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In this study, three microalgae species were cultivated using dairy and fish wastewater: Haematococcus pluvialis, Coelastrella saipanensis, and Chlorella sp. The process involved manipulating various physicochemical conditions, to determine optimal growth parameters. Our evaluation considered cell count, biomass productivity, specific growth rate, pigments, carbohydrates, proteins, lipid compositions, and cellulose stored in microalgae. A significant observation of highest cellulose accumulation was recorded in C. saipanensis cultivated in dairy waste (DW) medium (2.54 ± 0.042 µg/mg). In contrast, the species grown in fish waste (FW) media recorded a lower level (0.9405 ± 0.06 µg/mg) of cellulose. In DW, H. pluvialis and C. saipanensis accumulated substantial amounts of astaxanthin and carotenoid, respectively. Carbohydrate, protein, and lipid accumulation was maximized in DW culture, with H. pluvialis exhibiting a more incredible carbohydrate content. Lipid analysis showed as Chlorella sp. was capable of accumulating alpha-linolenic acid. The disparity may be attributed to DW's nutritional and mineral content, which encourages cellulose deposition. The FTIR analysis confirmed the accumulation of cellulose. These findings underscore the potential of DW and FW media as valuable resources for microalgal biofuel and ethanol production, offering a hopeful future for sustainable energy production. NOVELTY STATEMENT: The comparative analysis of microalgae cultivated in DW and FW water reveals distinct carbon sequestration patterns and bio-capture potential, observed from this study. In fact, this study identified C. saipanensis, which thrives exceptionally well in DW water and accumulate cellulose, a unique finding that pave the way on further research in this species on bioenery sequestration. By confirming the feasibility of bioproducts harvesting through compound analysis, this study highlights the potential of DW and FW as cheap nutrient resources for microalgae biomass generation, paving the way to bioremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

\nHighlightsThe Standards, Measurements and Testing (SMT) protocol is widely used to fractionate phosphorus (P); however, it lacks the focus on defining the solubility of P-fractions, which is usually performed independently. In this paper, the addition of a separate pre-wash step with H2O as a first step prior to the SMT protocol was tested to account for the solubility of P. Results were compared to a control unmodified SMT experiment. The differences in P-fractions were analyzed to determine the origin of the readily available P (soluble P). Six different dairy processing waste treatment products were investigated in the form of sludge, hydrochar, and ash. Water-soluble P (WSP) was correlated with weakly bound calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe). However, the SMT protocol failed to correctly identify the different pools of P as unexpected correlations were found between P and Ca, Al and Fe. Moreover, large concentrations of organic P were present in ashes (>10 mg P g−1). The organic P fraction included substantial amounts of Fe that correlated highly with P (R2 = 0.84). No association between WSP and any of the pools of P defined by SMT was detected, with the exception of total P and inorganic P. The paper concludes that SMT erroneously classifies P into different discrete fractions across various recycled P-products with fertilizer potential. A critical reevaluation of the SMT protocol is recommended, by abandoning the categorization of P into discrete pools and switching to solvent-based categories referring to the chemicals used in each extraction. SMT fractionation protocol was modified to assess water soluble phosphorusThe modified SMT protocol was performed on 6 different P-recycled products (fertilizers)SMT protocol fails to identify correctly different fractions of phosphorusA critical reevaluation of SMT protocol is recommendedSMT fractionation protocol was modified to assess water soluble phosphorusThe modified SMT protocol was performed on 6 different P-recycled products (fertilizers)SMT protocol fails to identify correctly different fractions of phosphorusA critical reevaluation of SMT protocol is recommended [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ice cream industry generates considerable waste due to stringent quality standards and food safety regulations, creating resource recovery opportunities. This study aimed to develop an efficient method for recovering high‐purity fat from ice cream wastes using ethanol‐induced emulsion destabilisation. Ice cream was treated with varying ethanol concentrations (0%–50% w/w in water) and incubated at different temperatures. Increased ethanol and temperature accelerated the separation of melted ice cream into phases (transparent liquid, continuous fat and opaque solid). Notably, 25% ethanol facilitated complete fat separation as a highly pure (>93%) phase, with the fat content exceeding 98% on a dry basis. Fat quality remained intact, as neither ethanol nor temperature affected fat hydrolysis or oxidation, based on peroxide value, free fatty acid levels and p‐anisidine results. The recovered fat represented about 50% of the original fat content in the ice cream, reducing waste and enhancing by‐product value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present environmental pollution is a talked about issue. Due to environmental pollution, humans and animals face threats. The scientist has pointed out that waste is one reason for climate change. Solid, liquid, gaseous etc. are different types of waste. The experiments were conducted to determine the chemical constituents present in dairy farm wastewater, wastewater management practice and environmental impact and compare it with the groundwater Dinajpur Sadar upazila. The data concerning the dairy farm wastewater in Dinajpur was obtained through a designed questionnaire, and separate area inspection interacting with the proprietor and workers in the dairy farm. Randomly collected samples from different dairy farms. The chemical constituents of the wastewater sample were determined by a laboratory experiment. The wastewater contained Mg, Na, Ca, Cl-, K, EC, P, HCO3-, pH, TDS, DO, COD, Zn, S, BOD, HT and NO3-. The Na, K, Ca and pH concentration of wastewater under the range in groundwater in Dinajpur. However, concentrations of P, TDS, Mg, EC, Cl-, HCO3- and HT are above the groundwater range in Dinajpur. The produced wastewater was disposed of either through drainage or piping systems on fellow land, ponds, open lakes, roadside land, urban drains, and rivers. The unplanned wastewater disposal creates bad odor, and environmental pollution, seduces the growth of mosquitoes decreases the water quality, soil quality and health hazards. Therefore, it can be concluded that the prevailing dairy farm wastewater disposal system not being satisfactory. The proper disposal system should be improved to reduce environmental impacts.

