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The relationships between gender and malingering have received little attention in the literature. Our study examined data from 1,748 patients committed as incompetent to stand trial between 2008 and 2017, of whom 397 were women. Scores on a structured assessment of feigned psychiatric symptoms were only slightly higher for men than for women. Yet evaluators believed that over 23 percent of men but less than 15 percent of women were malingering. Our data suggest that these gender differences in rates of malingering may be attributable to symptom constellations and extent of criminal arrest history.

One of the commercially available enzyme immunoassay kits for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) in foods, the TECRA screening kit (Bioenterprises Pty. Ltd., Roseville, New South Wales, Australia), has microtiter plates coated with a mixture of antibodies to all of the SEs. A collaborative study was conducted to ascertain whether specificity, sensitivity, repeatability, and reproducibility of the results obtained using this kit would meet food-safety criteria. Thirteen Canadian collaborators participated in this study to analyze both various foods to which 1.0 to 3.0 ng of SE/g of food had been added and negative control samples. In addition, the effect of animal serum in these analyses was examined. The results indicate that all collaborators (100%) were able to detect the minimum toxin levels of 1.0 ng of SEA/g of ham and 1.0 ng of SEB/g of salami and SE or SEs in other samples (chicken, turkey, and cheese) containing 2.0 to 3.0 ng/g, without any false-negative results. With regard to negative control samples, all collaborators obtained correct results except when analyzing two types of food: two collaborators (15%) showed weak false-positive results with salami and all analysts found strong false-positive results with mussels. The problem regarding specificity could be largely corrected by treating the sample with rabbit serum (0.1 volume in 1.0 volume food extract). The repeatability and reproducibility of results from the kit were acceptable.

Summary: An outcrop of steeply dipping, thinly bedded sandstone is described from an overflow channel of the River Wharfe near Appletreewick, North Yorkshire. This is the first bedrock exposure of Lower Palaeozoic rocks recorded from Wharfedale and a tentative correlation with the stratigraphy of the Craven inliers is proposed.

In the muon ( g - 2 ) experiment at Brookhaven National Laboratory, the spin precession frequency ω a is obtained from a standard χ 2 minimization fit applied to the time distribution of decay electrons. The unusually high accuracy ( ∼ 0.5 ppm ) of the experiment puts stringent requirements on the quality of the fit and the level of understanding of the statistical properties of the fitted parameters. We discuss the properties of the fits and their implications on the derived value for ω a , including estimates of the effect of an imperfect fit function, methods of including additional external information to reduce the error, the effects of splitting the data into many smaller subsets of data, applying different weighting methods to the data using energy information, and various tests of data suitability.

The spallation neutron source (SNS) is a next-generation high-intensity beam facility. The extraction kicker system is a high peak power, high average power, high-precision pulse-waveform, low beam impedance, and high repetition rate pulsed power system. It has been successfully designed and developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY. The system consists of fourteen extraction magnet sections inside the ring vacuum chamber and fourteen identical high-voltage modulators located in the service building. The design features a Blumlein pulse-forming-network (PFN) based topology, a low beam impedance termination, a fast current switching thyratron, and low inductance capacitor banks. It has a maximum charging voltage of 50 kV, an open circuit output of 100 kV, and a designed maximum pulsed current output of 4 kA per modulator. The overall system output will reach multiple GW peak power with a 60 pulse/s repetition rate. A prototype modulator has been successfully built and tested well above the SNS requirement. The first batch of production modulators have passed all required tests at manufacture facility and delivered to Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, and the rest of the production units are under construction. The technical challenges and development results are presented in this paper.

The design, construction, and operation of the electrostatic quadrupoles used in the muon ðg � 2Þ experiment E821 of BNL are described in detail. A new lead design allowed the construction of a very reliable system which could operate for hundreds of thousands pulses with no sparking. The new design also made possible the elimination of systematic errors associated with the E; B fields generated by the low energy trapped electrons present in Penning traps under medium vacuum conditions. r 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The experimental method together with the analysis method and results of the data taken in 2000 and prospects of the muon anomalous magnetic and electric dipole moment experiments are presented here., 12 pages, 20 figures. Proceedings of my plenary talk at ICHEP02, Amsterdam, 31 July 2002

A fast, non-ferric kicker has been designed, built and installed in the muon (g−2) experiment at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron. A current pulse of 4200 A peak, and base-width of 400 ns , is passed in opposite directions through parallel plates 10 cm apart on either side of the muon storage region in the (g−2) storage ring. A field integral of 0.1 Tm was achieved, which kicks the 3.09 GeV /c muon beam by about 10 mrad . This kick is achieved by employing three identical 1.76 m long sections, each powered by a separate pulse-forming network. The design and performance of the kicker is presented.

