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BackgroundLittle is known about the safety of mite extract product Novo-Helisen Depot (NHD) as subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) in the children with mite allergy especially immediate/late local reaction (LRs).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study analyzing the adverse events of the children undergoing subcutaneous immunotherapy with NHD. Adverse events included local and systemic adverse reactions (SRs) at the very early and late stage. The correlation of the basic characteristics, laboratory analysis results, LRs and SRs were analyzed.ResultsTwo hundred and eighty-seven patients received at least 15 months of subcutaneous immunotherapy with NHD were included in the analysis. Skin-prick testing (SPT) results of D. pteronyssinus was associated with an increased risk of immediate LRs in build-up phase (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.37) and delayed LRs in maintenance phase (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.46), while SPT results of D. farinae was associated with an increased risk of SRs (OR = 3.22, 95% CI: 1.17, 10.00) and severe SRs (OR = 7.68, 95% CI: 1.13, 109.50). Serum IgE level of D. pteronyssinus was associated with an increased risk of SRs (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.03). Patients with both asthma and allergic rhinitis was associated with an increased risk of SR, and severe SRs (P

Objective:This study was carried out to detect house dust mites in houses and to investigate group 1 antigens of Dermatophagoid species in Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon and Rize provinces of the Central and Eastern Black Sea Region.Methods:Dust samples obtained from the beds were subjected to both microscopic and antigenic examination. Samples prepared by the lactic acid method for microscopic examination were evaluated under a light microscope. Antigenic analysis was performed by investigating Der p 1 and Der f 1 belonging to D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae by ELISA test.Results:90.3% of the dust samples were evaluated positive by microscopic examination (10x, 40x) and 149 mites were detected. D. pteronyssinus 74%, D. farinae 13%, Dermatophagoides spp. growth forms 5%, Cheyletus spp. 1%, E. maynei 1%, C. arcuatus 1%, T. putrescentiae 1%, L. destructor 1% and unidentified mites were detected at the rate of 3% respectively. Der p 1 antigen was detected in 93% and Der f 1 antigen in 84.7%. The highest amount of antigen detected in one gram of powder was 1,272 μg for Der p 1 and 0,482 μg for Der f 1.Conclusion:No difference was observed between mite species and distribution in the provinces where the study was conducted (p

Our study aimed to identify and characterize the common species of house dust mites collected from different areas in Assiut city, study their seasonal variation, and effects of some housing criteria on their prevalence. This could help in the assessment of the magnitude of the current situation in this locality and assist in implementing appropriate investigations and diagnostic tools which in turn offers a better quality of life to allergy sufferers in our study locality as well as for others. Dust samples were collected from eight regions representing the two main districts of Assiut City as systemic random samples. For proper dust collection we used both a vacuum cleaner and a hand sweeper from different rooms of each house (bedrooms, mattresses, floor, bedding and living rooms). Also, two methods were used for mite extraction: Kero-float method and modified Berlese-Tullgren funnel. Light microscopy as well as SEM were used to identify different mite species with the aid of an identification key. The overall prevalence of house dust mites in collected samples was 94 positive samples per 300 houses examined in this study. Seasonal variations significantly affected the prevalence of house dust mites; the highest frequency was noticed during winter (66.7%) and the least frequency was noticed during summer (13.3%). Kero-float method was more sensitive and accurate than modified Berlese-Tullgren funnel in mites' extraction in a given sample (100% and 47.9% respectively). The most frequently isolated species were Dermatophagoides farinae (80.9%) and D. pteronyssinus (58.5%) followed by stored products mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (50%) and predatory mite, Cheyletus malaccensis (31.9%) while the least frequent species was Dermanyssus gallinae (21.3%). Mixed species were detected in 48 (51.1%) of the positive samples. Some housing criteria: age of the house, damp or moldy stains on floor or on other indoor surfaces (walls, ceiling), presence of carpets/rugs and aeration style (sunny/shady) have significantly affected the prevalence of house dust mites in different houses. We concluded that although Assiut is the driest city in Egypt with low relative