This study aimed to explore the production of red pigment from Monascus purpureus in waste culture medium and its potential health benefits. Subsequently, the M. purpureus cultivated in a medium containing dairy sludge as waste, the extracted pigment was purified, and subjected to various analyses, including liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to verify its purity, high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure the citrinin levels, microbial, and antioxidant activity. Finally, fermentation was conducted in a batch system using a fermenter. M. purpureus was grown in a medium composed of dairy sludge, monosodium glutamate, and glucose, resulting in a biomass yield of 26.15 g/L. After extraction and purification, the sample yielded 4.85 g of dry color. Analysis confirmed the purity of the pigment by LCMS and NMR and revealed low citrinin levels by HPLC. In the fermenter, the sample obtained from enriched culture conditions displayed the highest concentration of monascorubramine, maximum specific growth rate of 0.029/1/h, a cell yield (Yx/s) of 0.29 g/g, and a production efficiency of 65% for M. purpureus. The produced pigment sample showed potential for use in the food industry due to its low citrinin content and high concentration of red pigment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key source of renewable energy, biogas (methane) was generated in the anaerobic mixed digestion of floral waste along with the combinations of other substrates. The present study has focused on the treatment of floral waste by anaerobic mix digestion along with co wastes named as canteen waste (CW), dairy waste (DW), and yard waste (YW) by using cow dung (CW) and sewage sludge (SS)as an inoculum. The concept of mixed digestion is used in this work by using different substrates with the main substrate as floral waste. The substrates are added with co substrates in a ratio of 2:1. Three types of comparative studies are carried out by making different combinations of substrates by keeping floral waste common in every combination. Different parameters responsible for the quantity of methane gas resulting from anaerobic digestion are optimized using design expert software's response surface methodology (RSM). A specially designed laboratory-scale model is used which is attached with a biogas analyser to continuously measure and analyse the generated biogas. A total of 45 experiments were carried out on the predicted conditions for different combinations. Parameters such as pH, temperature, and food to microorganism ratio have been chosen as independent variables. Daily biogas generation and cumulative biogas generation were recorded. COD removal efficiency recorded after eight days was in the range of 75-85%. Good interactions have been occurred among the independent variables chosen for the generation of biogas. Highest results were observed at optimum conditions (with pH = 7.2, F/M ratio = 2, T = 37°C). The cumulative biogas yield resulting from an experiment was 7.2L/kg VS. The average VS removal of 62-73% and TS removal of 45-55 % were recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy production is one of the most important economic sectors in Bangladesh. However, the traditional management of dairy cow manure and other wastes results in air pollution, eutrophication of surface water, and soil contamination, highlighting the urgent need for more sustainable waste management solutions. To address the environmental problems of dairy waste management, this research explored the potential of community-based biogas production from dairy cow manure in Bangladesh. This study proposed introducing community-based biogas plants using a geographic information system (GIS). The study first applied a restriction analysis to identify sensitive areas, followed by a suitability analysis to determine feasible locations for biogas plants, considering geographical, social, economic, and environmental factors. The final suitable areas were identified by combining the restriction and suitability maps. The spatial distribution of dairy farms was analyzed through a cluster analysis, identifying significant clusters for potential biogas production. A baseline and proposed scenario were designed for five clusters based on the input and output capacities of the biogas plants, estimating the location and capacity for each cluster. The study also calculated electricity generation from the proposed scenario and the net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction potential of the biogas plants. The findings provide a land-use framework for implementing biogas plants that considers environmental and socio-economic criteria. Five biogas plants were found to be technically and spatially feasible for electricity generation. These plants can collectively produce 31 million m3 of biogas annually, generating approximately 200.60 GWh of energy with a total electricity capacity of 9.8 MW/year in Bangladesh. Implementing these biogas plants is expected to increase renewable energy production by at least 1.25%. Furthermore, the total GHG emission reduction potential is estimated at 104.26 Gg/year CO2eq through the annual treatment of 61.38 thousand tons of dairy manure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Whey, a nutrient‐rich byproduct of the dairy sector, possesses high potential for creating novel nutraceutical products. The present study investigates a potential new functional food by incorporating polyphenolic extracts from Myrtus communis and Arbutus unedo fruits into whey in both liquid (LA) and powder (PA) addition forms. Chemical, microbiological, physical stability and antioxidant activity were monitored for 60 days (from T0 to T60).Both LA and PA of fruit extracts remained chemically stable for the whole period, except for A. unedo PA, which showed a decline in polyphenols after T45. Enriched whey samples showed higher antioxidant activity than pure whey. Microbiological analysis revealed the presence of lactic acid bacteria, indicating potential prebiotic effects. However, the high tannin concentration of A. unedo extracts partially modified the casein micelle structure.Whey enriched with Mediterranean fruit extracts shows great potential as a functional food, combining the benefits of plant antioxidants, probiotic bacteria and good stability. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactic acid (LA), the starting material for polylactic acid, is currently in high demand owing to rising bioplastic production. Large‐scale production of LA typically uses a first‐generation feedstock, namely food‐grade sugars, owing to the absence of contaminants and ease of processing. However, it is not ethically correct to grow crops exclusively for LA production as the available land, water and resources should be utilized for food. Utilizing biowaste as a feedstock, which does not compete with the supply of the food chain, is a more responsible strategy. This review intends to address the most critical aspect of recent advances in laboratory‐ and pilot‐scale LA production that utilizes biowaste as the substrate. Based on the review, the biowastes used for LA fermentation can be categorized into four main groups: starchy materials, lignocellulosic materials, food and dairy wastes. A flowchart that summarizes the process of developing a pilot scale LA production is proposed. It covers essential parameters to be considered, such as the substrate, fermentation process and inoculum. The future insights concerning LA production are critically addressed at the end of this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic waste has the potential to produce methane gas as a substitute for petrol-based fuels, while reducing landfilling and possible environmental pollution. Generally, anaerobic digestion (AD) is used only in wastewater treatment plants as a tertiary stage of sewage sludge treatment, generating a fraction of the energy that such process plants require. In this study, four different wastes—food waste (FW), dairy industry waste (DIW), brewery waste (BW), and cardboard waste (CBW)—were tested for biogas production. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) of each sample was evaluated using an automatic methane potential system (AMPTS). Operating parameters such as pH, temperature, total solids, and volatile solids were measured. Experiments on the anaerobic digestion of the samples were monitored under mesophilic conditions (temperature 37 °C, retention time 30 days). Specific methane yields (SMYs), as well as the theoretical methane potential (BMPth), were used to calculate the biodegradability of the substrates, obtaining the highest biodegradability for BW at 95.1% and producing 462.3 ± 1.25 NmL CH4/g volatile solids (VS), followed by FW at an inoculum-to-substrate ratio (ISR) of 2 at 84% generating 391.3 NmLCH4/g VS. The BMP test of the dairy industry waste at an inoculum-to-substrate ratio of 1 was heavily inhibited by bacteria overloading of the easily degradable organic matter, obtaining a total methane production of 106.3 NmL CH4/g VS and a biodegradability index of 24.8%. The kinetic modeling study demonstrated that the best-fitting model was the modified Gompertz model, presenting the highest coefficient of determination (R2) values, the lowest root means square error (RMSE) values for five of the substrates, and the best specific biogas yield estimation with a percentage difference ranging from 0.3 to 3.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resources are limited. Thus, farmers worldwide are trying to use their waste to best extract value that can promote environmentally friendly farming. Recycling dairy waste for organic cultivation seems to be one of the alternative approaches to pursuing environmentally friendly agriculture. This study investigates whether or not dairy waste treatment could improve organic crop production and promote a circular economy. This endeavor examines the credible benefits, obstacles, and consequences of incorporating dairy waste into organic farming practices. Using System Dynamics and case study approaches, including field trials, agricultural evaluation of data, and discussions with stakeholders, the research strategy advocates investigating how dairy waste-derived fertilizers influence soil fertility, crop productivity, and product quality. Interaction with stakeholders helps evaluate the viewpoints of growers, dairy producers, legislators, and consumers regarding adopting dairy waste treatment for organic agricultural growth. This study demonstrates how dairy waste processing can serve as a significant source of biofertilizer for organic farming. The beneficial impact of organic fertilizer derived from farm waste improves the nutritional value of organic crops, crop yield, and soil health. The crop production information collected in the study demonstrates that dairy waste-derived fertilizers are nutrient-dense and could substitute for manufactured/chemical fertilizers economically and environmentally. This study emphasizes the need for creative ideas to improve agricultural sustainability. The present study advances the understanding of sustainable agriculture and offers practical advice to those looking to use greener methods of operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The cheese industry produces substantial amounts of raw cheese whey wastewater (RW), which requires effective treatment prior to environmental disposal. This study presents an innovative sequential batch system that combines macrophyte and microalgal cultivation for RW remediation. The efficacy of Lemna minor MO23 in first-line photobioreactors (PBR-1) and Chlorella sp. MC18 (CH) or Scenedesmus sp. MJ23-R (SC) in second-line photobioreactors (PBR-2) for pollutant removal was evaluated. The nutrient removal capacity of L. minor, CH, and SC was assessed at optimal tolerance concentrations, alongside nutrient recovery from treated RW (TRW) by PBR-1 for microalgae biomass production. The results demonstrate that all three species effectively purified the cheese whey wastewater. L. minor efficiently removed COD, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate from RW, producing TRW effluent suitable for microalgal growth. CH and SC further purified TRW, enhancing biomass production. CH outperformed SC with a 4.79% higher maximum specific growth rate and 20.95% higher biomass yield. Biochemical analyses revealed the potential of CH and SC biomass for applications such as biofuels and aquaculture. After treatment, the physicochemical parameters of the effluent were within the regulatory limits. This demonstrates that the PBR-1 and PBR-2 series-coupled system effectively purifies and recovers dairy effluents while complying with discharge standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food wastes can be a valuable reservoir of bioactive substances that can serve as natural preservatives in foods or as functional ingredients with potential health benefits. The antimicrobial properties of protein hydrolysates, especially antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) derived from food byproducts (FBs), have been extensively explored. These protein fragments are defined by their short length, low