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1. Low frequency noise versus temperature spectroscopy of Ge JFETs, Si JFETs and Si MOSFETs

Author: V. Grassi, C.F. Colombo, and D.V. Camin
Subjects: Materials science, Noise measurement, business.industry, Infrasound, MOSFET, General Physics and Astronomy, Optoelectronics, Waveform, business, Spectroscopy, Spectral line, Noise (radio), Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: We have measured low frequency noise in Ge JFETs, Si JFETs and Si MOSFETs. By analyzing the data taken at different temperatures we have been able to determine the energy level and cross sections of traps that give origin to the Lorentzian noise components. To do that we have designed a HW/SW system capable to perform measurements between 4K-300K and to calculate the trap's parameters. Shallow levels have been identified in Ge JFETs. Lorentzian components have been identified in MOS noise spectra.
Published: 2002
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2. Low frequency noise versus temperature spectroscopy of recently designed Ge JFETs

Author: C.F. Colombo, D.V. Camin, and V. Grassi
Subjects: Materials science, Infrasound, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Germanium, Atmospheric temperature range, Noise (electronics), Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Computational physics, chemistry, Range (statistics), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Spectroscopy, Spectral noise, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: During the investigation of cryogenic properties of recently developed Ge JFETs we have applied the technique known in literature as low frequency noise versus temperature spectroscopy (LFN versus T). Using this method we have determined the energy levels of traps associated to Lorentzian noise found in the 30 to 40 K temperature range. To perform this task we have developed a computer-controlled experimental setup able to set the temperature within /spl plusmn/5 mK in the range 4 to 300 K during a spectral noise measurement. An approach for the calculation of the uncertainties that affect the evaluation of traps parameter is presented.
Published: 2001
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3. Stability of a line receiver (0–T) preamplifier, connected to a capacitive detector via a transmission line

Author: G. Battistoni, D.V. Camin, P. Ramaioli, R.S. Shuvalov, and N. Fedyakin
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Preamplifier, Capacitive sensing, Detector, Input impedance, Signal, Optics, Electric power transmission, Transmission line, Nuclear Experiment, business, Instrumentation, Electrical impedance
Abstract: We analyze the stability of a line receiver (0–T) preamplifier proposed to readout the ionization signal of the ATLAS LAr electromagnetic calorimeter. The transport of detector signal to the preamplifier input via a cable is analyzed on the basis of classical theory of wave propagation in transmission lines. It is shown that the analysis of stability can be reduced to the examination of zeros of the expression Zin+ZDC , where Zin is the input impedance of the 0–T and ZDC is the impedance of the detector plus cable, as seen by the preamplifier. An experimental method to measure the preamplifier input impedance in a range 1–200 MHz is described. The stability function Zin+ZDC was built by using the combination of experimental data (Zin) and calculations (ZDC) and was used to analyze the stability of two versions of 0–T preamplifier at different experimental conditions. It is illustrated that if the vector end of this semiempirical stability function makes a clockwise encirclement of zero, then the preamplifier is definitely unstable.
Published: 1999
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4. Cryogenic performance of monolithic MESFET preamplifiers for LAr calorimetry

Author: D.V. Camin, G. Battistoni, M. Sironi, G. Pessina, and N. Fedyakin
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Preamplifier, business.industry, High Energy Physics::Lattice, Calorimetry, Chip, Optoelectronics, Wafer, MESFET, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, business, Instrumentation
Abstract: A monolithic dual-channel preamplifier chip for LAr calorimetry has been designed in three “flavours”. Four wafers containing about 500 units have been fabricated and the best flavour was carefully evaluated to establish the yield and the uniformity of the process at cryogenic temperatures. The results of this evaluation are presented.
Published: 1997
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5. A low DC drift read-out system for a large mass bolometric detector

Author: A. Nucciotti, D.V. Camin, C. Brofferio, M. Pavan, A. Giuliani, A. Alessandrello, E. Previtali, G. Pessina, Oliviero Cremonesi, C. Bucci, and G. Sablich
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Power supply rejection ratio, Input offset voltage, business.industry, Preamplifier, Detector, Electrical engineering, Shot noise, Noise (electronics), Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Field-effect transistor, Instrumentation amplifier, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business
Abstract: We present a read-out solution for a bolometric detector of large mass. It consists of a voltage-sensitive preamplifier, having very low series and parallel input noise, thanks to the use of a pair of selected silicon JFETs at the input. Very good electrical characteristics were obtained. DC power supply rejection ratio, thermal drift of input offset voltage and input leakage current are minimized by using novel circuit solutions. Parallel noise behavior was also investigated using a new measurement method capable to be sensitive to shot noise generated by very small currents (tens of fA).
Published: 1997
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6. Improvements in dynamic and noise performance of cryogenic GaAs monolithic ASICs

Author: M. Sironi, D.V. Camin, E. Previtali, G. Pessina, and N. Fedyakin
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, business.industry, Preamplifier, Electrical engineering, Integrated circuit, Dissipation, Chip, Noise (electronics), law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Application-specific integrated circuit, law, Nuclear electronics, MESFET, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business
Abstract: We have developed two new ASICs for cryogenic operation using a GaAs ion-implanted MESFET process. A preamplifier chip for LAr calorimetry has white series noise above 1 MHz with a spectral density of 0.32 nV//spl radic/Hz. Power dissipation is 66 mW and GBW 1.7 GHz. Operation at 22 mW power dissipation is also possible, with lower noise and speed performance. A cryogenic buffer/LED driver with 0.6% integral non-linearity for 100 mA maximum output current and 8.7 mW standing power dissipation was also developed.
Published: 1996
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7. Cryogenic ASICs in GaAs for Applications with Particle Detectors

Author: D.V. Camin and G. Pessina
Subjects: Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Preamplifier, business.industry, Amplifier, Bolometer, Detector, Buffer amplifier, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, law.invention, 010309 optics, law, [PHYS.HIST]Physics [physics]/Physics archives, Operational transconductance amplifier, 0103 physical sciences, Optoelectronics, MESFET, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: We present two cryogenic Application Specific Integrated circuits (ASIC's) realized with a GaAs MESFET process. A single-channel differential or double-channel single-ended voltage sensitive preamplifier for 4.2 K operation, to be used with bolometric detectors, was realized and tested. A very simple structure working as a unity gain buffer or as a transconductance amplifier, or even as a shaping filter was tested in view of an application with a fast particle detector operated at liquid Argon temperature.
Published: 1996
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8. Performance of the liquid argon electromagnetic and hadronic accordion calorimeter for the LHC

Author: C.W. Fabjan, R. Nacash, J-P. Meyer, Peter Jenni, D. Stephani, Howard Gordon, J. Colas, Marzio Nessi, Edouard Boos, Johann Collot, C. Padilla, F. Manfredi, L. Owe Eek, P. de Saintignon, Miriam Lucio Martinez, T. Leflour, B. Beaugiraud, O. Gildemeister, V. Speziali, G. Gaidos, J.C. Chollet, Georges Azuelos, A. Astbury, Laura Perini, F. Etienne, J. Schwindling, M. Stipcevic, P. Lavocat, J. Pouxe, R. Zitoun, R. Chase, F. Gianotti, Daniel Fournier, Bengt Lund-Jensen, Elemer Nagy, E.I. Florian, D.V. Camin, E. Merchez, J. P. Repellin, Arthur Schaffer, Richard Keeler, Paola Sala, A. Hirosoho, Donatella Cavalli, J. F. Renardy, B. Merkel, Andrea Ferrari, G. Laborie, A. Cravero, Luc Poggioli, Gilles Beaudoin, J. Soderqvist, G. Hansl-Kozanecka, A. Bazan, B.O. Schaoutnikov, D. Dzahini, Valerio Re, Luis Hervas, Veljko Radeka, Guillaume Unal, J. S. White, Isabelle Wingerter-Seez, J.M. Noppe, Laurent Serin, P. Kitching, Claude Leroy, Fernando Barreiro, S. Basa, L. Gosset, B. Olsen, J. Lory, D. Imbault, J.P. Lottin, J. Roy, Pierre Petroff, B. Aubert, J.M. Baze, Lydia Iconomidou-Fayard, M. Mazzanti, Emmanuel Monnier, W. Richtel, V. Vuillemin, L. Mandelli, Sylvain Tisserant, A. Checktman, E. Auge, M. Chemeissiani, M. C. Cousinou, L. Cozzi, Giuseppe Costa, P. Depommier, Louis Fayard, Ph. Jean, P. Dargent, D.C. Rahm, Y. Zolnierowski, D. Fouchez, Doug Gingrich, C. Olivetto, N. L. Rodning, J.L. Chevalley, G. Battistoni, G. Parrour, C. De La Taille, James Pinfold, Bruno Mansoulie, Nicolas Seguin, M. Marie, D. Canton, H. Zaccone, G. Mahout, L. Labarga, J. Teiger, Ll. Garrido, M. Lefebvre, J. C. Clemens, G. Greenious, E. Fernandez, D. Sauvage, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Range (particle radiation), Large Hadron Collider, Calorimeter (particle physics), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Nuclear Theory, Detector, Hadron, Electron, liquid argon, hadronic calorimeter, accordion, 01 natural sciences, Accordion, Nuclear physics, Pion, 0103 physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation
Abstract: A large scale prototype of a liquid argon accordion calorimeter, conceived as a sector of a full LHC Barrel detector and consisting of an electromagnetic and a hadronic section, has been constructed and tested at the CERN SPS with electron and pion beams in the energy range 10-287 GeV. The energy resolution measured for electrons is 10%/square-root E[GeV] with a local constant of 0.2%. Preliminary results on the hadronic section, which for this first exposure had only half of its transverse coverage, look encouraging and show that the calorimeter behaves according to the design figures.
Published: 1994
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9. Measurements of low radioactive contaminations in lead using bolometric detectors

Author: F. Allegretti, A. Giuliani, C. Brofferio, M. Pavan, E. Fiorini, L. Zanotti, D.V. Camin, A. Alessandrello, Oliviero Cremonesi, E. Previtali, S. Pizzini, P.P. Sverzellati, and G. Pessina
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Becquerel, Kilogram, law, Chemistry, Bolometer, Radiochemistry, Lead (sea ice), Low activity, Contamination, Instrumentation, law.invention
Abstract: Bolometric detectors made with samples of crystalline and polycrystalline lead have been operated to measure their internal radioactivity due to 210 Pb. It has been found that contaminations of hundreds of becquerels per kilogram are present in commercial low radioactivity lead and that these contaminations can be reduced by an order of magnitude by crystallisation. A low activity of a few hundreds of millibecquerels per kilogram still persists in specially prepared low radioactivity lead. No evidence for contamination is on the contrary found in a 2000 year old lead sample from a sunk Roman ship, at a level of less than 20 millibecquerel per kilogram.
Published: 1993
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10. Signal modelling for TeO2 bolometric detectors

Author: Oliviero Cremonesi, G. Pessina, A. Alessandrello, A. Giuliani, M. Pavan, E. Previtali, D.V. Camin, and C. Brofferio
Subjects: Physics, Thermistor, Detector, Bolometer, Electron, Condensed Matter Physics, Signal, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Computational physics, law.invention, Thermal conductivity, law, Electric field, Thermal, General Materials Science
Abstract: An energetic particle impinging a large mass bolometric detector generates signals of different shape depending on where the energy is deposited: in the absorber or in thethermal sensor. By exploiting this effect and the thermal characteristic of the sensor, all the parameters needed for simulating the dynamic behaviour of the detector for small and large signals were extracted. The model was used for simulating a series of 3 TeO2 bolometers with mass of 70g and 330g. For an accurate analysis an electric field effect dependance of the electron-phonon thermal conductance and electrons heat capacity in the thermistors used was taken into account. Also an interesting measured and simulated effect was considered regarding the quasi complete thermalized energy given by an α-particle.
Published: 1993
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11. Improvements in dynamic and 1/f noise performances of GaAs MESFETs at cryogenic temperatures by using a monolithic process

Author: D.V. Camin, G. Pessina, and E. Previtali
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, business.industry, Preamplifier, Infrasound, Chip, Noise (electronics), Gallium arsenide, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Optoelectronics, MESFET, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Electronic circuit, Voltage
Abstract: A monolithic array of MESFETs with progressively increasing gate lengths from 1 mu m to 10 mu m and two charge preamplifiers have been designed and integrated in the same chip. Low-frequency noise and dynamic characteristics of the FETs have been measured. Measurements at 4 K and 77 K of an array of FETs with different gate-lengths have shown that D-FETs from the QED/A process by TriQuint present good noise and dynamic performances. The factor of merit H/sub f/=2.8*10/sup -26/ J obtained at 4 K is better than that of available discrete MESFETs. The preamplifier exhibits fast response and reasonable noise performance despite the use of M-FETs which do not exhibit the best noise performance of the process. >
Published: 1993
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12. Performance of a liquid argon preshower detector integrated with an Accordion calorimeter

