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ABSTRACT KIT protein is associated with the etiology of canine mast cell tumors (MCT); however, the expression patterns of KIT are highly variable. The aim of this study was to determine if KIT patterns are related with eosinophil count in MCT. Hematoxylin eosin and May Grünwald-Giemsa stain techniques were applied, histological grading and eosinophil counting were performed in 48 MCT samples. Immunohistochemical evaluation was performed with IL-5, VEGFr, and c-KIT antibodies. The percentage of immunolabeling with IL-5 and VEGFr was determined, and the samples incubated with c-KIT were graded according to the immunolabeling pattern. Comparison of the mean eosinophil count between the histological grades and the different KIT expression patterns demonstrated a significant difference between KIT pattern 1 and KIT pattern 3, KIT pattern 3 showed a higher mean of eosinophil count. There was no significant correlation between eosinophil count and KIT patterns (p = 0.2648). However, a positive correlation was observed between the KIT patterns and Patnaik and Kiupel grades (p = 0.0006 and p = 0.0267, respectively). There was no significant correlation between eosinophil count, IL-5, or VEGFr. Further studies should determine whether eosinophil counts are an independent predictor of clinical outcome or simply correlated with already known predictors.

No ecossistema aquático há uma faixa de umidade gradiente no solo que interfere diretamente na ocupação das espécies à margem da lâmina de água. Essa zonação ecológica reflete os graus de adaptação que as plantas apresentam para tolerar o alagamento ou a dessecação. O presente trabalho visou apresentar a análise morfoanatômica de cinco espécies de Cyperaceae encontradas em diferentes zonas no entorno da represa Alagados, em Ponta Grossa-PR, Brasil: Cyperus giganteus, Rhynchospora corymbosa var. aspérula, Cyperus densicaespitosus, Cyperus rigens e Eleocharis sp. Estruturas caulinares e foliares das cinco espécies de Cyperaceae foram analisadas a partir de cortes histológicos. Concluiu-se que, das cinco plantas analisadas, somente três caracterizam-se como plantas aquáticas, sendo duas classificadas como plantas emergentes e uma como submersa fixa devido às características adaptativas que apresentam para obter sucesso nesse ambiente.In the aquatic ecosystem there is gradient moisture in the soil that interferes directly in the occupation of species on the margin of the water blade. This ecological zone reflects the degrees of adaptation that plants present to tolerate flooding or drying. This work aimed to present a morphological and anatomical analysis of five species of Cyperaceae, found at different zones in the surroundings of the Alagados Dam, in Ponta Grossa-PR, Brazil: Cyperus giganteus and Rhynchospora corymbosa var. asperula, Cyperus densicaespitosus, Cyperus rigens and Eleocharis sp. Stem and foliar structures of five species of Cyperaceae were analyzed by histological cross-section. It was concluded that of the five plants examined, only three are aquatic plants, with two being classified as emerging plants and one as fixed submerged, based on the adaptive characteristics they present to succeed in this environment.

O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a quantidade e qualidade da deposição da calda de pulverização em plantas de Commelina benghalensis, considerando os volumes de aplicação, as pontas de pulverização e o ângulo dos bicos na barra de pulverização. Foram utilizadas cinco hastes de plantas por vaso. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 20 repetições. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e a aplicação da calda foi efetuada após 40 dias do transplantio das hastes, quando estavam com 30 a 40 cm de comprimento. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por cinco pontas de pulverização (TX-VK 6, TX-VK 8, XR 11001 VS, XR 11002 VS e TJ60 11002 VS), sendo testadas com dois ângulos de aplicação (0º e +30º), exceto a TJ60 11002 VS, e todas com dois volumes de calda distintos (100 e 200 L ha-1). Foi utilizado como traçador o corante Azul Brilhante FDC-1 na concentração de 500 ppm, para determinar a deposição da calda de pulverização. Após a aplicação, 20 hastes no total foram imediatamente coletadas e, em seguida, lavadas em 100 mL de água destilada, para posterior quantificação do traçador em espectrofotômetro. Os dados foram transformados em valores de depósitos por grama de massa seca e ajustados à curva de regressão pelo modelo de Gompertz. Os resultados evidenciaram que, independentemente da ponta utilizada, o volume de 200 L ha-1 proporcionou os maiores depósitos médios e pontuais nas plantas. Quanto à uniformidade do depósito de calda sobre as plantas, a ponta XR 11001 VS no volume de 100 L ha-1 proporcionou a melhor uniformidade. Contudo, quando se utilizou o ângulo de +30º, ocorreram acréscimos dos depósitos ao se utilizar o volume de 100 L ha-1, e, nesse caso, houve melhor uniformidade para o volume de 200 L ha-1.The objective of this study was to evaluate the quantity and quality of spray deposition on Commelina benghalensis plants, considering application volumes, spray nozzles and spray nozzle bar angle. Five stems of plants/pot were planted. The experimental treatments were arranged in a randomized design with twenty replications. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions and the solution applied 40 days after the stems were transplanted, with the plants being 30 to 40 cm long. The treatments consisted of five spray nozzles (TX-VK 6, TX-VK 8, XR 11001 VS, XR 11002 VS and TJ60 11002 VS), tested at different application angles (0º and +30º) except for TJ60 11002 VS, and two different solution volumes (100 and 200 L ha -1). Brilliant blue FDC-1 was used as a tracer solution, at 500 ppm to determine spray deposition. After application, twenty plant stems were immediately collected, and washed in 100 mL of distilled water for posterior tracer quantification in a spectrophotometer. The data was fit to a regression curve using the Gompertz model. The results showed that, regardless of the type of spray nozzle used, the volume of 200 L ha-1 provided the highest deposition on the plants. The XR 11001 VS nozzle, with volume of 100 L ha-1 provided the best uniformity deposition. However, when using the angle of +30º, deposition increases occurred when the volume of 100 L ha-1 was used, with best uniformity being obtained with volume of 200 L ha -1.