molecular weight, substantial content of hydrophobic and basic amino acids, and positive net charge. The intricate mechanisms by which these peptides exert their antimicrobial effects on microorganisms and pathogens have been elaborately described. This review also focuses on techniques for producing and purifying AMPs from diverse FBs, including seafood, livestock, poultry, plants, and dairy wastes. According to investigations, incorporating AMPs as additives and alternatives to chemical preservatives in food formulations and packaging materials has been pursued to enhance both consumer health and the shelf life of foods and their products. However, challenges associated with the utilization of AMPs derived from food waste depend on their interaction with the food matrix, acceptability, and commercial viability. Overall, AMPs can serve as alternative safe additives, thereby ensuring the safety and prolonging the storage duration of food products based on specific regulatory approvals as recommended by the respective safety authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L-Lactic acid-producing Lactobacillus lactis and L. plantarum were isolated from date wastes. The fermentation process was optimized using a onevariable-at-a-time approach. Dairy wastewater and wastewater from the date industry were utilized as low-cost culture media to produce lactic acid. The selected two bacterial strains were co-cultured in wastewater medium to produce L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid. Lactic acid production was significantly improved by glucose (carbon source), yeast extract (nitrogen source), initial inoculum level, and polysorbate 80. A central composite design and response surface methodology were used to optimize the variables and their levels to improve lactic acid yield. The supplemented yeast extract, glucose, and polysorbate 80 improved lactic acid. The predicted variables and their levels for maximum lactic acid production were glucose (67.5 g/L), yeast extract (10.28 g/L), and polysorbate 80 (0.48 mL/L). The prepared nanocomposites exhibited antibacterial activity against foodborne bacterial pathogens. The structural properties of the silver-polylactic acid nano compost materials were determined. The characterized compost materials exhibited a peak absorption wavelength of 430 nm. The silver and poly(lactic acid) were characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis and were 30 to 50 nm in size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulation of dairy wastes and shortage of nutritious feed remain the major challenges in dairy cattle production. Such wastes may sustainably be biodegraded by black soldier fly (BSF) larvae and housefly (HF) larvae into their which ca be used as animal feed. This study was done to compare the capacity of using black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and housefly larvae (HFL) to manage dairy wastes and use of such larvae as livestock feed. Biomass reduction rate, biomass reduction index, bioconversion rate, feed conversion ratio and nutritional profile of resultant BSF and HF prepupae raised on cow dung (CD) and dairy shed effluent (DSE) were determined. In order to ascertain whether the substrates had an effect on BSFL and HFL, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, and multiple mean comparisons at P=0.05 were done using the Tukey HSD post-hoc test. Housefly larvae reared on DSE had the highest biomass reduction rate and biomass reduction index, even though HFL had a shorter development time than BSFL (P=0.05). Housefly prepupae reared on DSE had the highest crude protein content of 60.1 % of all the HF prepupae counterparts and BSF prepupae reared on DSE and CD (P=0.05), Hence HF prepupae could be an alternative source of animal feed. Depending on the needs and purpose, utilization of fly larvae to manage dairy waste is viable and effective option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic wastes, including cheese whey, are generated in greater quantities each year, which require management that has economic and social implications. Current treatments of cheese whey do not allow for its complete degradation or utilization. In this context, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) promise to degrade a variety of wastes while generating and accumulating value‐added products such as protein, fat that can be transformed into biodiesel, and fertilizer can be obtained from their residues. In this work, the aim was to evaluate the cultivation of BSFL as a biological treatment for the revaluation process of cheese whey, as well as the composition of the larvae and residue (FRASS) obtained for the subsequent extraction of value‐added products such as fat or protein. It was observed that cheese whey did not affect the growth of the larvae, on the contrary, it increased it (final weight of = 0.252 ± 0.003 g). The larvae biomass was composed of mainly of lipids (42.48 ± 1.26% dry matter) and protein (34.98 ± 0.72% dry matter). A fatty acid profile was also performed, which confirms that, due to their composition (Saturated fatty acids = 262.91 ± 34.81 mg/g; monounsaturated fatty acids = 85.29 ± 19.64 mg/g; polyunsaturated fatty acids = 63.68 ± 11.33 mg/g), these accumulated lipids can be extracted for biodiesel production. This is the first approach to the treatment and utilization of cheese whey through insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many countries, whey from the dairy industry is an abundant waste that generates an important environmental impact. Alternative processes to use the whey and minimize the environmental impact are needed. This work considered six formulations with different ammonium sulfate and L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) concentrations to produce bioethanol in sweet whey fermentation by Kluyveromyces marxianus. The results showed a maximum bioethanol concentration equal to 25.13 ± 0.37 g L−1 (p < 0.05) for formulation F6, with 1 g L−1 of L-Phe and 1.350 g L−1 of ammonium sulfate (96 h). For these conditions, the chemical oxygen demand removal percentage (CODR%) was 67%. The maximum CODR% obtained was 97.5% for formulation F3 (1 g L−1 of L-Phe) at 96 h; however, a significant decrease in bioethanol concentration (14.33 ± 2.58 g L−1) was observed. On the other hand, for formulation, F3, at 48 h of fermentation time, a bioethanol concentration of 23.71 ± 1.26 g L−1 was observed, with 76.5% CODR%. Based on these results, we suggest that the best conditions to obtain a significant bioethanol concentration and CODR% value are those used on the configuration F3 at 48 h.