Author: F. Gianotti, J. Soderqvist, Isabelle Wingerter-Seez, R. Chase, P. Lavocat, C.W. Fabjan, Y. Zolnierowski, Peter Jenni, J.P. Lottin, B. Aubert, W. Richter, J. F. Renardy, B. Merkel, Andrea Ferrari, J.P. Vialle, B. Beaugiraud, M. Pepe, O. Gildemeister, D.V. Camin, G. Costa, A. Bazan, T. Leflour, J.M. Noppe, N. Bulgakov, C. De La Taille, P. Petroff, C. Fuglesang, J. Colas, Marzio Nessi, A. Hrisoho, H. Zaccone, J-P. Meyer, Veljko Radeka, E. Auge, Arthur Schaffer, D. Stephani, Howard Gordon, Nicolas Seguin, Louis Fayard, Marcello Mazzanti, G. Le Meur, J. Teiger, Michel Lefebvre, J.L. Chevalley, Ph. Jean, M. Sciamanna, G. Battistoni, Laura Perini, L. Gosset, G. Parrour, D.C. Rahm, J.C. Chollet, Daniel Fournier, J. P. Repellin, M. Maire, Guillaume Unal, V. Vuillemin, L. Mandelli, Bruno Mansoulie, D. Cavalli, Francesca Nessi-Tedaldi, J.M. Baze, G. Pessina, and A. Cravero
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Photon, Calorimeter (particle physics), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, Space resolution, Accordion, Nuclear physics, Liquid argon, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Granularity, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Instrumentation
Abstract: A prototype liquid argon preshower detector with a strip granularity of 2.5 mm has been tested at the CERN SPS in front of a liquid argon Accordion calorimeter. For charged tracks a signal-to-noise ratio of 9.4 and a space resolution of 340 μm were measured; the rejection power against overlapping photons produced in the decay of 50 GeV π 0 's is larger than 3; the precision on
Published: 1993
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13. Large mass, low temperature, low background detectors

Author: Ettore Fiorini, D.V. Camin, A. Giuliani, C. Brofferio, E. Previtali, G. Pessina, L. Zanotti, M. Pavan, A. Alessandrello, S. Parmeggiano, Oliviero Cremonesi, and G. Gervasio
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Range (particle radiation), Resolution (mass spectrometry), chemistry, law, Bolometer, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, Tellurium, Instrumentation, law.invention
Abstract: Bolometric detectors can be realized with a wide range of materials, and large mass. Some aspects regarding the energy resolution of large bolometers are analyzed. Preliminary experimental results on neutrinoless ββ decay of tellurium, obtained with this technique, are shown.
Published: 1992
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14. Front-end in GaAs

Author: E. Previtali, G. Pessina, and D.V. Camin
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Calorimeter (particle physics), Dopant, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Preamplifier, Detector, Bolometer, law.invention, Front and back ends, law, Impurity, Optoelectronics, Particle, business, Instrumentation
Abstract: The use of GaAs MESFETs in the realization of low-noise preamplifiers for particle detectors are analized in this paper. Fundamental properties of GaAs are reviewed. The low ionization energy of dopant impurities allows operation at cryogenic temperatures. The high electron mobility permits to obtain high gain-bandwidth products with low power dissipation. Voltage-sensitive preamplifiers for 4 K operation have been developed and are presently used with bolometric particle detectors. Charge-sensitive preamplifiers for liquid calorimetry have also been developed and are used for the readout of the Accordeon LAr calorimeter prototype. A version based on a monolithic array of MESFETs was tested as a first step towards a monolithic preamplifier version. So far, hybrid techniques have been used for the preamplifier manufacturing with a very high yield.
Published: 1992
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15. Cryogenic voltage-sensitive preamplifier using GaAs MESFETs of low 1ƒ noise

Author: A. Alessandrello, C. Brofferio, D.V. Camin, Alessandro Giuliani, E. Previtali, and G. Pessina
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Preamplifier, business.industry, Bolometer, Detector, Biasing, Signal, Noise (electronics), law.invention, law, Rise time, Optoelectronics, business, Instrumentation, Voltage
Abstract: A voltage-sensitive preamplifier using GaAs MESFETs of low 1 ƒ noise has been developed. The voltage gain is fixed to 51. With a total power dissipation of 54 mW the preamplifier's series noise level at 4 K is 9 nV / Hz 1 2 at 100 Hz and 0.3 nV / Hz 1 2 at 100 kHz. The input bias current of the preamplifier was determined to be lower than 10 fA below 100 K. Response to a step pulse gave a rise time of 40 ns when loaded with a 130 pF load. The voltage-sensitive preamplifier is presently used in Milano for signal readout and characterization of large-mass bolometric particle detectors. An energy resolution of 13 keV for the 1330 keV of a 60Co gamma source was obtained with an 11 g Ge bolometric detector readout with this preamplifier.
Published: 1990
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16. Low-noise gallium-arsenide charge-sensitive preamplifiers for low-temperature particle detectors

Author: C. Brofferio, A. Giuliani, D.V. Camin, A. Alessandrello, E. Previtali, and G. Pessina
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, business.industry, Preamplifier, Transconductance, Electrical engineering, Current source, Capacitance, Noise (electronics), Particle detector, Gallium arsenide, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Atomic physics, business, Power density
Abstract: Charge-sensitive preamplifiers for operation between 1 K and 120 K have been developed and evaluated. They use double-gate GaAs MESFETs selected for their low 1/f noise. These devices are operated with both gates interconnected, emulating single-gate MESFETs of double gate-length, obtaining in this way a value of A/sub f/, (the coefficient of the 1/f noise spectral power density), of 1.7*10/sup -13/ V/sup 2/ at 77 K and 3.8*10/sup -14/ V/sup 2/ at 4 K. The latter is one-fourth of the value exhibited by the original device before modification and two orders of magnitude less than the value measured at 300 K. At the optimum bias, operating point device transconductance is 6 mA/V and the power dissipation 360 mu W. The input capacitance is less than 5 pF, therefore H/sub f/, the 1/f noise characteristic parameter, is lower than 8.5*10/sup -25/ J and 1.9*10/sup -25/ J at 77 K and 4 K respectively. The basic circuit configuration consists of a double-cascade loaded with a bootstrapped current source. In this way, a high gain-bandwidth product is obtained despite the low dynamic output resistance, 3000 Omega , exhibited by the MESFETs at the operating point. >
Published: 1990
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17. Bolometers