This work aims to carry out a comparative analysis using RAPD molecular markers in four Commelina weed species from the state of Paraná and C. benghalensis populations from the states of Paraná and São Paulo, Brazil. The genomic plant DNA sample was extracted from the leaves, separated, randomly fragmented and amplified by PCR. Random amplified polymorphic DNA fragments (RAPD markers) were analyzed by using POPGENE statistical program. Eighty-five primer sequences were tested but only three were suitable as molecular markers producing 37 DNA polymorphic fragments for comparisons among four Commelina species and 22 polymorphic fragments for comparisons among C. benghalensis populations. The results showed that there were inter-specific and intra-specific genetic variabilities among Commelina plant genera. Genetic diversity analysis between species indicated four mono-specific clusters and it was suggested to keep C. villosa as one species. Regarding the intra-specific genetic variability of C. benghalensis alone, three groups were verified, although there were 13 populations from two geographical areas. However, these clusters do not correspond to the distinct characteristics verified.O presente trabalho procurou analisar a variabilidade genética, utilizando-se de marcadores RAPD, comparando quatro espécies de Commelina procedentes do Estado do Paraná e entre populações de C. benghalensis procedentes dos Estados do Paraná e São Paulo. Foi amostrado o DNA genômico extraído das folhas, o qual foi separado, fragmentado aleatoriamente e amplificado por PCR. Os fragmentos polimórficos de DNA (marcadores RAPD) foram analisados pelo programa estatístico POPGENE. Oitenta e cinco primers foram testados, mas somente três sequências foram consideradas marcadores moleculares, produzindo 37 bandas de DNA polimórfico para comparação entre as quatro espécies de Commelina e outras 22 para comparação entre as populações de C. benghalensis. Os resultados mostraram que há variabilidade genética inter e intraespecífica nas plantas do gênero Commelina. A análise da diversidade genética entre as espécies indicou quatro agrupamentos monoespecíficos, e isso sugere manter C. villosa como uma espécie. Considerando a variabilidade genética intraespecífica somente de C. benghalensis, apesar das 13 populações provenientes de dois Estados geográficos, três grupos foram identificados. Entretanto, esses agrupamentos não correspondem às características morfológicas distintas observadas.

As espécies Commelina benghalensis, C. villosa, C. diffusa e C. erecta são conhecidas como trapoeraba e, freqüentemente, são confundidas entre si, dificultando o controle químico, o que pode provocar prejuízos econômicos e danos ambientais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo selecionar características morfológicas que possibilitem facilitar a identificação dessas espécies, utilizando a técnica de análise multivariada. Foram avaliadas 12 características morfológicas descritivas e 13 quantitativas, utilizando-se os métodos de análise de agrupamento e análise de componentes principais. As espécies apresentaram alto grau de dissimilaridade, sobretudo em relação às características descritivas, destacando-se: hábito da planta, pilosidade do caule e da folha, entre outros. As características quantitativas também mostraram poder discriminatório. Características que apresentaram alto valor taxonômico foram selecionadas para compor a chave de identificação para as quatro espécies de Commelina.Commelina benghalensis, C. villosa, C. diffusa and C. erecta are known as wandering-jew in Brazil and are frequently misidentified, causing unsatisfactory herbicide control and promoting economic losses and environmental damage. This work aimed to select morphological characteristics of these four types of weeds using multivariate analysis methods to facilitate their identification. Twelve descriptive and thirteen quantitative morphological characteristics were used in clustering analysis and principal component analysis. Commelina species presented a high degree of dissimilarity, especially in their descriptive characteristics, such as, plant habit, stem and leaf pilosity. Quantitative characteristics also showed high differentiation degree. Morphological descriptive, and quantitative characteristics with taxonomic importance were selected to propose identification key for the four weed species.