The overuse of antibiotics has resulted in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) in the environment. High-density livestock farming is one of the major industries for antibiotic overuse. In this study, we sampled wastewater and manure at different stages of the feces treatment process from a dairy farm, as well as the soil in the farmland where the treated wastewater was being used for irrigation purpose. High-throughput Illumina sequencing was used to analyze the profiles of bacteria communities and ARGs. The results showed that the main ARG types were multidrug, aminoglycoside, glycopeptide, and tetracycline resistance genes, and Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the main host bacteria phyla of these ARGs. The genus Nocardioides sp. and Ornithinimicrobium sp. were closely associated with the ARGs in the investigated samples. The relative abundances of ARGs in wastewater and manure were reduced by 68.5% and 62.1%, respectively, by the existing feces treatment process. Anaerobic fermentation and high-temperature fermentation were the most efficient treatment steps; the relative abundances of ARGs were reduced by 29.3% and 33.6% in the treated wastewater and manure, respectively. Irrigation with the treated wastewater significantly increased the abundance and diversity of ARGs and ARB in the surface soil of the farmland. The residual ARGs were found to transit through vertical gene transfer (VGT) and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in soil. Therefore, the direct application of this inadequately treated wastewater and/or manure could risk spreading ARGs into the environment, and potentially impact human health. In order to effectively restrain the spread of ARGs, it is necessary to modify the wastewater and manure treatment processes and improve the regulations and guidelines of applying treated wastewater for irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many countries, whey from the dairy industry is an abundant waste that generates an important environmental impact. Alternative processes to use the whey and minimize the environmental impact are needed. This work considered six formulations with different ammonium sulfate and L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) concentrations to produce bioethanol in sweet whey fermentation by Kluyveromyces marxianus. The results showed a maximum bioethanol concentration equal to 25.13 ± 0.37 g L−1 (p < 0.05) for formulation F6, with 1 g L−1 of L-Phe and 1.350 g L−1 of ammonium sulfate (96 h). For these conditions, the chemical oxygen demand removal percentage (CODR%) was 67%. The maximum CODR% obtained was 97.5% for formulation F3 (1 g L−1 of L-Phe) at 96 h; however, a significant decrease in bioethanol concentration (14.33 ± 2.58 g L−1) was observed. On the other hand, for formulation, F3, at 48 h of fermentation time, a bioethanol concentration of 23.71 ± 1.26 g L−1 was observed, with 76.5% CODR%. Based on these results, we suggest that the best conditions to obtain a significant bioethanol concentration and CODR% value are those used on the configuration F3 at 48 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Thermal pretreatment of raw tuna viscera increased methane yield by 50 %. • Large accumulation of VFA and LCFA observed in non-thermally pretreated raw viscera. • Anaerobic co-digestion of cooked tuna and fat waste reached a methane yield of 87 %. • An optimal C/N ratio was obtained in co-digestion of cooked viscera and fat waste. Fish canning industries generate large amounts of solid waste during their processing operations, creating a significant environmental challenge. Nonetheless, this waste can be efficiently and sustainably treated through anaerobic digestion. In this study, the potential of biogas production from anaerobic digestion of thermally pretreated and co-digested solid tuna waste was investigated. The thermal pretreatment of raw fish viscera resulted in a 50 % increase in methane yield, with a production of 0.27 g COD-CH 4 /g COD added. However, this pretreatment did not lead to a significant increase in biogas production for cooked tuna viscera. When non-thermally pretreated raw viscera was tested, a large accumulation of volatile fatty acids and long chain fatty acids was observed, with levels reaching 21 and 6 g COD/L, respectively. On the other hand, anaerobic co-digestion of cooked tuna viscera with fat waste significantly enhanced methane production, achieving 0.87 g COD-CH 4 /g COD added. In contrast, co-digestion of cooked tuna viscera with dairy waste and sewage sludge resulted in notably lower yields of 0.36 and 0.46 g COD-CH 4 /g COD added, respectively. These results may be related to the C/N ratio, which was found to be within the optimal range for anaerobic digestion only in the tuna and fat waste co-digestion assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Customer priority for consuming dairy products with intact natural characteristics is leading the food processing trends towards the extensive exploration of non‐thermal technologies. Pulsed electric field (PEF) technique has arisen as a potential and sustainable processing solution. This review discusses the microbial and enzyme inactivation potential of PEF technique in milk and milk products. Alongside its effect on their natural characteristics. Its potential for better probiotic retention in spray‐dried powders, dairy waste treatment and nutrient enrichment application in dairy products has also been highlighted. PEF has demonstrated its effectiveness in ensuring the dairy product's safety with minimal effects on quality parameters. However, these findings are limited to lab and pilot scale level. Further, extensive research is needed at a commercial scale for the implementation of this technology in the dairy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Carboxylates