Author: C. Brofferio, E. Fiorini, G. Pessina, A. Giuliani, A. Alessandrello, E. Previtali, D.V. Camin, and Oliviero Cremonesi
Subjects: Superconductivity, Nuclear physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, law, Detector, Bolometer, Particle, Instrumentation, Energy (signal processing), law.invention
Abstract: Results on the most advanced bolometers for particle detection are reported. A microcalorimeter able to reach resolutions better than 20 eV for energy depositions of the order of 1–10 keV is briefly described. We report the performances of three massive detectors, which are capable to reveal low- and high-energy γ-rays as well as low-ionizing nuclear recoils. For the first time results obtained with a superconductive absorber (molybdenum) are presented, showing that there are serious difficulties in thermalizing the deposited energy, which could prevent from employing superconductors in a bolometric approach.
Published: 1990
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18. Properties and performance of the prototype instrument for the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author: J. Gitto, B. Wilczynska, Miguel Mostafá, S. Nigro, D. Allard, Zbigniew Szadkowski, P. Gouffon, W. E. Slater, Rodrigo Pelayo, T. Dang-Quang, A. Cordero, Danilo Zavrtanik, Matthias Kleifges, H. Spinka, M. Trombley, G. Maurin, A. Carreño, Germano Guedes, F. Cohen, G. Martin, Olivier Deligny, Paul Sommers, Gennaro Miele, Tanguy Pierog, C. Aramo, M. Videla, K. Gibbs, R. Baggio, R. Andrews, R. Meyhandan, D. Nicotra, R. Mussa, N. Playez, Karl-Heinz Kampert, Antonio Insolia, Q. Zhu, M. Lucano, G. Rodriguez, Luigi Rosa, Nicolo Cartiglia, A. C. Rovero, Maria Giller, J. Abraham, C. J. Todero Peixoto, Vincenzo Rizi, Antonella Castellina, S. Ranchon, Martina Bohacova, T. Yamamoto, Bárbara María Civit, Nadia Pastrone, Carlos Escobar, P. V.M. Da Silva, M. Cuautle, J. J. Beatty, Norbert Kunka, D. Nitz, G. Matthiae, M. Ambrosio, L. Voyvodic, H. Gemmeke, Carlo Vigorito, M. Patel, Agueda Castagna de Vargas, Antoine Letessier-Selvon, M. A. L. de Oliveira, Jose Chinellato, G. Raia, P. Walker, C. Germain-Renaud, John Swain, Y. Ma, C. Guerard, D. Supanitsky, M. Prouza, G. Wieczorek, L. G. Dos Santos, A. Cordier, K. Arisaka, D. Pham-Ngoc, P. Eschstruth, R. López, Bianca Keilhauer, E. Ponce, Corbin Covault, Alejandro Luis Veiga, Piotr Homola, Helio Nogima, J. C. Arteaga, E. Menichetti, I. Lhenry-Yvon, Alexander Grillo, Petr Schovanek, P. Pham-Trung, Enrique Zas, L. A. de Carvalho, D. Warner, R. Gumbsheimer, A. Fernandez, A. Chou, E. H. Pasaye, M. Richten, Jan Pękala, Hans Klages, A. Chiavassa, V. Verzi, Lorenzo Cazon, C. Morello, S. Coutu, S. Román, Miroslav Hrabovsky, C. H. Wiebusch, Arnulfo Zepeda, Norberto Fazzini, H. Bluemer, A. Lopez Agüera, K. Smith, Y. Jerónimo, A. Dye, Marta Anguiano, A. F. Barbosa, Dariusz Gora, C. Pryke, P. Bello, Alberto Filevich, G. Parente, Manuel Nuñez, Markus Roth, John Matthews, S. L. C. Barroso, F. Meyer, E. Bollmann, H. Glass, Marco Aglietta, T. A. Porter, Marcos Santander, Juan Carlos D'Olivo, P. Clark, F. V. Siguas, Peter Mazur, T. Vo-Van, J. Knapp, E. Cormier, Gaetano Salina, Ricardo Vázquez, Carola Dobrigkeit, A. Risi, M. Chiosso, S. Reucroft, P. Tuckey, E. Moreno, D. Barnhill, Miroslav Palatka, N. Smetniansky-De Grande, A. V. Dorofeev, Fausto Guarino, Piera Luisa Ghia, M. Vlcek, Paul M. Mantsch, Anderson Fauth, W. Fulgione, Peter L. Biermann, X. Bai, P.F. Manfredi, Alan Watson, E. Berman, Etienne Parizot, T. Bergmann, J. C. Meza, Luis N. Epele, N. Martínez, G. J. Thornton, Hermann-Josef Mathes, D. Hoffer, A. Della Selva, C. Grunfeld, Paolo Privitera, Darko Veberič, Rossella Caruso, Mohammed A Mohammed, J.M. Brunet, D.V. Camin, Carlos Hojvat, J. Alvarez Muñiz, P. Matussek, Ralph Engel, H. Nassini, L. Perrone, Jonny Kleinfeller, M. Mcewen, J.N. Capdevielle, J. Chye, Ernesto Kemp, I. C. Aguirre, Warner A. Miller, S. Ostaptchenko, J. F. Valdés, Daw Don Cheam, Tristan Beau, A. Menshikov, A. Tamashiro, J. W. Cronin, C. Medina, A. de Capoa, Jan Ridky, D. Monnier-Ragaigne, G. Tristram, M. Melocchi, C. Uribe Estrada, L. Villaseñor, P. Facal San Luis, Heiko Geenen, Markus Risse, U. Cotti, N. Chávez, Sergio Sciutto, R. R. McNeil, M. G. Do Amaral, M. Gómez Berisso, R. C. Shellard, Carla Bonifazi, Jose A. Bellido, Isabel Pedraza, D. Melo, Federico Suarez, Ofelia Pisanti, D. Nosek, Sergio Petrera, F. Sánchez, A. Pérez-Lorenzana, Kai Daumiller, L. Jiang, A. Ferrero, M. Zavrtanik, Daniel R Claes, H. Bui-Duc, D. Ravignani, Chao Zhang, Lukas Nellen, Beatriz García, P. Petrinca, J. Rodriquez, Sabrina Casanova, C. Song, Roger W Clay, V. de Souza, T. Thouw, Stefano Argiro, Luis A. Anchordoqui, L. Prado Junior, E. Gámez, R. Cester, P.W. Cattaneo, P. S. Allison, S. Atulugama, Catherine Newman-Holmes, Maria-Teresa Dova, T. Waldenmaier, T. Suomijärvi, K. H. Becker, A. G. Mariazzi, M. Kutschera, A. Filipčivč, J. Cotzomi, P.F. Gómez Vitale, J. Darling, Jeffrey Brack, Humberto Ibarguen Salazar, Dieter Heck, Martin Urban, M. D. Roberts, Antonio Velarde, V. Scherini, R. Fonte, M. Horvat, G. Navarra, Pierre Darriulat, F. Nerling, Jose M Hernandez, Brian Fick, M. J. Markus, R. Sato, C. Vargas, J. C. dos Anjos, M. Ave, E. Casimiro, M. Boratav, Gualberto Avila, P. Bauleo, Ingomar Allekotte, Michael DuVernois, Angela V. Olinto, Gustavo Medina-Tanco, G. Sequeiros-Haddad, V. Tunnicliffe, L. Manhaes, S. Jaminion, J. S. Díaz, J. Lloyd-Evans, B. Revenue, E. Marques, C. Robledo, José Eduardo Martinez, E. Shibuya, J. A.J. Matthews, Xavier Bertou, N. R. Wild, Alberto Etchegoyen, T. Ohnuki, J. S. Gonzalez, J. Grygar, Iuri Muniz Pepe, A. Cillis, Francois Vernotte, D. Tscherniakhovski, L. De Bruijn, S. Dagoret-Campagne, J. B. Rafert, Gregory R Snow, P. Billoir, Henrique M. J. Barbosa, John L. Harton, N. Peshman, T. Paul, M. C. Medina, Valerio Re, O. Martineau, D. Maurizio, R. Ticona, A. Goodwin, R. Biral, Carmen García, W. Tkaczyk, F. Hasenbalg, Antonella Boselli, M. Lapolla, V. Cabrera, M. Kaducak, Michael Albrow, Lodovico Ratti, Bruce R. Dawson, J. Rodriquez Martino, A. K. Tripathi, Rafael E. Luna, J. M. G. Castro, C. Lachaud, Thomas McCauley, M. E. Mancenido, H. C. Reis, A. Creusot, O. Martinez, Andreas Kopmann, V. Grassi, Henryk Wilczyński, M., Ambrosio, Aramo, Carla, DELLA SELVA, Angelo, Guarino, Fausto, Miele, Gennaro, Pisanti, Ofelia, The Pierre Auger, C. o. l. l. a. b. o. r. a. t. i. o. n., J., Abraham, M., Aglietta, I. C., Aguirre, M., Albrow, D., Allard, I., Allekotte, P., Allison, J., Alvarez Muniz, M. G., do Amaral, L., Anchordoqui, R., Andrew, M., Anguiano, J. C., dos Anjo, C., Aramo, S., Argiro, K., Arisaka, J. C., Arteaga, S., Atulugama, M., Ave, G., Avila, R., Baggio, X., Baib, A. F., Barbosa, H. M. J., Barbosa, D., Barnhill, S. L. C., Barroso, P., Bauleo, J., Beatty, T., Beau, K. H., Becker, J. A., Bellido, P., Bello, T., Bergmann, E., Berman, X., Bertou, P., Biermann, P., Billoir, R., Biral, H., Bluemer, M., Bohacova, E., Bollmann, C., Bonifazi, M., Borat, A., Boselli, J., Brack, J. M., Brunet, H., Bui Duc, V., Cabrera, D. V., Camin, J. N., Capdevielle, A., Carreno, N., Cartiglian, R., Caruso, L. A., de Carvalho, S., Casanovabk, E., Casimiro, A., Castellina, J., Castrol, P. W., Cattaneo, L., Cazon, R., Cester, N., Chavez, D., Cheam, A., Chiavassa, J. A., Chinellato, M., Chiosso, A., Chou, J., Chye, A., Cilli, B., Civit, D., Clae, P. D. J., Clark, R. W., Clay, F., Cohen, A., Cordero, A., Cordier, E., Cormier, J., Cotzom, U., Cotti, S., Coutu, C. E., Covaul, A., Creusot, J. W., Cronin, M., Cuautl, S., Dagoret Campagne, T., Dang Quang, P., Da Silva, J., Darling, P., Darriulat, K., Daumiller, B. R., Dawson, L., de Bruijn, A., De Capoa, M. A. L., de Oliveira, V., de Souza, A., Della Selva, O., Deligny, J. C., Diaz, C., Dobrigkeit, J. C., D’Olivo, A., Dorofe, M. T., Dova, A., Dyeam, M. A., Duvernoi, R., Engel, L. N., Epele, P., Eschstruth, C. O., Escobar, A., Etchegoyen, P., Facal San Lui, A. C., Fauth, N., Fazzini, A., Fernandez, A. M. J., Ferrero, B., Fick, A., Filevich, A., Filipcicat, R., Fonteaw, W., Fulgione, E., Gamez, B., Garcia, C. A., Garcia, H., Geenen, H., Gemmeke, C., Germain Renaud, P. L., Ghia, K., Gibb, M., Giller, J., Gitto, H., Gla, M., Gomez Berissof, P. F., Gomez Vitale, J., Gonzalez, D., Gora, A., Goodwin, P., Gouffon, V., Grassi, A. F. Grillo C., Grunfeld, J., Grygar, F., Guarino, G., Guede, C., Guerard, R., Gumbsheimer, J. L., Harton, F., Hasenbalg, D., Heck, J. M., Hernandez, D., Hoffer, C., Hojvat, P., Homola, M., Horvat, M., Hrabovsky, A., Insolia, S., Jaminion, Y., Jeronimo, L., Jiang, M., Kaduca, K. H., Kampert, B., Keilhauerx, E., Kemp, H., Klage, M., Kleifge, J., Kleinfeller, J., Knapp, A., Kopmann, N., Kunka, M., Kutschera, C., Lachaud, M., Lapolla, A., Letessier Selvon, I., Lhenry Yvon, J., Lloyd Evan, R., Lopez, A., Lopez Aguera, M., Lucano, R., Luna, Y., Mab, M. E., Mancenido, P. F., Manfredi, L., Manhae, P., Mantsch, A. G., Mariazzi, M. J., Marku, G., Martin, O., Martineau, J., Martinez, N., Martineza, O., Martınez, H. J., Mathe, J. A. J., Matthew, J., Matthewsa, G., Matthiae, E., Marque, P., Matussek, G., Maurin, D., Maurizio, P., Mazur, T., Mccaulely, M., Mcewen, R. R., Mcneil, C., Medina, M. C., Medina, G., Medina Tanco, D., Melo, M., Melocchi, E., Menichetti, A., Menshikova, F., Meyer, R., Meyhandan, J. C., Mez, G., Miele, W., Miller, M., Mohammed, D., Monnier Ragaigne, C., Morello, E., Moreno, M., Mostafa, R., Mussa, H., Nassin, G., Navarra, L., Nellena, F., Nerling, C., Newman Holme, D., Nicotra, S., Nigro, D., Nitz, H., Nogim, D., Nosek, M., Nunezl, T., Ohnuki, A., Olinto, S., Ostaptchenko, M., Palatka, G., Parente, E., Parizot, E. H., Pasaye, N., Pastrone, M., Patel, T., Paulk, I., Pedraza, J., Pekala, R., Pelay, I. M., Pepeb, A., P!erez Lorenza, Perrone, Lorenzo, N., Peshmana, S., Petrera, P., Petrinca, D., Pham Ngoc, P., Pham Trung, T., Pierog, O., Pisanti, N., Playez, E., Ponce, T. A., Porter, L., Prado Junior, P., Privitera, M., Prouza, C. L., Pryke, J. B., Raferta, G., Raia, S., Ranchon, L., Ratti, D., Ravignani, V., Re, H. C., Rei, S., Reucrof, B., Revenueu, M., Richter, J., Ridkya, A., Risi, M., Risse, V., Rizi, M. D., Robert, C., Robled, G., Rodriguez, J., Rodriquezaw, J., Rodriquez Martinoab, S., Rom!anl, L., Rosa, M., Roth, A. C., Rovero, H., Salaza, G., Salina, F., Sanchez, M., Santander, L. G., dos Santo, R., Sato, P., Schovaneka, V., Scherini, S. J., Sciutto, G., Sequeiros Haddada, R. C., Shellard, E., Shibuya, F. V., Sigua, W., Slater, N., Smetniansky De Grande, K., Smith, G. R., Snowal, P., Sommer, C., Song, H., Spink, F., Suarez, T., Suomijarvi, D., Supanitsky, J., Swaink, Z., Szadkowski, A., Tamashiro, G. J., Thornton, T., Thou, R., Ticon, W., Tkaczyk, C. J., Todero Peixoto, A., Tripathio, G., Tristram, M., Trombleya, D., Tscherniakhovski, P., Tuckey, V., Tunnicliffe, M., Urban, C., Uribe Estrada, J. F., Valde, A., Varga, C., Varga, R., Vazquez, D., Veberic, A., Veiga, A., Velard, F., Vernottebe, V., Verzi, M., Videla, C., Vigorito, L. M., Villasenorai, M., Vlceka, L., Voyvodi, T., Vo Vanap, T., Waldenmaier, P., Walker, D., Warner, A. A., Watson, Wiebusch, C. h., G., Wieczore, B., Wilczynska, H., Wilczynski, N. R., Wild, T., Yamamoto, E., Za, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zavrtanik, A., Zeped, C., Zhang, Q., Zhu, Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie - Collège de France (PCC), Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), PIERRE AUGER, and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photomultiplier, Osservatorio Pierre Auger, Cosmic ray, Auger observatory, Astrophysics, Settore ING-INF/01 - Elettronica, 01 natural sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Data acquisition, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, Extensive air showers, 010306 general physics, Ultra high energy cosmic rays, Instrumentation, Cosmic rays, Pierre Auger Observatory, Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Raggi Cosmici di altissima energia, Física, Stage (hydrology), Prototype instrument, Field conditions
Abstract: Construction of the first stage of the Pierre Auger Observatory has begun. The aim of the Observatory is to collect unprecedented information about cosmic rays above 10^18 eV. The first phase of the project, the construction and operation of a prototype system, known as the engineering array, has now been completed. It has allowed all of the sub-systems that will be used in the full instrument to be tested under field conditions. In this paper, the properties and performance of these sub-systems are described and their success illustrated with descriptions of some of the events recorded thus far., La lista completa de autores puede verse en el archivo asociado., Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
Published: 2004
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19. On the use of GaAs MESFETs in the realization of low-frequency low-noise amplifiers for applications at cryogenic temperatures

Author: A. Giuliani, A. Alessandrello, C. Brofferio, E. Previtali, G. Pessina, and D.V. Camin
Subjects: Physics, Preamplifier, business.industry, Amplifier, Transconductance, Optoelectronics, Flicker noise, Biasing, business, Capacitance, Noise (electronics), Power density
Abstract: Static characteristics and noise performances of selected dual-gate GaAs MESFETs at cryogenic temperatures are presented. Devices are operated with both gates interconnected, emulating in this way single-gate MESFETs with double gate length. With a biasing power of 360 mu W at 4 K A/sub f/, the 1/f noise coefficient is A/sub f/=3.8*10/sup -14/ V/sup 2/. When it is operated as a dual-gate device, A/sub f/ increases by a factor of four. The spectral power density of low-frequency noise at 4 K is two orders of magnitude lower than at 300 K. Transconductance at 4 K is 6 mA/V at V/sub DS/=0.6 V and I/sub D/=0.6 mA. Gate leakage current is lower than 10 fA below 100 K. Using these devices, a charge-sensitive preamplifier has been designed and tested. Detector matching capacitance is 8 pF. The minimum equivalent noise charge after semi-Gaussian shaping with tau =10 mu s is 20 RMS e/sup -/. The risetime is 16 ns, and the power dissipation is 7 mW. >
Published: 2003
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20. An electrothermal model for large mass bolometric detectors

Author: D.V. Camin, Oliviero Cremonesi, M. Pavan, A. Alessandrello, G. Pessina, E. Previtali, C. Brofferio, and A. Giuliani
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Thermistor, Bolometer, Electron, Heat capacity, Particle detector, Computational physics, law.invention, Thermal conductivity, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Heat transfer, Measuring instrument, Electronic engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Abstract: A method for modeling large mass bolometric detectors was developed. It is based on the analysis of the different pulse shapes obtained when a particle deposits its energy in the absorber or in the temperature sensor. SPICE was used for the simulation. Small and large signal analyses were conducted. The model was used for the accurate parameter extraction of two TeO/sub 2/ detectors of 70 g and 330 g, respectively. Results suggest a possible field-effect dependence of the electron-phonon thermal conductance and electron heat capacity in the nuclear transmutation doped thermistors used. >
Published: 2003
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21. Neutron induced damage in GaAs MESFETs

Author: N. Fedyakin, Gaudenzio Meneghesso, G. Pessina, Claudio Canali, G. Gasparetto, D.V. Camin, and Alessandro Paccagnella
Subjects: Materials science, business.industry, Transconductance, Conductance, Gallium Arsenide, MESFETs, Saturation current, Neutron flux, MOSFET, Optoelectronics, Field-effect transistor, Neutron, Irradiation, Atomic physics, business, Neutron damage
Abstract: Implanted channel GaAs MESFETs subjected to neutron irradiation show large modifications of the pinch-off voltage, open-channel saturation current, and transconductance in agreement with previous results. In this work we demonstrate how an experimental technique, based on the frequency dispersion of the transconductance, g/sub m/(f), and output conductance, g/sub D/(f), can identify the deep levels induced by neutron irradiation through measurements performed directly on packaged devices. After irradiation, a frequency dispersion of the transconductance has been observed, while it was flat in the unirradiated device. The g/sub m/(f) curve shape depends on the device bias conditions, and it has permitted for the first time to evaluate the activation energy of different deep levels induced by neutron irradiation in MESFETs.
Published: 2002
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22. Electronic chain for the readout of a fast liquid argon prototype calorimeter

Author: A. Ferrari, J-P. Meyer, A. Hrisoho, B. Merkel, J.P. Vialle, Nicolas Seguin, J. Colas, H. Zaccone, Marzio Nessi, D. Stephani, G. Guilhem, P. Farthouat, Francesca Nessi-Tedaldi, Howard Gordon, Isabelle Wingerter-Seez, M. Lebeau, L. Mandelli, Pierre Petroff, O. Gildemeister, Lydia Iconomidou-Fayard, M. Maire, D.V. Camin, C.W. Fabjan, T. Leflour, Paola Sala, B. Beaugiraud, Louis Fayard, Donatella Cavalli, F. Gianotti, Arthur Schaffer, Ph. Jean, J. Thion, A. Franz, P. Petitpas, Peter Jenni, Giuseppe Costa, D.C. Rahm, J.C. Chollet, J.L. Chevalley, P. Lavocat, Daniel Fournier, G. Battistoni, G. Parrour, Laura Perini, W. Richter, J. F. Renardy, B. Mnasoulie, J. Teiger, Michel Lefebvre, J. P. Repellin, A. Bazan, E. Auge, J.C. MeMarec, J.M. Noppe, L. Gosset, Veljko Radeka, C. De La Taille, J. J. Veillet, Graham R. Stevenson, C. Fuglesang, B. Aubert, M. Mazzanti, M. Pepe, W.J. Willis, J.M. Baze, and R. Chase
Subjects: Physics, Cryostat, Argon, Large Hadron Collider, Calorimeter (particle physics), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Preamplifier, Amplifier, chemistry.chemical_element, JFET, Nuclear physics, chemistry, Nuclear electronics, Optoelectronics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, business
Abstract: Summary form only given. A research and development program is being conducted in view of realizing an electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeter for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The authors report on tests on fast electronics, coupled to an electromagnetic prototype calorimeter built with an accordion structure. Three different types of preamplifiers have been used. In two (Si and GaAs hybrids), the preamplifier is operated in liquid argon. In the third one, a common based (Si JFET or GaAs) transistor is in the liquid, the charge preamplifier being outside the cryostat, after about 6 m of 50- Omega cable. The shaping amplifier uses RC-CR filtering. The response to a short current pulse peaks after about 20 ns. When the system is connected to the calorimeter, the liquid argon signals peak, as expected, after 30 ns. Noise, linearity, and cross-talk between channels were investigated. First results from an exposure of the calorimeter to electrons of energy 30 to 175 GeV were obtained. >
Published: 2002
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23. Differential optocoupler amplifier with low noise, low power and balanced output

