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Since combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) appeared, the epidemiology and spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)⁃related nervous system diseases have changed significantly. HIV⁃related neurological syndromes are more common, including primary infection, opportunistic infection, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, antiretroviral⁃drugs related neurotoxic effects, etc; and aging⁃related diseases, including HIV⁃associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), HIV⁃related cerebrovascular diseases, and HIV⁃related peripheral neuropathy. This article reviews the research progress of HIV⁃related nervous system diseases, which is helpful for clinicians to recognize early, diagnose and treat in time.

Transcription factors collaborate with epigenetic regulatory factors to orchestrate cardiac differentiation for heart development, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we report that GATA‐6 induces cardiac differentiation but peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) reverses GATA‐6‐induced cardiac differentiation, possibly because GATA‐6/PPARα recruits the polycomb protein complex containing EZH2/Ring1b/BMI1 to the promoter of the cardiac‐specific α‐myosin heavy chain (α‐MHC) gene and suppresses α‐MHC expression, which ultimately inhibits cardiac differentiation. Furthermore, Ring1b ubiquitylates PPARα and GATA‐6. By overexpression and knockout of EZH2/BMI1, it was demonstrated that the polycomb protein complex inhibits cardiac differentiation induced by GATA‐6 and PPARα. Together, our results demonstrate that the polycomb protein complex interacts with GATA‐6/PPARα to inhibit cardiac differentiation, a finding that could facilitate the development of new therapies for congenital heart disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal sulfides (TMSs) are favorable as electrode materials for supercapacitors (SCs) because of their high theoretical capacity, low cost, fascinating redox reversibility, electronic conductivity, and reduced charge transfer resistance. However, TMS electrodes suffer from weak compatibility and combination at heterogeneous interfaces, resulting in TMS stripping and electrode capacity degradation during long-term charging/discharging processes. Herein, we used a convenient, feasible, cheap, and environmentally friendly hydrothermal method to grow S/CoS2/NiS2in situ on Pien Tze Huang-based porous carbon (PZH) to promote the poor electric conductivity and unsatisfactory cycling stability of TMSs. Furthermore, TMSs can be tightly embedded on the surface of PZH to prevent falling off or collapse during long-term processes and usage. The prepared S/CoS2/NiS2/PZH electrode possessed an excellent specific capacitance of 1159.2 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, and after 10 000 cycles at 5 A g−1, the capacitance retention was maintained over 84.6%. This in situ method is promising for the development of stable TMS-based electrodes for supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of electrode materials with a high specific capacitance, power density, and long-term stability is essential and remains a challenge for developing supercapacitors. Cobalt sulfides (CoS2) are considered one of the most promising and widely studied electrode materials for supercapacitors. Herein, CoS2 and hierarchical porous carbon derived from Pien Tze Huang waste are assembled into a cobalt sulfide/carbon (CoS2/PZH) matrix composite using a one-step hydrothermal method to resolve the challenges of supercapacitors. The resulting CoS2/PZH composite material exhibits a hierarchical porous structure with hollow CoS2 embedded in a PZH framework. The uniform dispersion of the hierarchical porous structure CoS2/PZH is achieved due to the PZH framework, while the uniform decoration of the porous PZH with the hollow CoS2 prevents the PZH from stacking easily. Moreover, the excellent synergistic effect of the hierarchical porous and hollow structure of CoS2/PZH can shorten the electron/ion diffusion channels, expose additional active sites, and provide stable structures for subsequent reactions. As a result, the CoS2/PZH composite material displays a high initial specific capacity of 447.5 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, a high energy density of 22.38 W h kg−1, and long-term cycling stability (a retention rate of 92.3% over 10 000 cycles at 5 A g−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows that redox complementarity and synergism among the ingredients of heterogeneous catalysts can enhance the performance of the catalyst. In this research, a porous CuMoO4@Co3O4 nanosheet electrocatalyst is prepared, which is uniformly decorated on nickel foam (NF) by hydrothermal reactions and the impregnation method. The CuMoO4@Co3O4 is an efficient bifunctional catalyst with prominent electrocatalytic activity and durability. It requires overpotentials of only 54 and 251 mV to obtain current densities of 10 and 50 mA cm−2 for the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in 1.0 mol L−1 KOH, corresponding to Tafel slope values of 98.8 and 87.4 mV dec−1, respectively. Furthermore, the