O controle químico de espécies do gênero Commelina (trapoerabas) é, muitas vezes, insatisfatório, apesar do uso intenso de herbicidas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o controle de quatro espécies daninhas de Commelina com o uso de diferentes herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência. Foram avaliadas plantas de C. benghalensis, C. villosa, C. diffusa e C. erecta, em estádio com mais de quatro folhas e caules com cerca de 15 a 25 cm de comprimento, submetidas aos tratamentos com carfentrazone-ethyl (30 e 50 g ha-1), glyphosate (960 g ha-1), carfentrazone-ethyl + glyphosate (30 + 960 g ha-1) e sulfentrazone + glyphosate (150 + 960 g ha-1), além de uma testemunha sem aplicação. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Verificou-se que o controle químico de trapoerabas foi dependente da espécie, sendo C. benghalensis controlada mais eficientemente com os tratamentos testados, enquanto C. erecta apresentou o menor controle. A aplicação de glyphosate em mistura com carfentrazone-ethyl foi mais eficiente no controle das espécies de trapoeraba do que os demais tratamentos empregados.Chemical weed control of Commelina species (wandering-jew) is sometimes unsatisfactory. This work was carried out to observe the effect of herbicides on Commelina species at post-emergence. C. benghalensis, C. villosa, C. diffusa and C. erecta were treated with carfentrazone-ethyl (30 g ha-1 and 50 g ha-1), glyphosate (960 g ha-1), carfentrazone-ethyl plus glyphosate (30 + 960 g ha-1), sulfentrazone plus glyphosate (150 + 960 g ha-1), and a control, when the plants displayed 15 to 25 cm long stems. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications. Commelina chemical control was different among species. Best control was achieved with C. benghalensis and C. erecta had the worst level of control. The treatment with carfentrazone-ethyl plus glyphosate showed the best results on the control of these four Commelina species, compared to other applications.

Yeasts contain bioactive components that can enhance fish immune robustness and disease resistance. Our study focused on analyzing intestinal immunoregulatory pathways in zebrafish (Danio rerio) using iTRAQ and 2D LC-MS/MS to quantify intestinal proteins. Zebrafish were fed either control diet (C) or diet supplemented with autolyzed Cyberlindnera jadinii (ACJ). KEGG analysis revealed that ACJ yeast diet induced increased abundance of proteins related to arginine and proline metabolism, phagosome, C-lectin receptor signaling, ribosome and PPAR signaling pathways, which can modulate and enhance innate immune responses. ACJ yeast diet also showed decreased abundance of proteins associated with inflammatory pathways, including apoptosis, necroptosis and ferroptosis. These findings indicate boosted innate immune response and control of inflammation-related pathways in zebrafish intestine. Our findings in the well annotated proteome of zebrafish enabled a detailed investigation of intestinal responses and provide insight into health-beneficial effects of yeast species C. jadinii, which is relevant for aquaculture species.

Compounds from woody biomass are promising candidates as feed additives to improve fish health and welfare of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during the productive cycleng. Thus, conidendrin- and isorhapontin-based extracts (NSEs) from Norway spruce (Picea abies) were evaluated at different levels in a four-week trial. A commercial-like diet (D1) was supplemented with 0.2% of a commercial β-glucan (D2) or with NSEs at 0.02%, 0.1% and 0.2% (D3-D8). No significant differences were found in growth, intestinal morphometry and microbiota at the genus level. Immune-related biomarkers in distal intestine from D5 and D6 indicated an activation of a pro-inflammatory response by the up-regulation of il1b, as in D2. Interestingly, isorhapontin-based extract at higher inclusion level (D8), showed a down-regulation of both pro- and anti-inflammatory- genes, suggesting maintenance of homeostasis. These results showed the importance of source and inclusion levels of bioactive compounds on the regulatory balance associated with fish immune response.

ABSTRACT: The effect of dietary graded levels of Cyberlindnera jadinii yeast (C. jadinii) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health of broilers was evaluated from 1 to 34 d of age. A total of 360 male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (6 replicate pens each) consisting of a wheat-soybean meal-based pelleted diet (Control or CJ0), and 3 diets in which 10% (CJ10), 20% (CJ20), and 30% (CJ30) of the crude protein were supplied by C. jadinii, by gradually replacing protein-rich ingredients. Body weight and feed intake were measured at d 1, 11, 22, and 32. Pellet temperature, durability, and hardness increased linearly (P < 0.05) with C. jadinii inclusion, with highest (P < 0.05) values for CJ30. Up until d 22, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was similar between treatments (P = 0.169). Overall, increasing C. jadinii inclusion linearly increased (P = 0.047) feed intake but had no effect on weight gain or mortality. FCR increased (P < 0.05) linearly with increasing C. jadinii inclusion but only birds fed CJ30 had a significantly poorer FCR compared to the Control. Ileal digestibility was not affected by C. jadinii inclusion, however, there was a significant linear decrease in crude protein and phosphorus, and a tendency for a decrease in fat digestibility. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) decreased (P < 0.001) quadratically with increasing C. jadinii and was significantly lower in CJ30 compared to the Control. Ileal concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were not affected by C. jadinii inclusion, but butyric acid and total VFAs were linearly and quadratically increased and were significantly higher in cecal digesta of birds fed CJ20 and CJ30. Increasing C. jadinii inclusion was associated with an increase (P < 0.05) in the relative abundance of lactobacillus in the ileum and cecum. In conclusion, C. jadinii yeast can supply up to 20% of the total dietary protein without negatively affecting performance, digestibility, or gut health of broilers. The potential confounding role of feed processing and C. jadinii cell wall components on broiler performance is discussed.