Author: G. Pessina and D.V. Camin
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Power supply rejection ratio, Engineering, business.industry, Amplifier, Differential amplifier, Isolation amplifier, Balanced audio, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Control theory, Low-power electronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Crossover distortion, business, Decoupling (electronics)
Abstract: An optocoupler with differential input and balanced output was realized to make galvanic decoupling of a particle detector located in a high common mode disturbance environment. The circuit configuration incorporates a true differential optocoupled feedback, with low bias current in LEDs and photodiodes. The present circuit improves by a factor two the dynamic range of a previous solution. Large Common Mode (CMRR) and Power Supply (PSRR) Rejection Ratio, low crossover distortion, high dynamic range, low noise and power dissipation have been achieved.
Published: 2002
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24. The analog signal processing system for the Auger fluorescence detector prototype

Author: D.V. Camin, E. Menichetti, E. Tusi, V. Grassi, Paolo Privitera, V. Spexiali, P.W. Cattaneo, P.F. Manfredi, P. Facal, M Destro, R. Gariboldi, Valerio Re, M. Cuautle, Stefano Argiro, P.P. Trapani, M. Lapolla, and Lodovico Ratti
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photomultiplier, Signal processing, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Cherenkov detector, Bessel filter, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Analog signal processing, Signal, law.invention, Optics, Analog signal, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business
Abstract: The fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory will provide a measurement of the parameters of extended air showers in the range from 10/sup 19/ to 10/sup 21/ eV. An array of 20/spl times/22 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) is placed at the focal surface of a large-aperture telescope thus forming one of the 30 detector modules. The shape of the signal generated by each PMT is variable, depending mostly on the geometry of the air shower as seen by the detector; after analog processing the waveforms will be sampled at a rate of 10 MHz with 12 bit resolution. We have developed an analog signal processor to achieve the best compromise between energy and time resolution, low noise, and low cost. The head electronics provides an active bias network for the PMTs, which keeps the gain constant even in the presence of large dc background light from the night sky. This dc level is measured by means of a built-in optocoupled linear circuit. The pulse signal is sent through a twisted pair to the analog front-end board. At this stage a compression of the 15-bit dynamic range of the signal into the 12-bit range of the FADC is performed. Antialiasing is provided by a Bessel filter.
Published: 2002
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25. Low frequency noise versus temperature spectroscopy of Go JFETs, Si JFETs and Si MOSFETs

Author: D.V. Camin, C.F. Colombo, and V. Grassi
Published: 2002
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26. ATLAS DETECTOR AND PHYSICS PERFORMANCE TECHNICAL DESIGN REPORT