The status of the muon g — 2 experiment at the AGS facility of Brookhaven National Laboratory is discussed. Data obtained in 1999 with positive muons has been analyzed and published. The final data set contained 0.95 × 10 9 events and had an accuracy of 1.3 ppm . Approximately four times more data with positive muons and three times more data with negative muons were obtained in 2000 and 2001, respectively. These data were obtained with a more uniform magnetic field and with different storage ring tunes. An accuracy of the order of 0.5 ppm is anticipated.

The measurement of the (g−2) value of leptons provides a unique test of theory since it is the only quantity (unlike charge and mass) calculable in the framework of the Standard Model of elementary particles. The muon (g−2) experiment E821 is currently in progress at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Four data taking runs for positive muons and one run for negative muons were successfully accomplished in 1997–2000 and 2001, respectively. Results of the 1997–2000 runs have been published, thus completing our experiment for μ+. Data analysis for the 2001 run for μ− is currently in progress. To provide measurement of \(a_\mu = \tfrac{1} {2}(g - 2)_{\mu ^ - }\) at the same level of accuracy as for \(a_{\mu ^ + } = \tfrac{1} {2}(g - 2)_{\mu ^ + }\), we need to have one more data taking run.

The Cheshire Deaf Women's Health Project undertook a research study to assess the access to healthcare of women who are deaf in Cheshire, UK. Group discussions took place with 13 women who were hard of hearing and 14 women who were Deaf Sign Language users. Questionnaires were distributed to a stratified random sample of 103 women taken from the social services register, 38 of which were returned. In order to reach more women whose first language was British Sign Language, 129 questionnaires were distributed to the leaders of various clubs and organizations for people who are deaf, and 100 of these were returned. The data revealed inequities in access to healthcare. For example, women who are deaf face a lack of awareness by health staff of how to communicate with them. The survey confirmed that these problems are of major importance to the majority of women who are deaf. For example, fewer than one in 10 deaf women said that they usually fully understand what the doctor says to them when they visit the doctor on their own. There are many other difficulties faced by women who are deaf, leading to inequalities when they are compared with hearing people. Almost half the respondents said that they would be more likely to use health services if help and/or services for deaf women were available. The introduction of various relatively simple measures would greatly help to reduce the inequalities of access to healthcare faced by deaf women. Under the terms of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, such action is essential if providers are to avoid facing possible legal action.

A precise measurement of the anomalous g value, a(mu)(+) = (g - 2)/2, for the positive muon has been made at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron. The result a(mu)(+) = 11 659 202(14)(6) x 10(-10) (1.3 ppm) is in good agreement with previous measurements and has an error one third that of the combined previous data. The current theoretical value from the standard model is a(mu) (SM)= 11 659 159.6(6.7) x 10(-10) (0.57 ppm) and a(mu)(exp)-a(mu)(SM) = 42(16) x 10(-10) in which a(mu)(exp) is the world average experimental value.

By the end of an excellent data taking in 1999, we collected approximate to1 billion decay positrons with energy greater than 2 GeV and 30 mus after injection. The analysis of the 1999 data set were performed in parallel by various teams in the collaboration and each team provides a different approach to the analysis. The projected errors are expected to be of order 1.3 ppm statistical and below 0.5 ppm systematic. The data obtained in the 2000 run contains,approximate to4 times more decay positrons compared to 1999.

The muon (g-2) experiment at Brookhaven completed a first run in June and July 1997. The main components of the experiment, which include the superconducting inflector, the superferric storage ring, the electrostatic quadrupoles and the lead-scintillating fiber electron calorimeters, have been commissioned satisfactorily. Our first measurement of the ratio R of the spin precession frequency of the positive muon relative to that of a free proton, R=(3.707219/spl plusmn/0.000048)/spl times/10/sup -3/, is in good agreement with the previous CERN measurements for /spl mu//sup +/ and /spl mu//sup -/, and has approximately the same uncertainty as each of these measurements. In spring 1998 a muon kicker was installed and successfully tested in the storage ring magnet and a significant improvement in the knowledge of the muon g-factor is expected from upcoming runs in August 1998 and January 1999.

