Dorado' (2%) pears. Trees were planted to a spacing of 24 × 24 ft. and were 13-yrs-old. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. All treatments were applied dilute to run off with a handgun from a truck mounted hydraulic sprayer at 400 psi. An average of 2.5 gal was applied per tree at 190 GPA. Refer to the tables for application dates. All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate, Streptomycin, Ziram, and Topsin-M. All sampling was conducted on a center 'Bartlett' tree in each replicate. Evaluation of treatments containing Sun 6 E Oil and Asana was made from 7 Mar to 10 Apr by counting psylla eggs on samples of 4 twigs from each replicate. On 24 Apr these treatments were evaluated by counting eggs and nymphs from samples of 5 spur leaves per tree. Thereafter, all treatments were evaluated by counting eggs and/or nymphs from leaf samples at 4°14 day intervals. Counts were made on 15 spur leaf samples from 1-28 May, on 8 spur and 7 third most distal leaf samples from 31 May to 14 Jun, and on 15 third most distal leaf samples from 21 Jun to 12 Jul. Russet ratings are based on 30 'Bartlett' pears/replicate, 120/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface). Possible ranges were 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface).

Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots (cv Yorking) arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 20 ft. Treatments were applied with a platform-mounted John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a handgun to thoroughly wet the trees. Approximately 4.2 gal of spray were applied per replicate tree. Date of application was 8 Aug. During the experiment, general maintenance sprays of captan and calcium chloride, as well as 2 alternate-row applications of Guthion 35 WP and Lannate 1.8 L (0.35 and 0.225 lb (AI)/acre, respectively) were applied to all plots on 9 and 23 Aug. The effect of treatments on mites was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the mite predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults, larvae, and pupae around the periphery of test trees.

Experimental sprays were applied to 4-tree plots arranged in a completely randomized design. Each plot contained the following cultivars: Delicious, Golden Delicious, Stayman, and Rome Beauty. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Trees were planted to a spacing of 12 × 35 ft. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a handgun to thoroughly wet the trees. Approximately 2.9 gal of spray was applied per replicate tree (ca. 300 gal/acre). Refer to the tables for dates of application. During the experiment, general maintenance sprays of Rubigan, captan, and calcium chloride were applied to all plots. Effectiveness of chemicals on TABM was assessed by counting shelters observed in a 5 min observation/tree (cvs Stayman and Golden Delicious) and by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and one picked sample of approximately 200 apples/tree on 'Golden Delicious,' 'Stayman,' and 'Rome Beauty' in late Sep and early Oct. Pest pressure was heavy.

Leaves with eggs of SP were randomly collected from an apple orchard heavily populated with this predator. Leaves with eggs were brought into the laboratory and held at 20°C for 24 h. The leaves were dipped for 2 sec in solutions of various materials and allowed to air dry, then transferred to petri dishes containing moist pieces of paper towels to maintain high relative humidity. The dishes were placed in a growth chamber set at 20°C, 16:8 (L/D). Each treatment was replicated five times with 6-8 eggs/replicate. Eggs were exmained every 2-3 d to determine hatch and larval survival.

Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys Stål, is an invasive, herbivorous insect species that was accidentally introduced to the United States from Asia. First discovered in Allentown, PA, in 1996, H. halys has now been reported from at least 40 states in the United States. Additional invasions have been detected in Canada, Switzerland, France, Germany, Italy, and Lichtenstein, suggesting this invasive species could emerge as a cosmopolitan pest species. In its native range, H. halys is classified as an outbreak pest; however, in North America, H. halys has become a major agricultural pest across a wide range of commodities. H. halys is a generalist herbivore, capable of consuming >100 different species of host plants, often resulting in substantial economic damage; its feeding damage resulted in US$37 million of losses in apple in 2010, but this stink bug species also attacks other fruit, vegetable, field crop, and ornamental plant species. H. halys has disrupted integrated pest management programs for multiple cropping systems. Pesticide applications, including broad-spectrum insecticides, have increased in response to H. halys infestations, potentially negatively influencing populations of beneficial arthropods and increasing secondary pest outbreaks. H. halys is also challenging because it affects homeowners as a nuisance pest; the bug tends to overwinter in homes and outbuildings. Although more research is required to better understand the ecology and biology of H. halys,we present its life history, host plant damage, and the management options available for this invasive pest species. Published version