Author: John Baines, T. Yang, J. Dodd, J-M. Noppe, S. Meuser, T. Embry, Ludovico Pontecorvo, V. V. Lapin, Alexander Cheplakov, S. P. Baranov, S. R. Hou, S. Errede, Valerio Vercesi, D. J. Schotanus, M. Keil, J. Stastny, H. Wellenstein, V.V. Gilevsky, W. J. Murray, I. A. Pless, Pavol Strizenec, J. Salt, V. A. Korotkov, Peter Jenni, M. Tadel, F. Tang, E. Sayouty, F. Rossel, J. M. Butterworth, W. Burris, M. El Kacimi, Akira Yamamoto, Ph. Demierre, Polina Kuzhir, Y. Jacquier, D. Hayes, A. Krivchitch, S. W. O'Neale, H. Ten Kate, F. Waldner, Petr Sicho, F. M. Newcomer, G. Chiefari, Jianqiao Ye, G. Lehmann, M. A. Dobbs, Yu.A. Khokhlov, Francesco Spanò, L. Holm, K. J. Anderson, H. Drevermann, Ph Martin, D.J. Martin, A. Atag, S. M. Fisher, H. van der Bij, Odette Benary, Mihai Caprini, C. Brouwer, M. Holder, M. Franklin, F. E. Taylor, P.R. Turner, Sam Daniel Mullin, G. Sette, V.A. Onuchin, J. Sorokina, Joleen Pater, Hiroshi Sakamoto, V.I. Sirotenko, Simon George, P. G. Estabrooks, R. K. Keeler, D. Glenzinsky, A. Astvatsaturov, Takahiko Kondo, L. S. Peak, A. G. Clark, Yu. Merzlyakov, F. Crijns, B. Canton, H. J. Burckhart, Jacqueline Batley, K. Jon-And, M. Vassiliou, D. Bocian, F. Haug, Sp. Dedoussis, J. J. Thaler, Rupert Leitner, M. Tyndel, Osamu Sasaki, V. Filimonov, P. Stassi, D. Kuhn, M. Spitalieri, F. Zuffranieri, J. Hrivnac, John Hart, Yu.I. Salomatin, A. Lebedev, G. Blanchot, David Francis, Marcello Fanti, A.G. Shamov, Stefan Koperny, Susanne Kersten, Theodora Papadopoulou, B. Kaan, G. Reinmuth, Kaushik De, B. Yang, L. Tuura, R. Hashemi-Nezhad, J. Pouxe, Th. Baer, A. Kerr, Uwe Bratzler, O. Martin, Patrick Fassnacht, J. M. Lopez, D. Calvet, G. Martin-Chassard, Vincent Hedberg, D. Sopromadze, Sylvain Fichet, A. Ferrer, Serge Smirnov, T. Lari, C. Zeitnitz, B. Dulny, M.V. Kuzmin, T. Kohriki, Vasiliki A Mitsou, P. M. Watkins, Elemer Nagy, M. Wunsch, R. J. Cashmore, Fridolin Dittus, V.V. Bryzgalov, D. Axen, Stephane Jezequel, Tomas Davidek, Edward Diehl, D. Breton, Shlomo Dado, B. Nicquevert, Bengt Lund-Jensen, L. Gustafsson, A. N. Sissakian, B. G. Pope, Daniel Lellouch, Laurent Vacavant, K. Hashemi, R. Beccherle, A.M. Lee, J. Fent, H. Schuijlenburg, A. Onofre, J. M. Crespo, M. Cambiaghi, T. Hansl-Kozanecka, V. V. Tokmenin, Andreas Petridis, M. Cailles, Anna Zuzana Dubnickova, Vitaliano Chiarella, H. A. Neal, Y. Iwata, K. Zitek, A. Perus, D. Bintinger, H.J. Rzayev, J. Ludvig, M. L. Ferrer, Henry Lubatti, Alexi Gongadze, Giovanni Darbo, P. N. Ratoff, J. F. Martin, D. Fasssouliotis, Paolo Camarri, Stefan Tapprogge, J. Vanko, A. Maio, Cheng Chen, Sylvain Tisserant, Sk Noor Alam, S. Rizek, S. Cologna, Yu. Gouz, A. V. Akimov, A. Artamonov, Jolanta Olszowska, D. Manjavidze, Andrej Filipcic, B. Rolker, Georges Azuelos, Alberto Aloisio, Krzysztof Piotrzkowski, A. Greenall, H. Groenstege, C. Mayri, V. M. Malyshev, Helmut Vincke, Barry King, F. Alessandria, B. Thooris, J. Drees, I. O. Skillicorn, Z. Metreveli, Veljko Radeka, Thomas Trefzger, T. Liu, P. Rosinsky, H. Wahlen, J. Proudfoot, V. Snyatkov, D.G. Ebling, J. Ludwig, Lidia Smirnova, Laurent Chevalier, R. Arsenescu, A. Tchountonov, I. Tsoukerman, Javier Lozano, Ian Hinchliffe, A. Di Ciaccio, C. Hebrard, Evgeny Starchenko, K. Runge, T. Dubbs, B. Athar, A. Airapetian, W. Heubers, Z. Khorguashvili, A. Chekhtman, K. Mahboubi, J. Silva, Kiyotomo Kawagoe, M. Kucera, G. Hughes, Bianca Osculati, V. Grabsky, R. Yoshida, J.L. Beney, R. E. Hughes-Jones, Ryuichi Takashima, M. Jirina, M. Mencik, W. Ockenfels, F. Gianotti, N. D. Topilin, N. A. McCubbin, V. Soergel, K. Pretzl, B. Zhang, Martin Hoeferkamp, Alexander Borissov, Evangelos Gazis, S.C. Timm, I.E. Chirikov-Zorin, Petr Tas, S. H. Oh, S. Leven, Alan Poppleton, J. Weichert, R. Tirler, S. A. Robins, Yoshio Arai, Claude Guyot, I. Stekl, F. Kong, Bertrand Laforge, K. H. Becks, Leonardo Paolo Rossi, A. Liolios, E. Marschalkowski, John H. L. Hansen, P. Schwemling, S. Kullander, V. Kovtun, Marina Cobal, Oleg Fedin, O. Boyle, Elizabeth H. Simmons, Calin Alexa, Driss Goujdami, V. Koshtoev, James Shank, F. Dydak, Oscar Blanch, Barbara Liberti, Z. Tomiak, D. Prokofiev, Jianming Qian, A. Moreton, E. Vigeolas, B. Repetti, Georg Zobernig, A. Koutchenkov, C. Weber, S. Jarp, Yoji Hasegawa, M. Seman, G. Lutz, T. Haelen, J. C. Hill, Irinel Caprini, M. Hass, L. Micu, B. Scuri, D. Striegel, Martine Bosman, E. Hazen, F. Combley, A. Breskin, Margherita Primavera, T. Emura, B. Gallet, Francesco Ragusa, P. Malecki, G. D. Kekelidze, A. Amadon, H. Simmler, Paul Hanke, P. de Girolamo, A. Nichols, M. Chardalas, Samuel Silverstein, C. N. Booth, G. D. Alexeev, Flera Rizatdinova, Stefano Veneziano, B. Lorstad, Ketevi Assamagan, B. Dinkespiler, M Mandl, L. Zanello, Sally Seidel, G. D. Hallewell, R. Davisson, C. Conta, Yuehong Xie, Klaus Hamacher, M. Hess, Tatiana Klioutchnikova, M. Maneira, S. Zeldovich, A. Manabe, A. Konstantinov, T. Grigalashvili, E. Rulikowska-Zarebska, Oliver Keith Baker, F. Chollet-LeFlour, J-F. Grivaz, S. D. Kolya, D. Makowiecki, Luc Poggioli, Christine Kourkoumelis, R. Hamatsu, I. A. Gaponenko, G. Crone, G. Ridolfi, M. Ziolkowski, H. Korsmo, Livio Mapelli, N. Hill, J. Kotcher, A. Pozzo, R. W. L. Jones, A. Rudge, V. Senchishin, Laura Perini, V. Zaitsev, Victor Maleev, Armen Vartapetian, G. Passardi, G. Kieft, Karl Jakobs, O. Celik, A. Astbury, J. R. Carter, J. Hobbs, Yoshiji Yasu, F. Ballester, N. Cartiglia, A. Andreazza, Yoram Rozen, O. Bystrom, Mauro Iodice, Tord Ekelof, S. V. Mouraviev, Dirk Zerwas, D. H. Saxon, P. P. Allport, Nigel Hessey, F. Luehring, J. Ban, S. Basiladze, R. Stanek, Daniel Froidevaux, J. W. Chapman, Vadim Gratchev, H. L. Li, Frank Paige, V. Zhuravlev, V. V. Glagolev, T. Mouthuy, Bruno Mansoulie, N. K. Watson, H. Meinhard, S-O. Holmgren, P. J. Hendriks, P. Morettini, Remi Lafaye, Maria Smizanska, F. Broggi, Maia Mosidze, W. Kozanecki, G. Mace, S. Patricelli, T. O. Niinikoski, M. Kollegov, R. Carrasco, A. Bogush, Michal Suk, T. W. Pritchard, S. Patritchev, R. Zitoun, Marcella Capua, I. Shein, J. V. Dawson, Sanchita Bhadra, L. Azhgirei, D. Akerman, S. Kruchinin, J. Boniface, S. Wheeler, A. Masserot, C. H. Wang, S. V. Kopikov, Mikhail Kirsanov, J.B. Romance, P. Kyberd, S. P. Ahlen, P. Le Du, Alessandro Paoloni, C. Arnault, Speranza Falciano, G.A. Blair, R. Suglia, P. Gorbunov, Fernando Barreiro, P. Puzo, Giosuè Costa, J. Prast, M. Chalifour, D. V. Dedovich, M. Pepe-Altarelli, Jeffrey D Steinberg, Joaquin Santander, R. A. McLaren, Ole Røhne, L.E. Kirsh, Claus Goessling, D. Newman-Coburn, Edward May, C. Haber, Junichi Kanzaki, Joao Seixas, Leonardo Merola, G. Vegni, D. Zontar, G. A. Chelkov, R. Richter, H. O. Danielsson, N. Yamdagni, J. Blocki, H. Boterenbrood, Glen A. Evans, S.P. Konovalov, S. W. Snow, W. Bonivento, Enrique J. Fernández, G. Mirabelli, R. S. Orr, Alexander Lincoln Read, K. Bos, T. J. Sloan, Luiz Caloba, M. Stavrianakou, I.S. Satsunkevich, Ralf P. Richter, Sten Hellman, J. T. Fraser, Mogens Dam, N. A. Smith, Paola Sala, Lei Zhang, J. Snow, Jan Jakubek, C. Chollet, R. Salukvadze, M.L. Levitsky, Michael Rijssenbeek, T. Stockmanns, V. G. Zaets, M. Nikolenko, B. Renk, J. Zhao, M.J. Varanda, B. M. Hawes, B. Pineiro, N. Juravlev, A. DiMattia, D. G. Charlton, F. Constantin, R. Cranfield, J.A. Dijkema, V. Dodonov, D. C. Bailey, A. Semenov, A. De Angelis, C. Rabier, J. Koehler, Andrea Negri, V.N. Mikhailin, Dugan O'Neil, G.F. Moorhead, L. Chikovani, F. Marzano, K. Merle, P. Creti, S. González de la Hoz, T-Y. Chen, Jordan Martins, J.J. Mares, I. P. Duerdoth, M Morrissey, A. G. Frodesen, J. R. Bensinger, Yu. Sedykh, Yu. Tsyupa, B. Van Eijk, H. Takeda, Jozef Ferencei, G. C. Barrand, B. A. Khomenko, C.W. Fabjan, E. Anderssen, N. Graf, M. Dobson, Gokhan Unel, R. Othegraven, B. Merkel, Richard Brenner, L. Gabunia, V. Pancheluga, Igor Gavrilenko, Pavel P. Povinec, V. Anosov, W. J. Robertson, D. Levin, Roberto Cardarelli, V.S. Panin, F. Daudon, G. Comes, A. Scheltckov, Val O'Shea, I. 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Zhang, Raymond Brock, F. Schaefer, Doug Gingrich, V. M. Kotov, K. Fuchs, K.H. Geib, R.L. English, Victor Kukhtin, S. Podkladkin, M. Valdata-Nappi, T. Hoare, U. Pfeiffer, H. Schick, Jie Chen, M. J. Kobel, Manuel Lozano, R. Marchesini, E. Pod, Christopher Bee, E.R.S. Candlin, Giovanna Ambrosini, K. W. Glitza, T. A. Hodges, O. Pukhov, Ph. Schune, William Trischuk, Christophe Clement, Yury Tikhonov, Rachid Mazini, V. Sosnovtzev, P. Perrodo, N.I. Bozko, Christoph Posch, D. Cacaut, R. de Asmundis, Reiner Hauser, I. Falleau, T. Buran, L. Bjorset, Y. Eisenberg, T. J. McMahon, M. J. Losty, J. Rothberg, R. Langstaff, Stavros Maltezos, W. Flegel, C. Geweniger, Irakli Minashvili, A. Staude, P. Breugnon, N. Dumont-Dayot, Dan Pantea, V. Cook, B. Kisielewski, Marjorie Shapiro, J.M. Yamartino, S. L. Wu, V. Konstantinov, Isabelle Wingerter-Seez, T. Kawamoto, P R Poffenberger, Gene E. Alexander, T. H. Burnett, H. Saidi, J. Treis, Wim Lavrijsen, D. J. Candlin, Guido Gagliardi, G. Midttun, K. Homma, A. Y. Savine, Roberto Ferrari, L. Tremblet, M. J. Goodrick, J. M. Foster, Y. Watase, I. R. Boyko, A. Kulemzin, F. S. Merritt, Els Koffeman, I. Lochak, V.A. Senko, N. Khovansky, O. Kurtulus, D. Schweiger, P. Farthouat, L. Tkachev, Carmen Maidantchik, V. Flyagin, R. Santonico, E. Auge, Pascal Pralavorio, A-C. Schaffer, J. Schwindling, A. Lagatta, Lamberto Luminari, D. Bloess, Didier Imbault, A. Miagkov, Johann Collot, P. Skubic, M. J. Pearce, M. Campbell, A. Charalambous, Fedor Prokoshin, G. Sauvage, A. A. Minaenko, E. Perrin, R.J. Staley, M. Kulseth, Bt Huffman, K. Efstathiou, C. Raine, V. Flaminio, S. Semenov, M. Gold, C. Bourdarios, D. Schamberger, J. David, D. Wells, T. Ohsugi, P. H. Hansen, A. Vanyashin, R. C. W. Henderson, Andrei Kiryunin, Stanislav Nemecek, H. Hakopian, V. Tchmil, Enrique Sanchis, Riccardo Paoletti, J. Gara, E. E. Kluge, P. Sutcliffe, J. Soulhat, D. Lissauer, M. Stedron, Nicola Labanca, Portuguesa U., Figueira da Foz Nova U., Lisboa, Vasile Mihai Ghete, K. Nurdan, Jemal Khubua, Parker, G. Gogiberidze, R. Heeley, Franz E. Bauer, B. Di Girolamo, M. J. Shochet, Alexandre Rozanov, T. Kobayashi, R. Pose, Claudio Santoni, A. Napier, A. Le Van Suu, M. G. D. Gilchriese, J. A. Strong, G. Gorfine, Pavel Shatalov, B. Ye, W. Tribanek, Hasko Stenzel, A. Nozdrin, P. Sinervo, S. Gadomski, Joey Huston, E. Usenko, Denis Salihagic, L. Hinz, Kevin M. Smith, W. Witzeling, Gerald Oakham, N. Meric, C. Billat, Olga Botner, P. Starovoytov, L. S. Vertogradov, Erez Etzion, B. J. Saunders, Krzysztof Korcyl, Amnon Harel, O. Milgrome, F. Rohrbach, J. C. Vermeulen, J. Sondericker, R. Lefèvre, J.C. Hewlett, M. Kollefrath, A. Radu, Juan Antonio Garcia Pascual, I. R. Kenyon, J. A. Wilson, G. Pauletta, V. Tocut, X. Riccadonna, R. G. Wagner, David Robinson, A. Kojine, M. O'Neil, D. Kiesilewska, Milos Lokajicek, Alexander Solodkov, F. Astesan, H. Danielson, M.J. Murtagh, M. Sosebee, F. Marullo, C. Bacci, Miguel Ullan, K. H. Ackermann, A. N. Karyukhin, J.M. Rey, A. 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Dietl, Alexei Maslennikov, Paul O'Connor, F. Parodi, T. Sasaki, M. Ackers, J. P. Dauvergne, C. Bohm, José Paulo Santos, Steinar Stapnes, F. Bertinelli, Valery Schegelsky, R. J. Thompson, Ilya Korolkov, Tim Jones, E. Spiridenkov, Giuseppe Mornacchi, E.J. Buis, M. G. Alviggi, P. Holik, C. N. P. Gee, S. Dubnicka, S. L. Lloyd, Stephen Maxfield, Bin Zhou, S. J. De Jong, H. F.W. Sadrozinski, Claudia Gemme, M. Speransky, H. Fujii, P. Staaf, Vladimir Vinogradov, F.P. Juster, JG Sanchez, F. Cataneo, A. Feshenko, M. Turala, A. Putzer, Z. Oussoubov, V. Boldea, R. Dankers, Ivan Sykora, Armin Michael Nairz, M. Ljablin, Tadeusz Kowalski, Giuseppe Francesco Tartarelli, W.K. McFarlane, P. Rewiersma, K. Borer, S. Kolos, R. Lay, Aleandro Nisati, An. Zalite, G. Battistoni, P. Imbert, Marek Idzik, O. Gachelin, G. Perrot, G. Polesello, G. L. Usai, J.P. Taguet, D. Rousseau, T. Fahlund, J. Budagov, A. Pazin, Michel Lefebvre, H. Landesman, Igor Alexandrov, Th.A.M. Wijnen, I. M. Gregor, V. Paolone, H. Guldenmann, Juan Fuster, F. Henry-Couannier, A. Reichold, Helio Takai, M. Webel, H. van Hille, J. Riabov, P. Girtler, Sonia González, S. Loken, Dimos Sampsonidis, H. Kristiansen, D. J. Munday, A. Webster, L. Drage, Jozef Masarik, Oliver Kortner, M. Rey-Campagnolle, M. Crouau, J-P. Coulon, A. Gomes, R. Caloi, Marco Fraternali, V. A. Gapienko, J.K. Mayer, V. G. Bondarenko, J. Kaplon, M. Schaller, Dirk Meier, M. E. Sevior, R. E. Hall, C. Del Papa, B. Szeless, F. Lugiez, M. Ibbotson, Y. B. Pan, B. Sellden, K. Kipiani, R. Kowalewski, H. Brettel, Giovanni Maccarrone, Vaclav Vrba, H. Kagan, A.Yu. Dushkin, Paula Eerola, F. Lemeilleur, G. Parrour, J. Petersen, A. R. Gillman, C. Caso, F. Desages, R. Kluit, Tomiyoshi Haruyama, J. Ernwein, Petra Riedler, Francois Touchard, Y. Usov, R. K. Mommsen, A. Placci, C. Hackett, P. Birney, A. T. Watson, A.S. Vovenko, Domizia Orestano, L. Zhichao, A. Marshal, Zdenek Dolezal, T.P. Shah, R. Lednicky, R. Marshall, D. J. White, C. Onions, L. Bugge, Abdeslam Hoummada, B. Gastineau, G. G. Hanson, S. Tatsis, B. McCarthy, L. Topchishvili, J. Damet, G.G.G. Massaro, Y. Pabot, B. Schoefer, R. A. Richards, B. Yu, J. Grunhaus, C. De La Taille, G. Bachy, A. Dos Anjos, G.J. Tappern, L. Xue, Elizabeth Gallas, A. B. Fenyuk, Halina Abramowicz, Cristian Stanescu, D. Attree, Ovsat Abdinov, Marko Mikuz, G. F. Susinno, N. Lupu, B. Alikov, T. J. Brodbeck, Claudio Luci, M. Mur, A. Soldatov, S. Los, R. Boyd, M. L. Andrieux, J. Freestone, Hans Peter Beck, W.W. Armstrong, A. Akhoundov, M. A. Shupe, P.G. Bright-Thomas, V. Shigaev, D. Hauff, M. Qi, R. Gomes, F. Machefert, A. V. Pleskach, Ch. Guicheney, A. Gazizov, G.G. Stairs, V.D. Khovansky, A. Khelashvili, R. Van Berg, C. Daum, E. Vernay, T. Del Prete, John Rutherfoord, Massimo Caccia, P. R. Norton, V. Kozlov, Maria Curatolo, V. Khomoutnikov, S. Tokar, P. D. Grannis, V. Zmouchhko, Ehud Duchovni, Vladimir Peshekhonov, P. Coe, José Bernabéu, M. Roney, A. Seiden, Wolfgang Walkowiak, A. Nadtochy, M. Deile, B.F. Wadsworth, O. Kuznetsov, Paolo Musico, Helmut Wolters, S. Lauxtermann, C. Weaverdyck, Peter Schacht, Y. Zolnierowski, V. Kalinichenko, J. Soukup, R. Gurin, Filippo Ceradini, Manolis Dris, B. Vuandel, S. Chouridou, M. Treichel, S. Berglund, Nicolas Ellis, M. Napolitano, Jorge Gomes, Michael Haney, A. T. Doyle, L. Labarga, N. Giokaris, S. J. Hillier, F. Hakl, Satoshi Tanaka, Andrei Micu, António Amorim, C. Rondot, J. Teiger, Srinivasan Rajagopalan, V.V. Tikhonov, D. Burckhart, A. Chilingarov, Irene Vichou, B. A. Dolgoshein, Leanne P. Guy, M. Vanickova, L.J. Carroll, W. Sippach, G. J. Bobbink, M. S. Dixit, Francisco Camarena, V. Medvedev, Yann Coadou, G. Ciapetti, G. Yarygin, Laurent Serin, John Hill, Alain Bellerive, L. Nodulman, A. Le Coreller, Igor Soloviev, Venetios Polychronakos, Gregor Kramberger, J. Pinhao, J. M. Maugain, Gary Drake, Anatoli Romaniouk, Horst Severini, Susumu Terada, Andreas Kugel, P.A. Fischer, M.V. Castillo, K. Amako, Y. Ermoline, J. Bohm, L. Miralles, R. Cherkaoui, Vyacheslav Klyukhin, B.J. Green, François Fleuret, A. B. Wicklund, Hubert Kroha, P. Karst, Asunción Moreno, M. I. Gostkin, E. Chesi, G. J. Feldman, S. Protopopescu, N. Seguin-Moreau, C. Girard, X. Meng, Chiara Roda, J. Bystricky, M. Leltchouk, S. Lami, J. Thion, B. Hallgren, A. Shikanyan, D.C. Rahm, Dominique Durand, S.N. Tovey, K. Soustruznik, S. Kashigin, S. Golubykh, E. Ros, A.B. Erasov, Fr Pastore, A. Batrakov, Kevin Einsweiler, O. Dorholt, I.L. Pisarev, Yu M. Sviridov, L. Koepke, N. Kundu, P. Weilhammer, A. Khasanov, V. Paschhoff, H. M. Braun, Hiroyuki Iwasaki, J.C. Pena, S. Pier, T.R. McMahon, F. Vales, Dorothee Schaile, R. Ball, J. N. Jackson, Per Werner, R. Irsigler, Genady Gavrilov, R.L. Wastie, D.E. Baynham, I.J. Scott, W. Kittel, Y. Zamora, V. Kravtsov, I. Valin, S. Jagielski, Allan Hallgren, R. J. Homer, Antonio Baroncelli, Ulrich Landgraf, Yu.V. Gilitsky, A. Shalyugin, G. W. Brandenburg, Aston Komar, F. Podlyski, L. Shaver, J-C. Clemens, J-P. Richer, B. Sopko, A. I. Kononov, Stefan Valkar, H. Cunitz, Y. Kulchitsky, P. Perrin, Lorne Levinson, Phillip Gutierrez, I. Wilhelm, J. Knobloch, E. Fokitis, B. Esposito, Anna Kaczmarska, M. H. Lehto, Dusan Bruncko, M. Postranecky, Mark Hatch, V.G Ivochkin, V. Rumyantsev, A. J. Lankford, J. Wuestenfeld, D.V. Camin, G. Renzoni, V. Golikov, T. Kuhl, A. Cavallari, Eugene P. Gross, R. Barratt, Z. Quian, O. Palamara, J.B. Lane, S. Malyukov, A. Hacinliyan, Serban Constantinescu, Adele Rimoldi, Richard Nickerson, S. Kotov, D. Tompkins, R. Fakhroutdinov, C. Lasseur, Georgios Stavropoulos, A. Akhmedov, Y. Velikzhanin, G. A. Smith, Marcin Wladyslaw Wolter, B. Madeyski, S. Schael, Edoardo Gorini, Houlden, B. Martin, S. Yu. Sivoklokov, P. Paschalias, A. Ostankov, D. Martin, C. Petridou, C. Bouzakis, M. Rouger, M. Nozaki, Ian Dawson, J. Soderqvist, M.I. Levchuk, Juan Bautista Roldán, Ulf Mjörnmark, C. Havet, B. Stugu, Mikhail Ignatenko, Carlos Lacasta, H. Higon, W.D. Lu, Baturitsky, Francis Anghinolfi, Monika Wielers, C. F. Feng, W. Blum, Elzbieta Richter-Was, D. R. Rust, Martin Aleksa, F.T. Khalilzade, Josue J. Lopez, G. Rudolph, N. Bingefors, U. Karshon, Tiefu Zhao, B. Kocper, J. Siegrist, I. Savin, M. J. Costa, C. Yanagisawa, H. F. Hoffmann, Luis Hervas, J. Schaapman, O. Le Dortz, H. Weerts, Francois Vazeille, J. McDonald, A. Gordeev, Saverio D'Auria, O. Solovianov, E. Arik, C. Couyoumtzelis, Alexey Dudarev, E. C. Katsoufis, P. Modesto, Pierre Petroff, C. Bromberg, S. Zimin, Silvia Resconi, A. Liparteliani, R. Chechik, Michael L. Barnett, Valery I. Telnov, R. D. Kass, C. H. Daly, C. Grigson, L. Santi, I. Lehraus, J. Colas, Marzio Nessi, Hiroto Kambara, S. Vorozhtsov, R. Ayad, X.Q. Yu, R. Davis, W. L. Ebenstein, F. Fares, D. Nicod, Ralph Bock, Andrey Ostapchuk, Y. V. Grishkevich, V. Batarin, G. Eigen, Yu.M. Antipov, B. Sundal, P. Gauzzi, Emilio Petrolo, J. Belorgey, F. K. Loebinger, P.S.L. Booth, S. N. Shilov, Z. Trka, F.L. Linde, Gideon Bella, S. Backovic, Peter Sherwood, D. Mercer, Eduard Kladiva, A. Farilla, Y. Unno, Tohru Takeshita, Alexander Mann, O. Gildemeister, Vicente González, S. P. Denisov, S. Behrends, A. Henriques, M. Y. Kazarinov, F. Grancagnolo, D. Sauvage, M. Abolins, Göran Jarlskog, S. Ruehl, D. Myers, G. Kantardjian, Sergey Chekulaev, F. Bergsma, O. Cakir, A. Fallou, B. Epp, Ph. Cros, Joseph A. Paradiso, F. Giancomini, Igor Mandić, P. Jovanovic, D. Hill, M. Zamani, D.E. Dorfan, A. Kandasamy, B. Dick, E. Eisenhandler, T. Kurca, S. Petrera, S. Alforque, Davide Costanzo, M. Nagamatsu, J.D. Richardson, V. Tcherniatine, E. Kuper, W. Iwanski, J. Ota, K. Jelen, J. A. Bogaerts, Jason Lea Oliver, G. Aielli, G. Tong, V. Epchtein, L. La Rotonda, M. Yakimenko, Mauro Citterio, Emmerich Kneringer, Nikolay Nikitin, Michel Gouanère, Mihai Niculescu, W. E. Cleland, Donatella Cavalli, P. Evtukhovich, P. Haridas, Rudiger Voss, F. Etienne, G. Lenzen, P. E. L. Clarke, Peter Loch, D. Dzahini, G.L. Bashindjagian, Mario David, N. Felt, E. L. Barberio, R. Fedorchuk, W. Mohr, T. Schmid, V. Vuillemin, Didier Lacour, P. Grenier, D. La Marra, L. Mandelli, A.N. Larichev, T. K. Ohska, G. Mikenberg, C. Schumacher, M. J. Woudstra, S. Kiourkos, H. G. Moser, V.V. Sytnik, S. Vanini, Fred Wickens, Shawn McKee, J. Del Peso, P A. Delpierre, R.W. Dobinson, R. von Boehn-Bucholz, J. Sodomka, N. Sasao, F. Hartjes, R. Berthier, P.A. Cooke, H. Chakir, M. Merkin, J. Spelt, P. Stavina, V. Maximov, R.R. Mekhdiyev, M. Sessler, Jörgen Sjölin, P. Ponsot, E. Badescu, L. Vassilieva, J. Ulrichs, A. Pilling, D.V. Amelin, J. Wotschack, R. Nacasch, G. H. Trilling, D. Stephani, Richard C. Jared, Howard Gordon, F. Hogbe-Nlend, P. Pailler, Werner Riegler, R.A. Madsen, Jinan, I.G. Knowles, S. Sultansoy, Craig Blocker, D. Cauz, Ronald E. Miller, Gregor Herten, Miriam Lucio Martinez, P. Delebecque, A. Mirea, Chiara Meroni, M. P. J. Landon, Jose Flix, A. Joudon, Stefan Simion, Peter Kluit, J. E. Pilcher, Matteo Cavalli-Sforza, Alevtina Shmeleva, A. Klovning, Yona Oren, Daniel Fournier, Vladimir Cindro, H. Tischhauser, R. P. Thun, M. Moynot, Gibson, R. Wunstorf, Viktor Kramarenko, E. Gornicki, V. J. Guarino, J-Y. Hostachy, Helmuth Spieler, J. Bremer, J. Rabel, Paolo Bagnaia, A.M. Moiseev, Raimund Ströhmer, V. Simak, and A. T. Goshaw
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Particle physics, Atlas (topology), Atlas detector, Bibliography, Drell–Yan process, Technicolor, Supersymmetry, Particle detector, Technical design
Published: 1999
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27. A linear, low-noise low-power optocoupler amplifier for bolometric detectors