To form a large diffusible interface capable of conducting respiratory gases to and from the circulation, the lung must undergo extensive cell proliferation, branching morphogenesis, and alveolar saccule formation, to generate sufficient surface area. In addition, the cells must differentiate into at least 40 distinct lung cell lineages. Specific transcriptional factors, peptide growth factor receptor-mediated signaling pathways, extracellular matrix components, and integrin-signaling pathways interact to direct lung morphogenesis and lung cell lineage differentiation. Branching mutants of the respiratory tracheae in Drosophila have identified several functionally conserved genes in the fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway that also regulate pulmonary organogenesis in mice and probably also in man. Key transcriptional factors including Nkx2.1, hepatocyte nuclear factor family forkhead homologues, GATA family zinc finger factors, pou and homeodomain proteins, as well as basic helix-loop-helix factors, serve as master genes to integrate the developmental genetic instruction of lung morphogenesis and cell lineage determination. Lung mesenchyme serves as a 'compleat' inducer of lung morphogenesis by secreting soluble peptide growth factors. In general, peptide growth factors signaling through cognate receptors with tyrosine kinase intracellular signaling domains such as epidermal growth factor receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptors, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor receptor, c-met, insulin-like growth factor receptor, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, stimulate lung morphogenesis, while the cognate receptors with serine/threonine kinase intracellular signaling domains, such as the transforming growth factor-beta receptor family are inhibitory. The extracellular matrix also plays a key role in determining branching morphogenesis. Pulmonary neuroendocrine (PNE) cells differentiate earliest in gestation among lung epithelial cells. PNE cells are principally derived from endoderm and not neural crest. PNE cells have been proposed to function as airway chemoreceptors, while PNE cell secretory granules contain many bioactive substances such as GRP which may direct proliferation of adjacent epithelial cells. Mammalian achaete-schute homolog-1 null mutant mice do not develop PNE cells. Candidate molecular switches in the transition from a quiescent to a proliferative alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) phenotype and back again following acute hyperoxia, include autocrine peptide growth factor signaling pathways and cell cycle regulatory elements. AEC type 2 also appear capable of reversible transdifferentiation into AEC type 1 and intermediate phenotypes in response to cues from extracellular matrix and cell shape, as well as soluble factors. Evidence for expression of telomerase by alveolar epithelial stem cells, which correlates with self-renewal potential, is now beginning to emerge. Lung regeneration following lobectomy in juvenile rodents is associated with co-ordinated cell proliferation, re-expression of elastin and formation of alveoli. Retinoic acid has recently shown promise as a stimulator of alveolization in juvenile rats. Our future goal is to devise new rational and gene therapeutic strategies to stimulating lung growth and maturation, ameliorating lung injury, augmenting lung repair, and inducing lung regeneration. The ideal agent or agents would therefore mimic the instructive role of lung mesenchyme, correctly inducing the temporospatial pattern of lung cell lineages necessary to restore pulmonary gas diffusing capacity.

This paper reports progress towards the development of procedures and techniques for assessing the reliability of components at the design stage. From a fundamental understanding of the degradation and failure processes and their relation to the underlying operational, environmental, materials and design variables, the paper develops procedures to support reliability prediction of mechanical devices using an electro-mechanical actuator as a case study. The methodology is illustrated by particular reference to the process of sliding wear leading to jamming of the actuator.

Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) is a relatively common developmental disorder characterized by craniofacial anomalies and conotruncal heart defects. Many VCFS patients have hemizygous deletions for a part of 22q11, suggesting that haploinsufficiency in this region is responsible for its etiology. Because most cases of VCFS are sporadic, portions of 22q11 may be prone to rearrangement. To understand the molecular basis for chromosomal deletions, we defined the extent of the deletion, by genotyping 151 VCFS patients and performing haplotype analysis on 105, using 15 consecutive polymorphic markers in 22q11. We found that 83% had a deletion and >90% of these had a similar approximately 3 Mb deletion, suggesting that sequences flanking the common breakpoints are susceptible to rearrangement. We found no correlation between the presence or size of the deletion and the phenotype. To further define the chromosomal breakpoints among the VCFS patients, we developed somatic hybrid cell lines from a set of VCFS patients. An 11-kb resolution physical map of a 1,080-kb region that includes deletion breakpoints was constructed, incorporating genes and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) isolated by the hybridization selection method. The ordered markers were used to examine the two separated copies of chromosome 22 in the somatic hybrid cell lines. In some cases, we were able to map the chromosome breakpoints within a single cosmid. A 480-kb critical region for VCFS has been delineated, including the genes for GSCL, CTP, CLTD, HIRA, and TMVCF, as well as a number of novel ordered ESTs.

BACKGROUND: Glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes are involved in detoxifying chemotherapy agents and clearing reactive oxygen species formed by radiation. In this study, we explored the relationship between the host GSTP1-105 polymorphism (rs1695), tumor GSTpi protein expression, and clinical outcomes in pediatric medulloblastoma. We hypothesized that the GSTP1-105 G-allele and increased tumor GSTpi expression would be associated with lower progression-free survival and fewer adverse events. METHODS: The study included 106 medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) patients seen at Texas Children’s Cancer Center. Genotyping was performed using an Illumina HumanOmni1-Quad BeadChip and tumor GSTpi expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry. We used the Kaplan-Meier method for survival analyses and multivariable logistic regression for toxicity comparisons. RESULTS: Patients with a GSTP1-105 AG/GG genotype or who had received a higher dose of craniospinal radiation (median 36 Gy) had a greater risk of requiring hearing aids than their respective counterparts (OR 4.0, 95%CI 1.2 - 13.6, and OR 3.1, 95%CI 1.1 - 8.8, respectively). Additionally, there was a statistically significant interaction between the two variables. Compared with the lowest risk group (GSTP1-105 AA-lower dose radiation) patients with a GSTP1-105 AG/GG genotype who received a higher dose radiation were 8.4 times more likely to require hearing aids (95%CI 1.4 - 49.9, p-trend ¼ 0.005). When adjusted for age, gender, and amifostine use, the association remained. CONCLUSIONS: The GSTP1-105 G-allele is associated with permanent ototoxicity in pediatric medulloblastoma/PNET and strongly interacts with radiation dose. A possible mechanism for this finding is that the GSTP1-105 G-allele leads to reduced GSTpi free radical detoxification in the setting of multimodality therapy including cisplatin and radiation. Patients with this allele should be considered for clinical trials employing radiation dose modifications and more targeted cytoprotectant strategies than are currently being used with amifostine.

A key assumption of hypotheses that link the production of prey for larval fish with year-class strength of fish is that larval growth and condition is food-limited. We tested this assumption by comparing whole-body RNA-DNA ratios of individual Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi, larvae and Pacific sand lance, Ammodytes hex-apterus, larvae from Port Moller, a subarctic Alaskan estuary, with prey concentration and temperature. RNA-DNA ratios were correlated with larval length, but not with prey concentration or temperature. Ratios were not significantly different between a warm, well-mixed station with low prey concentrations and a colder, stratified station with higher prey concentrations. Using RNA-DNA ratios, we classified as starving 11 to 23% of first-feeding (< 13 mm long) herring larvae and 45% of first-feeding (< 7 mm long) sand lance larvae. However, starvation could not have been caused by low concentrations of prey because micro-zooplankton prey concentrations were high enough (16 to 84 prey L_l) to support relatively high rates of growth. Therefore, starving larvae were either abnormal or they were stIII learning to forage. We conclude that the magnitude of starvation among first-feeding herring and sand lance larvae, and, therefore, the total contribution of starvation to year-class strength, is dependent not only on prey concentration, but on the proportion of a population of larvae that can feed effectively.