CuMoO4@Co3O4 shows excellent stability of 120 h chronopotentiometry at a current density of 100 mA cm−2 for the HER/OER. Notably, an alkaline electrolyzer (with CuMoO4@Co3O4 as the HER and OER electrodes) can deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a low voltage of 1.51 V. The catalytic activity of CuMoO4@Co3O4 can be attributed to the structure of the porous nanosheets and the synergistic effect between CuMoO4 and Co3O4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) appeared, the epidemiology and spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - related nervous system diseases have changed significantly. HIV - related neurological syndromes are more common, including primary infection, opportunistic infection, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, antiretroviral-drugs related neurotoxic effects, etc; and aging - related diseases, including HIV - associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), HIV - related cerebrovascular diseases, and HIV-related peripheral neuropathy. This article reviews the research progress of HIV-related nervous system diseases, which is helpful for clinicians to recognize early, diagnose and treat in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although cardiac hypertrophy is widely recognized as a risk factor that leads to cardiac dysfunction and, ultimately, heart failure, the complex mechanisms underlying cardiac hypertrophy remain incompletely characterized. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor δ (PPARδ) is involved in the regulation of cardiac lipid metabolism. Here, we describe a novel PPARδ‐dependent molecular cascade involving microRNA‐29a (miR‐29a) and atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), which is reactivated in cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, we identify a novel role of miR‐29a, in which it has a cardioprotective function in isoproterenol hydrochloride‐induced cardiac hypertrophy by targeting PPARδ and downregulating ANF. Finally, we provide evidence that miR‐29a reduces the isoproterenol hydrochloride‐induced cardiac hypertrophy response, thereby underlining the potential clinical relevance of miR‐29a in which it may serve as a potent therapeutic target for heart hypertrophy treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is an acute central nervous system infection caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV). Early clinical manifestations mainly include fever, headache and unconsciousness; when progressing, psychiatric symptoms can occur. Death or serious neurological sequelae will happen if not treated. With the development of laboratory tests and imaging techniques, the early diagnosis of HSE is possible. Even though imaging with temporal lobe abnormal signal has the implication to HSE, the application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in detecting HSV DNA in cerebrospinal fluid is currently the "gold standard" to diagnose HSE. Once diagnosed, acyclovir must be given as soon as possible, as delayed treatment will result in a poor outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of eighteen common phytoplankton species in China coastal waters were divided into different assemblages to investigate the increasing pattern of the assemblage biomass with species richness. The sampling effect was studied by multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) method, and the complementary effect was explored by over-yielding analysis, relative yield total (RYT) index, and subset approach. It was shown that the increasing pattern of assemblage biomass with species richness was not unitary. When the species number was lower than 5, the assemblage biomass increased with increasing species richness; when the species number was higher than 5, there were no obvious relationships between assemblage biomass and species richness. A stronger complementary effect was observed inside the assemblage, presenting a hump-shaped variation with increasing species richness. The sampling effect of the assemblages occurred at stable growth phase.

With eight species of unicellular algae cultured in random combinations to construct the assemblages with different degrees of richness, the increase pattern of colony biomass with the change of species richness was investigated, and the sampling effect was detected by using multiple variance analysis (MANOVA) method. Three analysis methods, i. e., over-yielding analysis, relative yield total (RYT) index, and subset approach, were applied to explore the complementary effect, and additive partitioning method was applied to separate the sampling effect and complementary effect quantitatively. The results showed that the colony biomass presented a saturated rise with the increase of species richness, and a strong complementary effect was observed in phytoplankton colonies. At exponential growth phase, some specific algal species affected the colony biomass significantly, but after reaching the stable phase, the biomass was not affected by the presence of given phytoplankton. The sampling effect was generally negative at stable phase, while the complementary effect and net biodiversity effect were always positive.