Author: C. Bucci, C. Brofferio, A. Giuliani, A. Nucciotti, D.V. Camin, E. Previtali, G. Pessina, A. Alessandrello, M. Pavan, and Oliviero Cremonesi
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Power supply rejection ratio, business.industry, Amplifier, Detector, Electrical engineering, Balanced audio, Photodiode, law.invention, law, Common-mode signal, Crossover distortion, business, Instrumentation, Decoupling (electronics)
Abstract: We present an optocoupler with di⁄erential inputs and balanced output, which was realized to make galvanic decoupling in a bolometric detector read-out chain. The circuit configuration incorporates a true di⁄erential optocoupled feedback, with low bias current in LEDs and photodiodes. Large Common Mode (CMRR) and Power Supply (PSRR) Rejection Ratio, low crossover distortion, high dynamic range, low noise and power dissipation have been achieved. ( 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Published: 1998

28. Study of Neutron Damage in GaAs MESFETs

Author: D.V. Camin, G. Pessina, Alessandro Paccagnella, Gaudenzio Meneghesso, N. Fedyakin, and Claudio Canali
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, business.industry, Transconductance, GaAs, Conductance, MESFET, radiation effects, Activation energy, Gallium arsenide, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Saturation current, Optoelectronics, Irradiation, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Voltage
Abstract: Implanted channel GaAs MESFETs subjected to neutron irradiation show large modifications of the pinch-off voltage, open-channel saturation current, and transconductance in agreement with previous results. In this work we demonstrate how an experimental technique, based on the frequency dispersion of the transconductance, g/sub m/(f), and output conductance, g/sub D/(f), can identify the deep levels induced by neutron irradiation through measurements performed directly on packaged devices. After irradiation, a frequency dispersion of the transconductance has been observed, while it was flat in the unirradiated device. The g/sub m/(f) curve shape depends on the device bias conditions, and it has permitted for the first time to evaluate the activation energy of different deep levels induced by neutron irradiation in MESFETs.
Published: 1997

29. Construction and test of a fine-grained liquid argon preshower prototype

Author: Giuseppe Costa, G. Eynard, D.C. Rahm, D. VanDenPlas, J. Boniface, J-P. Meyer, Daniel Fournier, S. Nicoleau, P. Dargent, C. De La Taille, J. Soderqvist, E. Fernandez, A. Savoy-Navarro, P. Depommier, Paola Sala, Stephane Jezequel, Donatella Cavalli, Sylvain Tisserant, Isabelle Wingerter-Seez, G. Sauvage, S. Robertson, Douglas Gingrich, C. Padilla, James Pinfold, Veljko Radeka, Laura Perini, J. Teiger, Arthur Schaffer, W. Richter, J. F. Renardy, Irene Vichou, A. Hoummada, G. Mahout, J.P. Lottin, V. Vuillemin, Emmanuel Monnier, D. Stephani, Howard Gordon, Bruno Mansoulie, L. Mandelli, N. Seguin-Moreau, J.L. Chevalley, G. Laborie, V. Tisserand, D. Fouchez, L. Baisin, A. Miotto, B. Aubert, J-Y. Hostachy, M. Chmeissani, M. Mazzanti, Claude Leroy, M. C. Cousinou, L. Cozzi, Laurent Serin, A. Hrisoho, T. Leflour, J.C. Berset, Louis Fayard, Johann Collot, Luis Hervas, C. Olivetto, J. Colas, Marzio Nessi, M. Lefebvre, Daniel Dzahini, F. Etienne, B. Canton, O. Le Dortz, Patrick Fassnacht, J.M. Baze, Ll. Garrido, B. O. Zhautykov, G. Battistoni, L. O. Eek, E. León-Florián, R. Chase, Bengt Lund-Jensen, A. Chekhtman, J. F. Genat, N. L. Rodning, P. Roy, R. Davis, Miriam Lucio Martinez, L. Gosset, G. Parrour, P. Schwemling, A. Bazan, Silvia Resconi, N. Fedyakin, P. Lavocat, R. Zitoun, E. Auge, O. Linossier, J.M. Noppe, Y. Zolnierowski, L. Martin, J. Thion, J. David, C.P. Marin, Elemer Nagy, Gilles Beaudoin, Didier Imbault, F. Rival, Edouard Boos, B. Dinkespiller, P. de Saintignon, J.C. Chollet, J. Schwindling, B. Merkel, Andrea Ferrari, Luc Poggioli, Pierre Petroff, D.V. Camin, F. Gianotti, B. Beaugiraud, O. Gildemeister, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), RD3, Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Photon, Calorimeter (particle physics), Preamplifier, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, Electron, Azimuth, Nuclear physics, CMOS, High Energy Physics::Experiment, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Instrumentation
Abstract: A separate liquid argon preshower detector consisting of two layers featuring a fine granularity of 2.5~10$^{\mathrm{-3}}$ was studied by the RD3 collaboration. A prototype covering approximately 0.8 in pseudo-rapidity and 9 degrees in azimuth was built and tested at CERN in July 94. CMOS and GaAs VLSI preamplifiers were designed and tested for this occasion. The combined response of this detector and an accordion electromagnetic calorimeter prototype to muons, electrons and photons is presented. For minimum ionizing tracks a signal-to-noise ratio of 4.5 per preshower layer was measured. Above 150~GeV the space resolution for electrons is better than 250~$\mu$m in both directions. The precision on the electromagnetic shower direction, determined together with the calorimeter, is better than 4 mrad above 50~GeV. It is concluded that the preshower detector would adequately fulfil its role for future operation at CERN Large Hadron Collider.
Published: 1997
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30. Evidence for Naturally Occurring Electron Capture of 123Te

Author: Oliviero Cremonesi, C. Brofferio, M. Pavan, A. Nucciotti, E. Fiorini, P. Caspani, C. Bucci, D.V. Camin, P. Colling, G. Pessina, E. Previtali, A. Giuliani, A. Alessandrello, and L. Zanotti
Subjects: Physics, chemistry, Orders of magnitude (time), Electron capture, Resolution (electron density), Bremsstrahlung, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, Sensitivity (control systems), Atomic physics, Tellurium, Excitation
Abstract: Evidence for electron capture of {sup 123}Te from the {ital K} shell has been obtained in an experiment performed underground with an array of four 340 g TeO{sub 2} thermal detectors. This is the first proof of the decay of this isotope. In our thermal approach, unlike in previous experiments, the TeO{sub 2} bolometer acts as the same time as source and detector of the {sup 123}Te decay and its resolution allows to discriminate between the lines produced by background x rays excitation and electron capture. In addition, anticoincidence with the nearby detectors reduces the signal of x ray produced by excitation of Tellurium. The partial width for {ital K} electron capture of {sup 123}Te is the smallest one ever measured for a single beta process and lower by six orders of magnitude with respect to the previously reported one for this decay. An analysis based on the expected fraction of electron captures accompanied by internal bremsstrahlung allows to set a stringent limit, independent on the decay channel, for the lifetime of {sup 123}Te. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Published: 1996