Three independent searches for an electric dipole moment (EDM) of the positive and negative muons have been performed, using spin precession data from the muon g-2 storage ring at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Details on the experimental apparatus and the three analyses are presented. Since the individual results on the positive and negative muon, as well as the combined result, d=-0.1(0.9)E-19 e-cm, are all consistent with zero, we set a new muon EDM limit, |d| < 1.9E-19 e-cm (95% C.L.). This represents a factor of 5 improvement over the previous best limit on the muon EDM., 19 pages, 15 figures, 7 tables

In clinical settings, chromosome studies are usually performed on solid tissue other than solid tumors for one of two reasons: the tissue biopsy is the only tissue available from the patient, or tissues other than the standard peripheral blood lymphocytes must be examined because of suspected mosaicism. The Basic Protocol, Alternate Protocol 1, and Alternate Protocol 2 describe a method for culturing tissue samples to be used for preparation of metaphase chromosomes and subsequent examination or for biochemical or DNA analysis. The Basic Protocol describes mechanical disruption of the specimen to provide free access of the cells to the culture surface, whereas Alternate Protocol 1 describes a more efficient enzymatic disruption procedure. Support Protocol 1 and Support Protocol 2 describe methods of collecting tissue samples. Alternate Protocol 2, which can sometimes be applied to placental tissue, involves use of mitotically active chorionic villus tissue to prepare metaphase chromosome spreads directly without the need for cell culture.

The spin precession frequency of muons stored in the $(g-2)$ storage ring has been analyzed for evidence of Lorentz and CPT violation. Two Lorentz and CPT violation signatures were searched for: a nonzero $\Delta\omega_{a}$ (=$\omega_{a}^{\mu^{+}}-\omega_{a}^{\mu^{-}}$); and a sidereal variation of $\omega_{a}^{\mu^{\pm}}$. No significant effect is found, and the following limits on the standard-model extension parameters are obtained: $b_{Z} =-(1.0 \pm 1.1)\times 10^{-23}$ GeV; $(m_{\mu}d_{Z0}+H_{XY}) = (1.8 \pm 6.0 \times 10^{-23})$ GeV; and the 95% confidence level limits $\check{b}_{\perp}^{\mu^{+}}< 1.4 \times 10^{-24}$ GeV and $\check{b}_{\perp}^{\mu^{-}} < 2.6 \times 10^{-24}$ GeV., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Physical Review Letters, Modified to answer the referees suggestions

We present the final report from a series of precision measurements of the muon anomalous magnetic moment, a(mu)=(g-2)/2. The details of the experimental method, apparatus, data taking, and analysis are summarized. Data obtained at Brookhaven National Laboratory, using nearly equal samples of positive and negative muons, were used to deduce a(mu)(Expt)=11659208.0(5.4)(3.3)x10(-10), where the statistical and systematic uncertainties are given, respectively. The combined uncertainty of 0.54 ppm represents a 14-fold improvement compared to previous measurements at CERN. The standard model value for a(mu) includes contributions from virtual QED, weak, and hadronic processes. While the QED processes account for most of the anomaly, the largest theoretical uncertainty, approximate to 0.55 ppm, is associated with first-order hadronic vacuum polarization. Present standard model evaluations, based on e(+)e(-) hadronic cross sections, lie 2.2-2.7 standard deviations below the experimental result.

Two extraction kicker magnet assemblies that contain seven individual pulsed magnet modules each will kick the proton beam vertically out of the SNS accumulator ring into the aperture of the extraction Lambertson septum magnet. The proton beam then travels to the 1.4 MW SNS target assembly. The 14 kicker magnets and major components of the kicker assembly have been fabricated by BNL. The inner surfaces of the kicker magnets were coated with TiN to reduce the secondary electron yield. All 14 power supplies have been built, tested and delivered to ORNL. Before final installation, a partial assembly of the kicker system with three kicker magnets was assembled to test the functions of each critical component in the system. In this paper we report the progress of the construction of the kicker components, the TiN coating of the magnets, the installation procedure of the magnets and the full power test of a kicker magnet with the power supply.

Research into the field of skin biology has grown exponentially over the past two decades. Even though the fundamental molecular pathways are still not fully understood, there have been significant advances in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of genodermatosis. The cloning of many candidate genes involved in the etiology of skin diseases has been facilitated by initial cytogenetic evidence. This review will synthesize recent findings that led to the discovery of candidate genes for anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, Williams-Beuren syndrome, neurofibromatosis-I and tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome.