humidity, which is an essential factor in the survival of mites, there is significant prevalence of house dust mites (31.3%). Housing criteria significantly affected the presence of HDMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:The aim of this study was to determine the species of house dust mites and their prevalence in Giresun.Methods:Dust samples taken from 15 houses which were visited monthly for one year were examined by the lactic acid method.Results:A total of 2251 mites were detected in the study. The distribution of mites was as follows: 81.8% Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, 0.5% Dermatophagoides farinae, 0.04% Euroglypus maynei (E. maynei), 4.2% Dermatophagoides spp. 0.06% A. siro, 2.4% Glycphagus domesticus, 0.9 % Lepidoglyphus destructor, 1.4% Tyrophagus putrescentiae, 4.5% Campunatus arcuatus, 1.3% Cheyletus spp. Pyroglyphid species were detected in all houses (100%). Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was found in 100%, D. farinae 5% and E. maynei 4% of the houses.Conclusion:The mites in Giresun were found in all houses throughout the year and were detected in all of the samples. Although they were detected in greater amounts in the spring and summer, only a moderate relationship could be detected with temperature. In August-October period, mite existence was significantly higher than the January-March period (p

Background: Little is known about the safety of mite extract product Novo-Helisen Depot (NHD) as subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) in the children with mite allergy especially immediate/late local reaction (LRs)., Methods: We conducted a retrospective study analyzing the adverse events of the children undergoing subcutaneous immunotherapy with NHD. Adverse events included local and systemic adverse reactions (SRs) at the very early and late stage. The correlation of the basic characteristics, laboratory analysis results, LRs and SRs were analyzed., Results: Two hundred and eighty-seven patients received at least 15 months of subcutaneous immunotherapy with NHD were included in the analysis. Skin-prick testing (SPT) results of D. pteronyssinus was associated with an increased risk of immediate LRs in build-up phase (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.37) and delayed LRs in maintenance phase (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.46), while SPT results of D. farinae was associated with an increased risk of SRs (OR = 3.22, 95% CI: 1.17, 10.00) and severe SRs (OR = 7.68, 95% CI: 1.13, 109.50). Serum IgE level of D. pteronyssinus was associated with an increased risk of SRs (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.03). Patients with both asthma and allergic rhinitis was associated with an increased risk of SR, and severe SRs ( P  < 0.05)., Conclusion: NHD as SCIT is safe. The children with higher SPT level with D. farinae or D. pteronyssinus , higher serum IgE level of D. pteronyssinus , children with both asthma and allergic rhinitis, and the children with treatment interruption had higher risk of adverse events., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2024 Zhou, Liu, Dai, Chen, Han, Zhang, Shen and Shan.)

Objective: This study was carried out to detect house dust mites in houses and to investigate group 1 antigens of Dermatophagoid species in Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon and Rize provinces of the Central and Eastern Black Sea Region., Methods: Dust samples obtained from the beds were subjected to both microscopic and antigenic examination. Samples prepared by the lactic acid method for microscopic examination were evaluated under a light microscope. Antigenic analysis was performed by investigating Der p 1 and Der f 1 belonging to D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae by ELISA test., Results: 90.3% of the dust samples were evaluated positive by microscopic examination (10x, 40x) and 149 mites were detected. D. pteronyssinus 74%, D. farinae 13%, Dermatophagoides spp. growth forms 5%, Cheyletus spp. 1%, E. maynei 1%, C. arcuatus 1%, T. putrescentiae 1%, L. destructor 1% and unidentified mites were detected at the rate of 3% respectively. Der p 1 antigen was detected in 93% and Der f 1 antigen in 84.7%. The highest amount of antigen detected in one gram of powder was 1,272 μg for Der p 1 and 0,482 μg for Der f 1., Conclusion: No difference was observed between mite species and distribution in the provinces where the study was conducted (p<0.05). Dermatophagoides were found in 93% of the population. The low (4%) rate of storage/food mites is related to the fact that samples were not taken from the floors. Antigen accumulation may be important in the beds since the activity of the mites is observed throughout the year in temperate and humid regions. It is thought that this diagnosis method can be used and can be taken into account in terms of the environments in which sensitive people live.