such as volatile fatty acids (VFA) can be produced by acidogenic fermentation (AF) of dairy wastes including cheese whey, a massive residue produced at 160.67 million m3 of which 42% are not valorized and impact the environment. In mixed‐culture fermentations, selection pressures can favor AF and halt methanogenesis. In this study, inoculum pre‐treatment was evaluated as a selective pressure for AF demineralized cheese whey in batches. Alkaline (NaOH, pH 8.0, 6 h) and thermal (90 °C for 5 min, ice‐bath until 23 °C) pre‐treatments were tested with batch operations runs at initial pH 7.0 and 9.0, food‐to‐microorganism (F/M) ratios of 0.5 to 4.0 g COD g−1 VS, and under pressurized (P) and nonpressurized (NP) headspace, in experiments duplicated in two different research institutes. RESULTS: Acetic acid was highly produced on both Unicamp and TU Delft samples (1.36 and 1.40 g CODAcOH L−1, respectively), at the expense of methanogenesis by combining a thermal pre‐treatment of inoculum with a NP batch operation started at pH 9.0. Microbial communities comprising VFA and alcohol producers, such as Clostridium, Fonticella and Intestinimonas, and fermenters such as Longilinea and Leptolinea. The lipid‐accumulating Candidatus microthrix was observed in both bulk material and foam. Despite the absence of methane production, Methanosaeta were detected within the microbial community. An F/M ratio of 0.5 g COD g−1 VS led to the best VFA production of 1769.4 mg L−1. CONCLUSION: Overall, inoculum thermal pre‐treatment, initial pH 9.0 and NP headspace acted as a selective pressure for halting methanogenesis and producing VFAs, valorizing cheese whey via batch acidogenic fermentation. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was carried out to evaluate the risk perception and perceived effect on the environment among dairy farmers in the National Capital Region (NCR) of India. The study conducted in seven districts across four sub-regions of NCR during 2018-19 included the development of a psychometric scale with four dimensions and standardization to measure risk perception. The scale was then administered to 252 dairy farmers from urban and peri-urban dairies in the study area. The results showed that the majority of the farmers perceived a medium level of risk (39.68%), followed by low (32.54%) and high (27.78%) levels of risk perception. Comparative analysis was conducted using Mann-Whitney U Statistic and Duncan Multiple Range Test, which found that the risk perception scores of the respondents in urban areas were significantly higher than those in peri-urban areas. The dairy farmers in the Delhi region of NCR perceived more risk with a mean value of 46.83±0.70, followed by Haryana (43.46±0.58), Uttar Pradesh (31.47±0.49), and Rajasthan (29.44±0.59). The use of dairy animal waste as manure in crop fields was ranked first among the positive effects, while the emission of greenhouse gases was recognized as the major negative effect perceived by farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of edible oils and fats in dairy products is becoming increasingly important in the food industry because of their complementary functional properties. Most of these products are produced using food-grade enzymes as processing aids because processes involving enzymes are considered mild and environmentally friendly for regulatory purposes. The poor stability and recovery of enzymes in their native state limit their performance, and to enhance their activity, stability, and reusability, enzymes are often immobilised—a process that involves attaching them to a solid support. Additionally, immobilisation enables enzymes to selectively target specific substrates or products, making them highly efficient. These features have led to the increased use of immobilised enzymes in dairy and lipid processing and enzymes have been used to produce a broad range of products such as whey protein concentrates and isolates, peptide–lipid conjugates, lipid concentrates, structured lipids, and human milk fat substitutes. Therefore, this article reviews the current progress on different enzyme preparations and their use in lipid and dairy processing. It also summarises opportunities in enzyme-catalysed valorisation of dairy and lipid waste streams with the ultimate goals of sustainable food production and reductions in waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Organic wastes, including cheese whey, are generated in greater quantities each year, which require management that has economic and social implications. Current treatments of cheese whey do not allow for its complete degradation or utilization. In this context, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) promise to degrade a variety of wastes while generating and accumulating value‐added products such as protein, fat that can be transformed into biodiesel, and fertilizer can be obtained from their residues. In this work, the aim was to evaluate the cultivation of BSFL as a biological treatment for the revaluation process of cheese whey, as well as the composition of the larvae and residue (FRASS) obtained for the subsequent extraction of value‐added products such as fat or protein. It was observed that cheese whey did not affect the growth of the larvae, on the contrary, it increased it (final weight of = 0.252 ± 0.003 g). The larvae biomass was composed of mainly of lipids (42.48 ± 1.26% dry matter) and protein (34.98 ± 0.72% dry matter). A fatty acid profile was also performed, which confirms that, due to their composition (Saturated fatty acids = 262.91 ± 34.81 mg/g; monounsaturated fatty acids = 85.29 ± 19.64 mg/g; polyunsaturated fatty acids = 63.68 ± 11.33 mg/g), these accumulated lipids can be extracted for biodiesel production. This is the first approach to the treatment and utilization of cheese whey through insects.