Materials were applied to 5-yr-old ‘Montmorency’ tart cherry trees in a commercial orchard near Sutton’s Bay, Mich. Treatments consisted of trees replicated 5 times in a completely randomized design. Materials were applied dilute to runoff to the lower trunk and to the soil in a 1-ft radius around the trunk until each area was soaked. Dates of application were 25 May (petal fall)–peak first-generation American plum borer emergence, 17 Jun–peak lesser peachtree borer emergence, and 25 Jul–peak peachtree borer emergence. Trees were evaluated by digging up the soil around the trunks with garden trowels to a depth of 10 inches and carefully examining the soil for larvae. Then the crown and upper roots were carefully examined for old and new damage and larvae. New damage was distinguished from old by the presence of fresh reddish frass and gummosis. Old damage had either no frass or dark brown frass and no gummosis. Extensive surface damage and tunneling meant that the larvae often had to be excavated with hammers and wood chisels from the roots. A damage rating of 0-3 was assigned for no, slight, moderate, and heavy damage and averaged as an index of values 1-3. This index does not distinguish between old and new damage.

Insecticides were applied to 35-yr-old 'Jonathon' standard trees in unreplicated blocks of approximately 3/4 acre, with about 30 trees in each. Applications were made with a Bean C-336 CP sprayer, which traveled at 4.03 km/h and delivered 250 gal/acre. Dates of application were 1 Jul (4th cover), 13 Jul (5th cover), 24 Jul (6th cover), 6 Aug (7th cover), 19 Aug (8th cover), 1 Sep (9th cover), and 11 Sep (10th cover) for all materials except TD 2207 which, due to lack of material, was applied only up to 8 Aug on the spray program above and was evaluated on 24 Aug. All other treatments were evaluated on 16 Sep. The fungicide program consisted of Difolitan 80DF (3 lb/acre) on 16 Apr (green tip). Vanguard on 19 May (petal fall), and Cyprex 65W in all 7 maggot control applications as listed above. Treatments were evaluated by randomly picking 100 fruit from each of 4 centrally located trees in each block for a total of 400 apples per treatment. The apples were examined for AM injury. Ovipositional marks per apple were averaged for each treatment. Percent damaged fruit is also reported.

Materials were applied to 30-yr-old ‘Montmorency’ tart cherry trees in an abandoned orchard near Mears, Mich. Treatment consisted of single unreplicated blocks of approximately 0.5 acre each. Treatments were applied with a 32 TGM Meyer airblast sprayer traveling 2.5 mph and delivering 100 gal/acre. All treatments were applied first at petal fall on 19 May for GFW and CU control and then again on 23 Jun and 5 and 19 Jul, beginning 1 wk after the first ammonia acetate yellow sticky board trap catch and continuing through to harvest. Early season GFW and CU evaluations were made on 2 Jun before the damaged cherries could fall to the ground. One hundred cherries per tree were examined for injury from 5 central trees of the block for a total of 500 cherries/treatment. Defoliation ratings for GFW damage were based on a 0-5 scale with a 5 denoting consistent and noticeable defoliation. Late season evaluations of the mature fruit for larvae consisted of blending 8 pints/treatment of cherries in a blender and seiving the resulting slurry to remove the pulp. The remaining material was then examined for larvae. Two control blocks, each at opposite’ends of the field, were used to better estimate differences in the population due to location or soil.

A completely randomized design of 4 rows of berries for each treatment was used. Each row was about 50 ft long with 12 bushes, and each treated row had an untreated buffer row between it and other treated rows. Materials were applied dilute to runoff by handgun at 400 gal/acre starting at petal fall on 13 Jun and again on 27 Jun. Evaluation for both pests consisted of examining 100 randomly sampled berry clusters/block for a total of 400 clusters/treatment. An attempt at evaluating a high population of blueberry maggot this year indicated the need to set up large blocks to test this highly mobile pest. As it was, the adults picked up traces of all chemicals tested during their movements, one of which or in combinations killed most.

Materials were applied to 8-yr-old ‘Concord’ grapevines at the research station. Seven treatments were replicated 4 times in a completely randomized block design. Each replicate consisted of a single 40-ft row of 12 vines. Treatments were applied with a 32 TGM Meyer airblast sprayer traveling at 2.5 mph and delivering 50 gal/acre. Applications were made on the following dates: 27 Jun (petal fall), 8 Jul, 21 Jul, 2 Aug, 16 Aug, 30 Aug, and 12 Sep. For evaluation, 25 bunches/replicate were picked and evaluated in the field for the presence of GBM damage or webbing.