• NOD1 mediates the development of D. pteronyssinus -induced allergic airway inflammation. • Inhibition of NOD1 reduces downstream regulatory proteins and inflammatory expression. • Anti-NOD1 may become a potential therapeutic target for D. pteronyssinus -related inflammation. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus) is the main cause of allergic airway inflammation. As the earliest intracytoplasmic pathogen recognition receptors (PRR), NOD1 has been identified as key inflammatory mediator in NOD-like receptor (NLR) family. Our primary aim is to elucidate whether NOD1 and its downstream regulatory proteins mediate D. pteronyssinus -induced allergic airway inflammation. Mouse and cell models of D. pteronyssinus -induced allergic airway inflammation were established. NOD1 was inhibited in bronchial epithelium cells (BEAS-2B cells) and mice by cell transfection or application of inhibitor. The change of downstream regulatory proteins was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. The relative expression of inflammatory cytokines was evaluated by ELISA. The expression level of NOD1 and its downstream regulatory proteins increased in BEAS-2B cells and mice after treating with D. pteronyssinus extract, followed by the aggravation of inflammatory response. Moreover, inhibition of NOD1 decreased the inflammatory response, which also downregulated the expression of downstream regulatory proteins and inflammatory cytokines. NOD1 involves in the development of D. pteronyssinus -induced allergic airway inflammation. Inhibition of NOD1 reduces D. pteronyssinus -induced airway inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dust mite allergens can induce allergic sensitization and exacerbate asthma symptoms. Although dust mite reduction and control strategies exist, few asthmatics employ them.Objectives: We examined whether an in-home test kit, which quantifies dust mite allergen levels, resulted in behavioral changes in implementation and maintenance of mite reduction strategies and helped reduce allergen levels in homes of dust mite-sensitive children.Methods: We enrolled 60 households of children aged 5–15 with parent-reported dust mite allergy into a randomized controlled trial. Intervention homes (N = 30) received educational material about reducing dust mites and test kits at 1, 2, 5 and 8 months. Control homes (N = 30) received only educational material. At baseline, 6 and 12 months, study staff visited all homes, collected dust samples from three locations and obtained information about parents’ mite reduction behaviors by questionnaire. Allergen concentrations (Der f 2/Der p2) in dust were assessed by immunoassays. After adjusting for visit and location, allergen concentrations in intervention and control homes were compared using mixed effects model analysis.Results: In the intervention homes, allergen concentrations in the child’s bedroom and living room floors were significantly reduced over time compared to control homes. Although not all location-specific differences in allergen concentrations were statistically significant, combining data across locations, there was a differential reduction in allergen concentrations in the intervention group versus the control group (p = 0.02).Conclusion: The use of in-home test kits along with education may beneficially influence behaviors and attitudes toward dust mite reduction strategies and help reduce residential dust mite allergen levels. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose: House dust mites (HDMs) are an important source of indoor allergens associated with asthma, rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Chicken immunoglobulin (Ig) Y is known to be a good alternative to mice and rabbit antibody production. In this study, we produced IgYs specific to HDMs and investigated their IgE immunoreactivities. Materials and Methods: Total IgYs were isolated from the yolks of White Leghorn hens immunized with either Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or D. farinae protein extract. Control antibodies were separated from the yolks of immunized hens with phosphate buffered saline. IgYs specific to HDMs were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting analysis. Results: The concentration of egg IgY specific to D. farinae in an immunized hen increased and the highest achieved was 661.3 ug/mg (per an egg) on day 47, compared with 760 ug/mg IgY specific to D. pteronyssinus on day 16. The D. pteronyssinus or D. farinae-specific IgY was detected by binding of each mite proteins, and their immunoreactivities were elevated dependent of the specific IgY concentration. Conclusion: IgY specific to HDMs may be a promising antibody for immunological diagnosis as well as identification of possible resistance relating to HDM allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To cite this article: Brunetto B, Tinghino R, Braschi MC, Antonicelli L, Pini C, Iacovacci P. Characterization and comparison of commercially available mite extracts for in vivo diagnosis. Allergy 2010; 65: 184–190. Background: Assessment of sensitization by allergen-specific IgE