31. Performance of an endcap prototype of the ATLAS accordion electromagnetic calorimeter

Author: Y. Zolnierowski, B. Olsen, Bruno Mansoulie, Louis Fayard, S. Robertson, M. Stipcevic, C. V. Scheel, Stephane Jezequel, E. Fernandez, Gilles Beaudoin, P. Depommier, B. Aubert, Isabelle Wingerter-Seez, Sylvain Tisserant, J-P. Meyer, D.V. Camin, M. Mazzanti, B. Dinkespiller, Doug Gingrich, Paola Sala, F. Rival, Luis Hervas, O. Le Dortz, Donatella Cavalli, N. Fedyakin, J. Boniface, T. Leflour, J.P. Lottin, E. Auge, James Pinfold, J.L. Chevalley, B. Canton, Laura Perini, Miriam Lucio Martinez, B. Merkel, Andrea Ferrari, C. Olivetto, N. L. Rodning, D. Dzahini, A. Cravero, L. Martin, R. Zitoun, B. Beaugiraud, G. Mahout, A. Chekhtman, Luc Poggioli, P. de Saintignon, J. Thion, J. David, V. Vuillemin, Veljko Radeka, O. Gildemeister, G. Battistoni, L. Labarga, L. Mandelli, Johann Collot, Bengt Lund-Jensen, P. Dargent, A. Savoy-Navarro, L. Gosset, G. Parrour, J. Teiger, Irene Vichou, V. Tisserand, J-Y. Hostachy, J.C. Chollet, J. Schwindling, P. Lavocat, M. Lefebvre, J.C. Berset, Giuseppe Costa, M. Seman, Daniel Fournier, F. Gianotti, Didier Imbault, R. Chase, Patrick Fassnacht, C.P. Marin, J. Pouxe, M. Maire, Pierre Petroff, G. Greeniaus, Georges Azuelos, C. Padilla, P. Schwemling, Elemer Nagy, A. Bazan, J. F. Genat, Edouard Boos, G. Laborie, E. Merchez, D. Stephani, Howard Gordon, D.C. Rahm, J.M. Noppe, L. Baisin, J. S. White, Claude Leroy, A. Hrisoho, P. Kitching, W. Richter, J. F. Renardy, F. Etienne, Arthur Schaffer, D. Van den plas, L. O. Eek, L. Cozzi, D. Fouchez, O. Martin, C. De La Taille, A. Miotto, J. Soderqvist, Ll. Garrido, E. León-Florián, J. Colas, Marzio Nessi, N. Seguin-Moreau, M. Chmeissani, Laurent Serin, P. Roy, J.M. Baze, B. O. Zhautykov, Emmanuel Monnier, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), RD3, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Argon, Large Hadron Collider, Atlas (topology), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, ATLAS experiment, Linearity, chemistry.chemical_element, Calorimetry, Nuclear physics, chemistry, calorimetry, liquid-argon, ATLAS, Cathode ray, Rapidity, High Energy Physics::Experiment, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Instrumentation
Abstract: The design and construction of a lead-liquid argon endcap calorimeter prototype using an accordion geometry and conceived as a sector of the inner wheel of the endcap calorimeter of the future ATLAS experiment at the LHC is described. The performance obtained using electron beam data is presented. The main results are an energy resolution with a sampling term below $11\%/\sqrt{E(\rm GeV)}$ and a small local constant term, a good linearity of the response with the incident energy and a global constant term of 0.8\% over an extended area in the rapidity range of $2.2 < \eta
Published: 1996
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32. Differential, voltage sensitive preamplifiers for bolometric detectors

Author: E. Previtali, D.V. Camin, C. Bucci, Oliviero Cremonesi, G. Pessina, A. Alessandrello, C. Brofferio, D Guenzani, M. Pavan, A. Giuliani, and A. Nucciotti
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Preamplifier, business.industry, Detector, Bolometer, Process (computing), law.invention, law, Optoelectronics, MESFET, business, Instrumentation, Differential (mathematics), Voltage
Abstract: We present two differential voltage sensitive preamplifiers to read-out very slow and fast cryogenic detectors. The first one operates at room temperature, while the second one, made in a monolithic GaAs MESFET process, is optimized for 4.2 K.
Published: 1996

33. The Milano-Gran Sasso double beta decay experiment: Toward a 20-crystal array

Author: E. Fiorini, C. Bucci, G. Pessina, L. Zanotti, Oliviero Cremonesi, C. Brofferio, E. Previtali, A. Giuliani, A. Nucciotti, A. Alessandrello, M. Pavan, and D.V. Camin
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Crystal, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Double beta decay, Detector, Half-life, Cat's-whisker detector, Instrumentation, Thermal detector
Abstract: TeO2 thermal detectors are being used by the Milano group to search for neutrinoless double beta decay of 130Te. An upper limit for neutrinoless decay half life of 2.1 × 1022 yr at 90% CL obtained with a 334 g TeO2 detector has been previously reported. To improve the sensitivity of the experiment an array of twenty 340 g TeO2 crystals will be realised in the next future. As a first step toward the realisation of that experiment a 4 crystal detector has been tested in the Gran Sasso refrigerator. Detector performances, data acquisition and analysis are discussed.
Published: 1996

34. Study and realization of Si microcalorimeters for high-resolution spectroscopy

Author: A. Alessandrello, Benno Margesin, Ezio Previtali, A. Nucciotti, Oliviero Cremonesi, G. U. Pignatel, L. Zanotti, C. Brofferio, G. Pessina, A. Giuliani, A. Maglione, D.V. Camin, M. Pavan, C. Cattadori, and Ettore Fiorini
Subjects: Cryostat, Materials science, Parasitic capacitance, Preamplifier, business.industry, Optical engineering, Thermistor, Detector, Electronic engineering, Optoelectronics, Dilution refrigerator, business, Capacitance
Abstract: We are developing Si-implanted thermistors to realize high resolution microcalorimeters. We plan to use these devices in an experiment for the determination of the neutrino mass. The measure implies the evaluation of the correct end-point energy of a beta spectrum with a calorimetric approach. Our study is devoted to outline the optimum fabrication process concerning performances and reproducibility. For such reasons we have realized Si thermistors with different concentration of dopant impurities and with different implant geometries. Tests are performed between 4.2 and 1.2 K using a pumped helium cryostat, and selected samples are characterized at very low temperatures in a dilution refrigerator. Good reproducibility of the devices is necessary for producing an array of detectors. At the same time suitable electronics are developed to optimize the detectors preamplifiers link: minimization of the parasitic capacitance is necessary to reduce the integration of signal and to maximize the speed response of the detector.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Published: 1994
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35. GaAs MESFETs and monolithic circuits in cryogenic environments

Author: D.V. Camin, G. Pessina, and E. Previtali
Subjects: Materials science, Large Hadron Collider, Preamplifier, business.industry, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, Detector, Bolometer, Spice, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, Noise (electronics), law.invention, law, [PHYS.HIST]Physics [physics]/Physics archives, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Optoelectronics, MESFET, business, Electronic circuit
Abstract: We present the latest results of a research work started in 1986 in Milano, aiming at the optimization of GaAs MESFETs and circuits for cryogenic readout of particle detectors used in experiment of high energy physics. For bolometric detectors we have been looking for low 1/f noise and good dynamic performance at 4 K. We want also fast speed with low white noise and high radiation resistance for the readout of liquid Argon calorimeters. An ion-implanted MESFET process was selected for the realisation of FETs and monolithic preamplifiers for the mentioned applications. The noise and dynamic parameters of the process have been determined for the first time at 4 K and 77 K. SPICE parameters have also been extracted. As a result of this work, monolithic low noise preamplifiers were designed and fabricated. The chips have been tested with a LAr detector at CERN, confirming the expected performance. This chips have been tested with a LAr detector at CERN, confirming the expected performance. Voltage-sensitive preamplifiers for 4 K have also been fabricated and will soon be evaluated. The performance of FETs and monolithic preamplifiers at cryogenic temperatures are reported
Published: 1994
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36. TeO2 bolometers to search for Double Beta Decay of130Te: status of art

Author: Oliviero Cremonesi, P. de Marcillac, A. Giuliani, E. Fiorini, M. Pavan, C. Brofferio, E. García, D.V. Camin, L. Zanotti, A. Alessandrello, E. Previtali, and G. Pessina
Subjects: Physics, Bolometer, Detector, Condensed Matter Physics, Residual, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Crystal, Lead shielding, law, Double beta decay, Measuring instrument, General Materials Science, Radioactive decay
Abstract: A 334g TeO2 crystal is operating since January '93 at Gran Sasso National Laboratories as a thermal detector to search for neutrinoless ββ decay of130Te. The reduction of environmental radioactivity is accomplished by means of a 10 cm thick external lead shielding and a plexiglas box against222Rn, while an inner ultra-low activity lead shield of at least 3.5 cm in every direction suppresses the residual local radioactivity near the crystal. The good energy resolution and the peak-to-Compton efficiency of the detector allow to understand the main features of the residual background. In particular, we are able to reach a sensitivity in the internal contamination of238U and232Th of the crystal of the order of 10−13 g/g, better than that of modern mass spectroscopy methods. Pulse acquisition and analysis techniques are reported and discussed.
Published: 1993

37. High resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy with high-Z thermal detectors

Author: C. Brofferio, Ettore Fiorini, Oliviero Cremonesi, G. Gervasio, A. Giuliani, A. Alessandrello, M. Pavan, Ezio Previtali, G. Pessina, Luca Zanotti, and D.V. Camin
Subjects: Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Bolometer, Detector, law.invention, Semiconductor detector, Optics, law, Double beta decay, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Gamma spectroscopy, Atomic number, business, Spectroscopy, Radioactive decay
Abstract: A massive thermal detector consisting of a 73 g TeO2 crystal, to be used to search for double beta decay of 130Te and to detect high energy gamma-rays, is operating at aprox. 15 mK in the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory. The FWHM resolution achieved with this detector is 5-8 KeV, slightly dependent on energy from 100 KeV to 3 MeV, showing the competitive performances of this detector in gamma-ray spectroscopy comparable with those of conventional Ge solid state detectors. Moreover this is the first massive high-resolution gamma-ray detector of atomic number larger than 32, which implies a peak to Compton ratio comparable to that of a Ge diode of a mass larger by an order of magnitude.
Published: 1992
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38. Performance of a liquid argon accordion calorimeter with fast read-out

Author: P. Lavocat, D. Cavalli, Isabelle Wingerter-Seez, C.W. Fabjan, Peter Jenni, W. Richter, J. F. Renardy, J. Colas, Marzio Nessi, A. Bazan, J.M. Noppe, M. Maire, J.P. Lottin, C. Fuglesang, Guillaume Unal, G. Pessina, B. Beaugiraud, O. Gildemeister, M. Lefebvre, Y. Zolnierowski, F. Gianotti, B. Aubert, Sherry Towers, P. Petroff, Paola Sala, Arthur Schaffer, J.C. Chollet, M. Pepe, Marcello Mazzanti, E. Auge, D.C. Rahm, Louis Fayard, J.L. Chevalley, Veljko Radeka, M. Sciamanna, G. Battistoni, L. Gosset, G. Parrour, A. Cravero, L. Mandelli, Laura Perini, Daniel Fournier, J. P. Repellin, Bruno Mansoulie, Nicolas Seguin, F. Nessi-Tedaldi, Ph. Jean, C. De La Taille, Lydia Iconomidou-Fayard, H. Zaccone, J. Teiger, J.M. Baze, G. Costa, R. Chase, B. Merkel, Andrea Ferrari, J.P. Vialle, D.V. Camin, J. Soderqvist, A. Franz, T. Leflour, J-P. Meyer, D. Stephani, and Howard Gordon
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Muon, Large Hadron Collider, Calorimeter (particle physics), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Hadron, Detector, Electron, Nuclear physics, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Angular resolution, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, Noise (radio)
Abstract: A prototype lead-liquid-argon electromagnetic calorimeter with parallel plates and Accordion geometry has been equipped with high speed readout electronics and tested with electron and muon beams at the CERN SPS. For a response peaking time of about 35 ns, fast enough for operation at the future hadron colliders, the energy resolution for electrons is 9.6%/√E[GeV] with a local constant term of 0.3% and a noise contribution of 0.33 E[ GeV ] . The spatial accuracy achieved with a detector granularity of 2.7 cm is 3.7 mm E[ GeV ] and the angular resolution 12 mrad at 60 GeV.
Published: 1992

39. Large mass bolometric detectors for double-beta decay experiments

Author: E. Previtali, E. Fiorini, L. Zanotti, C. Brofferio, A. Alessandrello, Oliviero Cremonesi, G. Gervasio, D.V. Camin, M. Pavan, G. Pessina, and A. Giuliani
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Bolometer, Half-life, Beta decay, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Double beta decay, Scintillation counter, Alpha decay, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Radioactive decay, Isotopes of thorium
Abstract: TeO/sub 2/ bolometric detectors with masses of 5.5 g, 20.9 g, and 34 g have been developed. The latter have been operating for more than 440 h in the Gran Sasso underground laboratory, and a limit of 1.2*10/sup 20/ y for the half life of the neutrinoless double-beta decay of /sup 130/Te was reached. CaF/sub 2/ detectors for simultaneous detection of scintillating light and phonon signals are under development and will be used to search for double-beta decay of /sup 48/Ca. Scintillation of a CaF/sub 2/ crystal with 0.03% Eu doping was observed at 20 mK. A 2.1 g, 0.01% Eu doped crystal was used as a bolometer, and a resolution of 50 keV for the double escape peak of /sup 232/Th was obtained at 60 mK, showing a negligible contribution of the Eu atoms to the crystal heat capacity. Simultaneous detection of light and phonons will allow an efficient background rejection of the /sup 238/U to /sup 234/Th alpha decay from the /sup 238/U natural series occurring at almost the same energy of the /sup 48/Ca transition. Background rejection is necessary as even U contamination as low as 10/sup -10/ g/g would make the search impossible. >
Published: 1992