The design of the RHIC injection systems anticipated the possibility of filling and operating the rings with a 120 bunch pattern, corresponding to 110 bunches after allowing for the abort gap. Beam measurements during the 2002 run confirmed the possibility, although at the expense of severe transverse emittance growth and thus not on an operational basis. An improvement program was initiated with the goal of reducing the kicker rise time from 110 to /spl sim/95 ns and of minimizing pulse timing jitter and drift. The major components of the injection system are 4 kicker magnets and Blumlein pulsers using thyratron switches. The kicker terminating resistor and operating voltage was increased to reduce the rise time. Timing has been stabilized by using commercial trigger units and extremely stable dc supplies for the thyratron reservoir. A fiber optical connection between control room and the thyratron trigger unit has been provided, thereby allowing the operator to adjust timing individually for each kicker unit. The changes were successfully implemented for use in the RHIC operation.

The SNS extraction fast kicker system is a very high power, high repetition rate pulsed power system. It was design and developed at Brookhaven national laboratory. This system will consist of fourteen identical high voltage, high current modulators, and their auxiliary control and charging systems. The modulators will drive fourteen extraction magnet sections located inside of the SNS accumulator ring. The required kicker field rise time is 200 ns, a pulse flattop of 700 ns, a pulse repetition rate of 60 pulse-per-second. A 2500 Ampere per modulator output is required to reach the extraction kicker magnetic field strength. This design features a Blumlein pulse-forming-network based topology, a low beam impedance termination, a fast current switching thyratron, and low inductance capacitor banks. It has a maximum charging voltage of 50 kV, an open circuit output of l00 kV, and a designed maximum pulsed current output of 4 kA per modulator. The overall system output will be multiple GVA with 60 pulse-per-second repetition rate. A prototype modulator has been successfully built and tested well above the SNS requirement. The modulator system production is in progress.

As one of the most critical system for RHIC operation, the beam abort kicker system has to be highly available, reliable, and stable for the entire operating range. Along with the RHIC commission and operation, consistent efforts have been spend to cope with immediate issues as well as inherited design issues. Major design changes have been implemented to achieve the higher operating voltage, longer high voltage hold-off time, fast retriggering and redundant triggering, and improved system protection, etc. Recent system test has demonstrated for the first time that both blue ring and yellow ring beam abort systems have achieved more than 24 hours hold off time at desired operating voltage. In this paper, we report on the system status and improvements.

A Blumlein topology based high peak power, high repetition rate, and low beam impedance fast extraction kicker system for ORNL Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is being developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The large magnet window size, large deflecting angle, low beam impedance termination and fast deflecting field rise time demand a very strong pulsed power source to drive the SNS extraction fast kicker magnet. This system consists of fourteen high voltage modulators and fourteen lumped kicker magnet sections. All modulators will be located in a service building outside the beam tunnel, which is a revised design requirement adopted in the mid 2000. The high current pulses generated by the high power modulators will be delivered through high voltage pulsed transmission cables to each kicker magnet sections. The designed output capacity of this system is in multiple GVA. Its first article modulator has been constructed and is being tested. In this paper, we present the system overview, project status and the advantages of this new conceptual design.

We report a large Mexican kindred with a variant form of congenital universal hypertrichosis that is inherited in an apparent X-linked recessive manner. In addition to the generalized hypertrichosis, the affected individuals have dental malformations and deafness. Males are more severely affected than females who exhibit only mild hypertrichosis, but not deafness or dental anomalies. Haplotype analysis in this pedigree revealed linkage to a 13-cM region on chromosome Xq24-q27.1 between markers GATA198A10 and DXS8106. Localization of the gene underlying this form of hypertrichosis is the initial step in identifying genes on the X chromosome that are involved in the control of hair growth and development.

The new conceptual design of the full turn fast extraction kicker power supply system of the Spallation Neutron Source main ring will be presented in this paper. In this design, the extraction kicker power modulators will be located outside of the tunnel, as requested by the SNS Project. Its purpose is to minimize the components inside of the synchrotron tunnel. The high voltage modulator will use Blumlein pulser and hollow-anode thyratron structure, a parallel termination resistor and two transmission cables. Main advantages include: flexible system configuration for unipolar single drive or push-pull double drive of the kicker magnets, lower charging voltage, lower beam impedance, a lower number of high voltage cables, and a large design margin for implementation and future upgrade.