There is a need to find methods to intensify the anaerobic digestion process. One possibility is the use of pretreatment techniques. Many laboratory tests confirm their effectiveness, but in most cases, there is no verification work carried out on industrial plants. A reliable and complete evaluation of new solutions can only be carried out in plants that reflect operating conditions at a higher readiness technological level. This has a direct impact on the scientific value and, above all, on the high application value of innovative technologies. The aim of our research carried out under laboratory conditions and on a large scale was to determine the technological and energy efficiency of the use of hydrodynamic cavitation in the pretreatment of a waste mixture from dairy farms. It has been shown that hydrodynamic cavitation significantly increases the concentration of organic compounds in the dissolved phase. In the most effective variants, the increase in the content of these indicators was over 90% for both COD and TOC. The degree of solubilisation achieved was 49 ± 2.6% for COD and almost 52 ± 4.4% for TOC. Under laboratory conditions, the highest effects of anaerobic digestion were achieved after 10 min of pretreatment. The amount of biogas was, on average, 367 ± 18 mL/gCOD, and the amount of methane was 233 ± 13 mL/gCOD. Further large-scale optimisation trials showed that after 8 min of hydrodynamic cavitation, the biogas yield was 327 ± 8 L/kgCOD with a CH4 content of 62.9 ± 1.9%. With this variant, the net energy yield was 66.4 ± 2.6 kWh/day, a value that was 13.9% higher than the original variant with 10 min of disintegration and 3.1% higher than the variant without pretreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared the effects of wood-, manure-, and blend-derived biochar (BC) saturated/unsaturated with dairy effluents on Vigna unguiculata and Cynodon dactylon performance and soil characteristics in a greenhouse pot study. Plant samples were assayed for herbage and root dry weight and N and C percentages. Soil samples were assayed for nutrients, pH, and conductivity. Variance analysis, Tukey's tests, Pearson's correlations, and multiple regression analysis were performed. The performance of C. dactylon was not affected. V. unguiculata's herbage and root production responded negatively to manure BC and 2% of any BC, respectively, which is mainly explained by the conductivity and soil P increase, respectively. When V. unguiculata was grown, BC inclusion decreased NO3-N and increased the soil P content. When C. dactylon was grown, only P was altered (increased) when manure or the blend BC were applied. The soil total C increased as the BC loading rate increased. The application of high BC rates was detrimental for V. unguiculata, but showed a neutral effect for C. dactylon. To improve dairy waste recycling, saturated 1% blend BC and saturated 2% blend or manure BC could be applied to V. unguiculata and C. dactylon, respectively, with no short-term negative impacts. Only wood BC avoided soil P build-up. BC application increased the soil total C, showing potential for C sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissolved air flotation (DAF) waste, a byproduct with high lipid content separated from dairy wastewater, is disposed of by land spreading and causing environmental pollution. To develop a sustainable treatment for DAF waste, this study investigated the effects of food to inoculum (F/I) ratio and ultrasound pre-treatment on the anaerobic digestion of DAF waste. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) of tested DAF waste ranged from 436–566 mL CH 4 /g VS fed. Increasing the F/I ratio (>1.0) inhibited methane production due to long chain fatty acids (LCFA) accumulation, which high concentrations of oleate inhibited methanogenesis and delayed palmitate degradation. Ultrasound pre-treatment with 30 min pulse (10 s on/ 10 s off) and 15 min continuous operations increased soluble chemical oxygen demand in DAF waste by 82% and 52%, respectively. Moreover, continuous sonication removed 38% of LCFA due to the implosion of cavitation bubbles. The BMP of DAF waste increased by 36% after sonication with F/I ratio 3.0. However, the lag time of methane production was prolonged after sonication due to the fast release of LCFA to the bulk solution. By implementing ultrasound pre-treatment and optimizing the F/I ratio, the energy potential of DAF waste can be harnessed, leading to more sustainable practices in dairy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wet oxidation can be an effective process for the pretreatment of complex biomass such as lignocellulose. However, studies on the use of wet oxidation for treating solid waste such as dairy manure are limited. The use of partial wet oxidation to convert dairy manure into low molecular weight carboxylic acids as final products were investigated. This work focuses on the performance of the sub-critical wet oxidation treatment of dairy cattle manure as a conversion/pretreatment process to release matter from the lignocellulosic fraction rather than a destructive process. The operating conditions were controlled at the short residence time and optimal temperature in the presence of oxygen under a pressure of 120 psi. The thermal hydrolysis under wet oxidation significantly affected conversion manure slurry into organic acids. The concentration of acetic acid reached 1778 mg L−1, achieved at 190°C (60 minutes reaction time) as the reaction temperature increased within the range of 150°C–200°C, total organic carbon was reduced and monomers in the process liquids decreased. On the other hand, soluble COD in process liquids increased with an increment in reaction temperature. The results provide insights into technical options to pretreat dairy manure to improve biochemical conversion yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the efficacy of three white-rot fungi—Bjerkandera adusta, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Trametes versicolor—in degrading synthetic dyes and lignin in pulp and paper mill effluents, which annually contribute around 40,000 million cubic meters of dyed waste. Exploiting the structural resemblance of dyes to lignin, the fungi utilize ligninolytic enzymes—lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and laccase—to break down the pollutants. Initial mycoremediation trials in synthetic dye solutions with Direct black 80, Direct yellow 11, Basic brown 1, Orange II, and Red 8 BLP achieved decolorization rates of 70–80% within 7 days, except for Red 8 BLP. Both soluble and insoluble lignin fractions were significantly reduced, with an overall removal rate of 80–90%. Contrary to prior beliefs about the recalcitrance of azo dyes, B. adusta demonstrated substantial biodegradation capabilities, even on non-lignocellulosic substrates, such as dairy waste. The decolorization efficacy varied with dye structure, suggesting that efficiency should not be judged solely on color reduction. Remarkably, B. adusta also effectively decolorized and removed lignin from actual mill effluents without pH alteration, indicating a viable low-cost bioremediation strategy. This invites further investigation into optimizing B. adusta for industrial wastewater biodecolorization, especially in the field of PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) and