testing and skin prick testing (SPT) are primary tools in routine clinical diagnosis of allergies. To perform a correct diagnosis, it is critical that the allergen reagent used contains an adequate amount of all relevant components. This study aimed at evaluating commercially available mite extracts for in vivo diagnosis from eight manufacturers. Methods: Eight extracts from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and eight from Dermatophagoides farinae were analysed for total protein content by Bradford and for major allergen content by ELISA. SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting and SPT were also carried out. Results: The protein amount ranged from 27.7 μg/ml extract to 361.1 μg/ml ( D. pteronyssinus) and from 20.3 to 353.0 μg/ml ( D. farinae). In regards major allergen concentration, Der p 1 ranged from 9.6 to 36.2 μg/ml, Der f 1 26.5–196.1 μg/ml, mite group 2 0.7–31.7 μg/ml in D. pteronyssinus and 1.3–10.4 μg/ml in D. farinae. SDS-PAGE experiments showed that some components are poorly represented or absent in extracts from most manufacturers. Similar results were obtained by IgE-immunoblotting and SPT with 10 mite allergic patients confirmed a broad spectrum of reactivity of the extracts in the same subject. Conclusions: Immunochemical analysis showed a heterogeneous amount of component/s among mite extracts from different manufacturers. These data were confirmed by in vivo testing, suggesting that, for some of the patient tested, the absence of relevant allergens could strongly affect the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examines the acaricidal properties of piperazine derivatives against Dermatophagoides farinae or house-dust mites and Tyrophagus putrescentiae or stored-food mites using filter paper and fumigant methods. It notes that 1-phenylpiperazine was found to be 4.7 times more toxic than N,N0-diethyl-meta-toouamide (DEET) against Dermatophagoides farinae. Further, it stresses the suitability of piperazine derivatives to replace ineffective acaricides due to their ability to function as mite indicators.

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Human red blood cells (RBC) have a well-defined lifespan of 120 days affected by many cellular parameters. The aim of the present study was to investigate through a functional assay the effect of some factors in the interaction of erythrocytes with monocytes: heat rigidification, equilibration at different pH and desialyzation. We also studied the interaction between stored RBC and peripheral blood monocytes with this functional erythrophagocytosis assay. Blood samples from 30 volunteer donors were investigated. 1) Senescent (Se) and Young (Y) RBC were obtained by differential centrifugation. 2) Erythrocyte suspensions: Aliquots of each sample were subjected to the following treatments: a) Rigidification by heat (RRBC), b) Equilibration at different pH (5.34, 6.30, 7.33, 9.20) and c) Desialyzation with neuraminidase and trypsin. The functional assay was performed incubating monocytes obtained by glass adherence with these suspensions of RBC. Whole blood samples (n = 20) were stored during different periods of time (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days). The erythrophagocytosis assay was performed during six weeks incubating isologous monocytes with RBC from every unit. Negative and positive controls were performed using non sensitized (NSRBC) and sensitized with IgG anti-RhD (SRBC) red cells. The percentage of active monocytes (AM) obtained were: 1) YRBC: 2.8 ± 0.9 and SeRBC: 17.5 ± 2.1; 2a) RRBC: 3.0 ± 0.9; 2b) 10.9 ± 0.9, 15.5 ± 0.8, 3.1 ± 1.0, 4.0 ± 1.1; 2c) 11.1 ± 1.4 and 3.9 ± 1.0; SRBC 32.1 ± 1.7 and NSRBC: 2.8 ± 1.5. The % of AM with SeRBC was higher (p < 0.001) than those obtained with NSRBC. The data of AM with RRBC were significantly lower (p < 0.001) than those obtained with SeRBC and SBRC, indicating that heat rigidification of RBC does not increase phagocytosis by monocytes. The values of AM obtained from the suspensions of erythrocytes equilibrated at different pH indicate... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Generally the stability of diluted allergen extracts, as used for skin testing, provocation testing and immunotherapy can not be measured using a normal enzyme allergosorbent test (EAST) inhibition method. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the stability of diluted allergen extracts using an ultrafiltration step prior to the standard EAST inhibition procedure, in which the allergen extract was concentrated 100-fold. Methods This concentration procedure was validated for Dermatophagoides Pteronyssinus, timothy pollen, birch pollen and cat dander extracts and used in a stability study in which three batches were stored for I year al 6°C and 25°C. Results There was no difference in relative potency before and after concentration of birch and timothy pollen extracts. D. pteronyssinus and cat dander extracts showed a significant decrease of 25% and 35% of the relative potency after concentration. The mean coefficient of variation of 12 determinations of the stability study was 