Insecticides were applied to 27-yr-old 'Bartlett" trees in unreplicated blocks of approximately one-third acre with 36 trees. Applications were made with a Bean C-336 CP sprayer, which traveled at 4.03 km/h and delivered 200 gal/acre. Dates of application were 21 Apr (white bud), 20 May (petal fall), 3 Jun (2nd cover), 15 Jun (3rd cover), 29 Jun (4th cover), 12 Jul (5th cover), 23 Jul (6th cover), 5 Aug (7th cover), and 18 Aug (8th cover) for all materials. Rust mites were evaluated on 5 Jun, 26 Jun, and 24 Jul for all materials, and all other pests were evaluated for damage at harvest on 25 Aug. For broad-spectrum evaluations, 50 fruit were picked from each of 4 centrally located trees in the block for a total of 200 fruit/ replication. Fruit were examined for injury categorized according to pest. The 3 pear rust mite evaluations taken during the season consisted of 50 leaf samples from 4 centrally located trees in each block. The leaves were then brushed in a mite-brushing machine. The resulting plates were examined under a microscope, and the number of eggs and mites were recorded.

Insecticides were applied to 40-yr-old ‘Concord’ grapes in a semiabandoned vineyard. Rows were 9 ft apart and vines were 6 ft apart within the row. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a completely randomized block with each block consisting of 10 vines in a row with at least 1 buffer row between each replicate. Treatments were applied with a 32 TMG Meyer airblast sprayer traveling 4.83 km/hr and delivering 50 gal/acre. Applications were timed according to pheromone trap catch for both generations. The dates of insecticide application were 2, 14, and 25 Jun; 7 and 21 Jul; 3, 17, and 28 Aug; and 9 Sept. The fungicide program consisted of Bayleton 50WP at 86 g/acre which was included in the last 6 insecticide application dates listed above, starting with 7 Jul. The treatments were evaluated by examining 25 randomly picked clusters from each replicate for a total of 100 clusters/treatment.

Insecticides were applied to 35-yr-old 'Montmorency' trees in single unreplicated blocks of approximately one-half acre, each with about 40 trees. Applications were made with a 32 TMG Myer sprayer, which traveled at 4.03 km/h and delivered 100 Jal/acre. Dates of application were 13 May (petal fall) for plum curculio control and 1 and 14 Jul for maggot control. The first maggot application was timed jne week after the first adult catch on yellow sticky boards baited with ammonia acetate. The fungicide program consisted of Tilt at 240 ml/acre at petal fall ind Benelate 50WP at 680 g/acre included with the two maggot control applications in July. Evaluations of the treatments consisted of picking 8 pints of cherries from centrally located trees in each treatment block. The fruit was then blended in an electric blender at low speed. The resulting slurry was sieved to remove the pulp, and the remaining material was examined for maggot larvae.

A randomized complete block design with 4 replications per treatment vas used. Each block consisted of a 50-ft section of row with approximately 12 bushes and each replicate had at least 1 buffer row between it and the next reatment. Insecticides were applied dilute with handgun at 400 gal/acre with the timing based on adult catch with a new experimental pheromone. Application lates were 2, 12, and 25 Jun. Evaluations on 7 Jul consisted of examining 100 randomly sampled berries/block for a total of 400 berries/treatment.

Materials were applied to 3-yr-old ‘Red Haven’ peach trees at Fennville, Mich. Five treatments were replicated 4 times in a completely randomized block design with replications consisting of a single tree. Treatments were applied by a 32TGM Meyer airblast sprayer traveling 2.5 mph and delivering 100 gal/acre. Dates of application were 2 May (pink); 10 and 23 May; 4, 17 and 29 Jun; 10 and 22 Jul; and 4 and 16 Aug. Terminal evaluations for early season OFM and GPA involved examining 100 terminals/tree for a total of 400 terminals/treatment. Early season broad-spectrum evaluations involved examining 50 fruit/replicate, or a total of 200 peaches/treatment, and categorizing the damage according to the pest. Late season broad-spectrum evaluations consisted of evaluating 25 peaches/tree or 100/treatment for damage.