40. LIQUID ARGON CALORIMETRY WITH LHC-PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS

Author: Isabelle Wingerter-Seez, W. Richter, J. F. Renardy, C.P. Marin, G. Guilhem, Lydia Iconomidou-Fayard, J.C. Berset, J. Colas, Marzio Nessi, J.M. Baze, L. Baisin, A. Bazan, B. Beaugiraud, P. Farthouat, J. J. Veillet, O. Gildemeister, J.M. Noppe, Arthur Schaffer, P. Petroff, J.L. Chevalley, L. Mandelli, M. Lebeau, G. Costa, F. Cavanna, A. Sigrist, F. Nessi-Tedaldi, G. Battistoni, P. Lavocat, G. Pessina, L. Gosset, Marcello Mazzanti, G. Parrour, C.W. Fabjan, R. Chase, F. Gianotti, J.C. LeMarec, D.C. Rahm, Peter Jenni, E. Augé, Laura Perini, Ph. Jean, B. Merkel, Andrea Ferrari, J.P. Vialle, Daniel Fournier, P. Petitpas, M. Maire, J. P. Repellin, Michel Lefebvre, Bruno Mansoulie, A. Franz, G. Polesello, C. De La Taille, H. Zaccone, Venetios Polychronakos, J. Teiger, Graham R. Stevenson, D. Cavalli, Nicolas Seguin, Veljko Radeka, C. Fuglesang, B. Aubert, M. Pepe, Louis Fayard, J-P. Meyer, D.V. Camin, D. Stephani, Howard Gordon, A. Hrisoho, T. Leflour, J. Thion, J.C. Chollet, and W. J. Willis
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Hadron, Resolution (electron density), Calorimetry, Electron, Calorimeter, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Granularity, Instrumentation, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: A novel geometry liquid argon calorimeter with accordion-shaped electrodes and converter plates has been recently conceived. Such a design allows for a fast readout and for a high granularity over large volumes with minimal dead spaces, properties which are considered essential for operation at the future hadron colliders. The first electromagnetic prototype based on this scheme has been built and tested at the CERN SPS. For a response peaking time of 140 ns an energy resolution of 10%/√ E (GeV) and a space resolution of 4.4 mm/√ E (GeV) with 2.7 cm cell size were achieved for electrons. A few preliminary results from a test with fast readout (response peaking time of less than 40 ns) are also presented.
Published: 1992

41. Gamma ray spectroscopy with high-Z thermal detectors

Author: L. Zanotti, A. Alessandrello, C. Brofferio, M. Pavan, A. Giuliani, G. Gervasio, Ettore Fiorini, Oliviero Cremonesi, D.V. Camin, G. Pessina, and E. Previtali
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Radioactive source, Thermistor, Bolometer, Detector, law.invention, law, Electromagnetic shielding, Neutron, Gamma spectroscopy, Atomic physics, Faraday cage, Instrumentation
Abstract: A massive thermal detector to be used to search for rare decays and to detect high-energy γ-rays has been operated both at sea level and underground. It consists of a 20.9 g monocrystal of TeO 2 whose temperature is measured by means of a neutron transmutation doped thermistor. The detector was first operated in Milano at a base bolometer temperature of 22.5 mK and with a FWHM resolution of 90 keV, rather independent of the γ-ray energy. Much better results have been obtained when the detector was operated underground, under a suitable shielding against local radioactivity and inside a Faraday cage. The base bolometer temperature could be as low as 14.5 mK which, together with the elimination of pile-up, allowed to achieve FWHM resolutions of 1% for γ-rays above 2.0 MeV. The increase in the base temperature of the bolometer when exposed to a weak radioactive source is discussed in view of possible applications in the search for dark matter.
Published: 1992

42. Performance of a liquid argon electromagnetic calorimeter with an 'accordion' geometry

Author: B. Aubert, L. Mandelli, M. Pepe, L. Baisin, B. Merkel, J.P. Vialle, D.C. Rahm, F. Gianotti, C.P. Marin, A. Bazan, J.C. Berset, M. Lefebvre, F. Nessi-Tedaldi, T. Leflour, J. Colas, Marzio Nessi, D.V. Camin, C.W. Fabjan, P. Petroff, F. Cavanna, Peter Jenni, D. Stephani, Howard Gordon, Veljko Radeka, O. Gildemeister, W. Richter, G. Pessina, Daniel Fournier, J. P. Repellin, G. Polesello, L. Iconomidou-Fayard, Venetios Polychronakos, W. J. Willis, G. Costa, A. Sigrist, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), RD3, and Starita, Sabine
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Argon, Large Hadron Collider, Muon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Resolution (electron density), chemistry.chemical_element, Geometry, Electron, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, Calorimeter, Nuclear physics, chemistry, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 0103 physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Image resolution
Abstract: The first prototype of a lead—liquid-argon e.m. calorimeter with accordion-shaped absorber and electrode plates has been built and tested with electron and muon beams at the CERN SPS. This novel geometry combines good granularity with high readout speed and minimal dead space. For a response peaking time of 140 ns, an energy resolution of 10%/ E[ GeV ] and a space resolution of 4.4 mm/ E[ GeV ] with a 2.7 cm cell size have been achieved for electrons. The position accuracy for muons is better than 2 mm.
Published: 1991

43. Gallium-arsenide charge-sensitive preamplifier for operation in a wide low-temperature range

Author: C. Brofferio, A. Giuliani, D.V. Camin, A. Alessandrello, E. Previtali, and G. Pessina
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Noise temperature, business.industry, Preamplifier, Transconductance, Noise spectral density, Current source, Capacitance, Noise (electronics), Rise time, Optoelectronics, business, Instrumentation
Abstract: A charge-sensitive preamplifier for temperature operation between 1 and 120 K has been developed and evaluated. It uses double-gate GaAs MESFETs selected for their low 1/ƒ noise. These devices are operated with both gates interconnected emulating single-gate MESFETs of double gate-length, obtaining in this way a value for Aƒ, the coefficient of the 1/ƒ noise spectral power density, of 1.7 × 10−13 V2 at 77 K and 3.8 × 10−14 V2 at 4 K. The latter is one fourth the value exhibited by the original device before modification and two orders of magnitude less than the value measured at 300 K. At the optimum bias operating point device transconductance is 6 mA/V, input capacitance is less than 5 pF and the power dissipation 360 μW. The circuit configuration consists of a double-cascade loaded with a bootstrapped current source. In this way, a high gain-bandwidth product is obtained despite of the low dynamic output resistance, 3000 Ω, exhibited by the MESFETs at the operating point. Equivalent noise charge was measured for detector capacitances up to 35 pF. Using a semi-Gaussian weighting function minimum values of 58 and 20 rmse− at 77 and 4 K, respectively, were determined. Noise slopes are 4.68 and 3.64 e−/pF at 1 μs shaping time for 77 and 4 K, respectively. A rise time of 20 ns was measured at the receiving-end of a 1 m length 50 Ω coaxial cable terminated at sending-end, when detector capacitance was CD = 35 pF. The total power dissipation of the preamplifier is less than 10 mW.
Published: 1990

44. A cryogenic tellurium detector for rare events and gamma rays

Author: Oliviero Cremonesi, C. Brofferio, A. Giuliani, Ettore Fiorini, D.V. Camin, A. Alessandrello, and G. Pessina
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Bolometer, Gamma ray, chemistry.chemical_element, Particle detector, law.invention, Crystal, Nuclear physics, chemistry, law, Double beta decay, Calibration, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Tellurium
Abstract: In view of a future experiment on double beta decay we have constructed and operated for the first time a bolometric detector made with an ultrapure tellurium crystal of about 2.1 gram. With this detector we have been able to measure high energy gamma rays from various calibration sources with an energy resolution of 2% in the region of neutrinoless double beta decay. The thermal properties of tellurium at very low temperature are determined for the first time in view of the construction of larger detectors.
Published: 1990

45. Observation of reversible collapse phenomena in GaAs MESFETs at cryogenic temperatures

Author: Ezio Previtali, G. Pessina, and D.V. Camin
Subjects: Materials science, business.industry, Transconductance, Transistor, Excursion, Schottky diode, Semiconductor device, law.invention, law, Optoelectronics, MESFET, Field-effect transistor, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Voltage
Abstract: A major change has been verified in the characteristics of GaAs MESFETs at 77 K and at 4 K after they have been subject to a drain voltage excursion larger than a threshold which depends on the transistor type. MESFETs can be recovered from collapse by inverting the drain and source terminals and applying a voltage excursion of a few volts. The collapse of a 3SK 164 double-gate GaAs MESFET after a voltage excursion of 10 V is illustrated as a typical case
Published: 1991
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46. Perspectives in the design of transformerless, low-noise front-end electronics for large capacitance detectors and calorimeters in elementary particle physics

Author: M. Bertolaccini, J.A. Preston, D.V. Camin, Giorgio Padovini, L.A. Rehn, and P.F. Manfredi
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Preamplifier, business.industry, Detector, Electrical engineering, Capacitance, Calorimeter, Elementary particle physics, Magnetic field, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Field-effect transistor, business, Instrumentation, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: The achievement of adequate signal-to-noise ratios in the measurement of the energy released by ionizing particles in detectors of large capacitance such as, for instance, calorimeter cells, frequently relies upon transformer coupling between detector and preamplifier. Such a solution, however, may not be feasible if the detector is located in a strong magnetic field. This paper discusses the possibilities opened up by a recently developed field effect transistor of large gate area, whose design has been tailored to the applications in front-end preamplifiers for calorimeters and other large capacitance detectors of frequent use in elementary particle physics.
Published: 1988
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47. Low-noise preamplifiers for 1 K operation using gallium arsenide MESFETs of very low 1/f noise

Author: D.V. Camin, Gioacchino Ranucci, G. Pessina, and E. Previtali
Subjects: Noise temperature, Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Preamplifier, Transconductance, General Physics and Astronomy, Y-factor, Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect, Noise (electronics), Low-noise amplifier, Optoelectronics, Cryogenic particle detectors, General Materials Science, Dilution refrigerator, business
Abstract: Selected types of GaAs MESFETs exhibit very low 1/f noise at low temperatures. They operate at 4 K and output characteristics taken at this temperature show high dynamic output impedance and transconductance. Using these devices it was possible to develop voltage-sensitive preamplifiers for operation inside a dilution refrigerator at 1 K to amplify the signals from cryogenic particle detectors with minimum capacitive loading.
Published: 1989
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48. Thermal detection of particles using bolometric devices

Author: D.V. Camin, G. Pessina, A. Giuliani, A. Alessandrello, and Ettore Fiorini
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Resolution (electron density), Bolometer, Measure (physics), Particle detector, law.invention, Optics, law, Thermal, Particle, business, Instrumentation, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: Low temperature calorimeters can be used to measure the energy released by a single particle with very high resolution. We have developed a system for studying the behaviour of various kinds of calorimeters from the point of view of their thermoelectrical properties and also their characteristics as particle detectors. Preliminary experimental results of a composite detector are shown (the resolution is 3% for the 8.78 MeV α-line from 228 Ra). Future developments both for optimizing the resolution and improving the system performances are briefly discussed.
Published: 1988
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49. Heat Capacity of P-Doped Si Thermistors at Low and Very Low Temperature Measured by Alpha-Particles and X-Rays

Author: D.V. Camin, M. Buraschi, A. Alessandrello, E. Fiorini, Alessandro Giuliani, and G. Pignatel
Subjects: Materials science, Silicon, Condensed matter physics, Bolometer, Thermistor, Doping, Extrapolation, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Alpha particle, Heat capacity, law.invention, symbols.namesake, chemistry, law, symbols, Debye
Abstract: The heat capacities of three specially implanted silicon bolometers have been measured at low and, for the first time, at very low temperatures down to about 10 mK by exposing them to alpha-particles and X-rays. The lattice contribution shows a behaviour with temperature in good agreement with the Debye law, and the percentage of thermalized energy of the alpha-particle is found to be about 70%. The specific heat of the doped part, which dominates at very low temperatures, is not inconsistent with linearity, even if a dependence on a higher power of the temperature seems preferred. The parameter of linearity is found to be considerably larger than expected from extrapolation to very low temperatures of the existing results on silicon P-doped by diffusion.
Published: 1988
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50. A 1 K front-end electronics for a cryogenic bolometric detector

Author: D.V. Camin
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, business.industry, Preamplifier, Thermistor, Detector, Bolometer, Noise (electronics), law.invention, law, Rise time, Optoelectronics, business, Instrumentation, Electronic circuit, Loop gain
Abstract: Particle bolometric detectors operate at temperatures ranging from a few to hundreds of mK. When the readout thermistor (in thermal contact with the absorbing crystal) presents a high impedance, a front-end electronics located very close to the detector is required. This imposes on the electronic circuit the condition of operating at very low temperature, in our case 1 K. A discussion on the selection of suitable solid-state active devices for operation at such a low temperature, as well as the results of measurements of static characteristic and noise behaviour performed on GaAs MESFETs are presented. After component selection a complete voltage-sensitive preamplifier was constructed and tested. With a closed loop gain of 10, the rise time is 50 ns and the 1/⨍ noise has an A⨍ coefficient of 1.1 × 10−11 V2. The noise spectral power density at 1 MHz is 2.5 × 10−18 V2/Hz.
Published: 1989
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