11.8%. Conclusion For all allergens the 30 BU/mL or approximately 0.00025 mg/mL solution was stable for 12 months at both temperatures, except for D. pteronyssinus which declined rapidly at 25°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is a major source of airborne allergens worldwide and is found in half of European homes. Interactions between microbes and house dust mites (HDM) are considered important factors that allow them to persist in the home. Laboratory studies indicate the European HDM, D. pteronyssinus is a mycophagous mite, capable of utilising a variety of fungi for nutrients, however specific mycolytic digestive enzymes are unknown. Our previous work identified a number of putative glycosyl hydrolases present in the predicted proteome of D. pteronyssinus airmid and validated the expression of 42 of these. Of note, three GH16 proteins with predicted β-1,3 glucanase activity were found to be consistently present in the mite body and excretome. Here, we performed an extensive bioinformatic, proteomic and biochemical study to characterize three-novel β-1,3 glucanases from this medically important house dust mite. The genes encoding novel β-1,3 glucanases designated Glu1 , Glu2 and Glu3 were identified in D. pteronyssinus airmid, each exhibited more than 59% amino acid identity to one another. These enzymes are encoded by Glu genes present in a tri-gene cluster and protein homologs are found in other acari. The patchy phyletic distribution of Glu proteins means their evolutionary history remains elusive, however horizontal gene transfer cannot be completely excluded. Recombinant Glu1 and Glu2 exhibit hydrolytic activity toward laminarin, pachyman and barley glucan. Excreted β-1,3 glucanase activity was increased in response to D. pteronyssinus airmid feeding on baker's yeast. Active β-1,3 glucanases are expressed and excreted in the faeces of D. pteronyssinus airmid indicating they are digestive enzymes capable of breaking down β-1,3 glucans of fungi present in house dust. Image 1 • β-1,3 glucanases found in HDMs and other Acari species, specifically those within the Acariformes order. • Mycophagous HDM, D. pteronyssinus , increases excretion of β-1,3 glucanases in response to Saccharomyces cerevisiae diet. • β-1,3 glucanases excreted by D. pteronyssinus are found in house dust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the species of house dust mites and their prevalence in Giresun., Methods: Dust samples taken from 15 houses which were visited monthly for one year were examined by the lactic acid method., Results: A total of 2251 mites were detected in the study. The distribution of mites was as follows: 81.8% Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus , 0.5% Dermatophagoides farinae , 0.04% Euroglypus maynei (E. maynei) , 4.2% Dermatophagoides spp. 0.06% A. siro , 2.4% Glycphagus domesticus , 0.9 % Lepidoglyphus destructor , 1.4% Tyrophagus putrescentiae , 4.5% Campunatus arcuatus , 1.3% Cheyletus spp. Pyroglyphid species were detected in all houses (100%). Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was found in 100%, D. farinae 5% and E. maynei 4% of the houses., Conclusion: The mites in Giresun were found in all houses throughout the year and were detected in all of the samples. Although they were detected in greater amounts in the spring and summer, only a moderate relationship could be detected with temperature. In August-October period, mite existence was significantly higher than the January-March period (p<0,05). D. pteronyssinus was found in higher numbers on the mezzanine floors between May and August and on the ground floors in September and October (p<0,05). We think that the climate characteristics of Giresun are suitable for the development and proliferation of house dust mites and this can pose a risk for sensitive people.

Purpose: House dust mites (HDMs) are an important source of indoor allergens associated with asthma, rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Chicken immunoglobulin (Ig) Y is known to be a good alternative to mice and rabbit antibody production. In this study, we produced IgYs specific to HDMs and investigated their IgE immunoreactivities., Materials and Methods: Total IgYs were isolated from the yolks of White Leghorn hens immunized with either Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or D. farinae protein extract. Control antibodies were separated from the yolks of immunized hens with phosphate buffered saline. IgYs specific to HDMs were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting analysis., Results: The concentration of egg IgY specific to D. farinae in an immunized hen increased and the highest achieved was 661.3 ug/mg (per an egg) on day 47, compared with 760 ug/mg IgY specific to D. pteronyssinus on day 16. The D. pteronyssinus or D. farinae-specific IgY was detected by binding of each mite proteins, and their immunoreactivities were elevated dependent of the specific IgY concentration., Conclusion: IgY specific to HDMs may be a promising antibody for immunological diagnosis as well as identification of possible resistance relating to HDM allergy.