EDCs (Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microbial biotransformation using low-cost feedstock to produce biopolymers (degradable), an alternative to petrochemical-based synthesis plastics (non-degradable), can be a beneficial approach towards sustainable development. In this study, the dairy industry processes waste (whey) is used in polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) copolymer production. Initial screening suggested that Ralstonia eutropha produced higher PHA as compared to Bacillus megaterium. A central composite rotatable design-based optimization using two process variables (amino acid and tween-80) concentration remarkably influenced PHA co-polymer production under physiological conditions of pH (7), temperature (37 °C), and agitation rate of 150 rpm. High polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) mass fraction yield of 69.3% was observed as compared to predicted yield of 62.8% from deproteinized whey as feed. The combination of tryptophan (50 mg L−1) and tween-80 (3 mL−1) enhanced R. eutropha mass gain to 6.80 g L−1 with PHB contents of 4.71 g L−1. Further, characterization of PHA and its copolymers was done by ESI–MS, FTIR, and TEM. On upscaling up to 3.0 L, the PHA contents and yields were noted as quite similar by R. eutropha. This study demonstrates that dairy waste processing waste can be potentially utilized as inexpensive feed for producing high content of biopolymers to develop a sustainable system of waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological dihydrogen (H 2) production is a promising alternative to the conventional non-renewable energies. H 2 production by dark fermentation is particularly studied regarding its independence from fossil fuel and electricity, its cultivation into bioreactors and the broad range of substrate that can be used. A major goal application of dark fermentation is the valuation of wastes. In this context, cheese whey wastes are particularly adapted, since rich in organic matter, abundant and low cost. A novel H 2 -producing strain was isolated from a sample of mixed bovine manure and cheese whey, collected in a cheese-producing dairy farm. The strain was identified as a Clostridium beijerinckii strain based on morphological and physiological characteristics, and 16S rDNA sequencing. The optimum temperature and pH for H 2 production was 40 °C and pH 7, respectively. Substrate and stress tolerance tests showed that C. beijerinckii C.sp.1.3 could produce H 2 from glucose, lactose, maltose, cellobiose, galacturonic acid, xylose, and sucrose, and to a lesser extent from starch, cellulose and glycerol. The H 2 production potential from a mix of dairy industrial wastes of this strain has been evaluated. The highest productivity in batch for 5 g L−1 of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) was 833.1 mL H 2 L−1 d−1, with a yield of 2.03 mM H2 mM lactose −1, demonstrating the potential of this strain for H 2 production from industrial wastes. • An H 2 -producing strain was isolated from a mixture of manure and dairy waste. • The strain has the potential of fermenting a broad range of economic substrates. • Mixture of crude cheese whey and wastewater were used as model for H 2 production. • Productivity reach up to 833.1 mL L−1 d−1 with a yield of 2.03 mol H2.mol lactose −1. • A mechanism of lactate-driven fermentation was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cheese industry produces substantial amounts of raw cheese whey wastewater (RW), which requires effective treatment prior to environmental disposal. This study presents an innovative sequential batch system that combines macrophyte and microalgal cultivation for RW remediation. The efficacy of Lemna minor MO23 in first-line photobioreactors (PBR-1) and Chlorella sp. MC18 (CH) or Scenedesmus sp. MJ23-R (SC) in second-line photobioreactors (PBR-2) for pollutant removal was evaluated. The nutrient removal capacity of L. minor, CH, and SC was assessed at optimal tolerance concentrations, alongside nutrient recovery from treated RW (TRW) by PBR-1 for microalgae biomass production. The results demonstrate that all three species effectively purified the cheese whey wastewater. L. minor efficiently removed COD, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate from RW, producing TRW effluent suitable for microalgal growth. CH and SC further purified TRW, enhancing biomass production. CH outperformed SC with a 4.79% higher maximum specific growth rate and 20.95% higher biomass yield. Biochemical analyses revealed the potential of CH and SC biomass for applications such as biofuels and aquaculture. After treatment, the physicochemical parameters of the effluent were within the regulatory limits. This demonstrates that the PBR-1 and PBR-2 series-coupled system effectively purifies and recovers dairy effluents while complying with discharge standards.

Currently, the global demand for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) is significantly increasing. PHAs are produced by several bacteria that are an alternative source of synthetic polymers derived from petrochemical refineries. This study established a simple and more feasible process of PHA production by Halomonas alkaliantarctica using dairy waste as the only carbon source. The data confirmed that the analyzed halophile could metabolize cheese whey (CW) and cheese whey mother liquor (CWML) into biopolyesters. The highest yield of PHAs was 0.42 g/L in the cultivation supplemented with CWML. Furthermore, it was proved that PHA structure depended on the type of by-product from cheese manufacturing, its concentration, and the culture time. The results revealed that H. alkaliantarctica could produce P(3HB-co-3HV) copolymer in the cultivations with CW at 48 h and 72 h without adding of any precursors. Based on the data obtained from physicochemical and thermal analyses, the extracted copolymer was reported to have properties suitable for various applications. Overall, this study described a promising approach for valorizing of dairy waste as a future strategy of industrial waste management to produce high value microbial biopolymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inability of lactose to properly crystallize due to the presence of high amounts of salts poses significant hurdles for its downstream processing with some dairy waste streams such as acid whey. This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical and thermal behaviors of lactose in the presence of cations commonly present in acid whey. A model-based study was conducted, utilizing various cations (Mg, Ca, K, and Na) at concentrations (8, 30, 38, and 22 mM, respectively) that are typically found in acid whey. The research experiments were conducted using a factorial design. The thermal analysis of concentrated solutions revealed augmentation in the enthalpy of water evaporation in the presence of individual cations and their combinations in comparison with pure lactose (698.4 J/g). The degree of enthalpy increased following the order of Na+ (918.6 J/g), K+ (936.6 J/g), Mg2+ (987.0 J/g), Ca2+ (993.2 J/g), and their mixture (1005.4 J/g). This resulted in a substantial crystal yield decline in the exactly reversed order to that of the enthalpy. The greatest decline was observed in the presence of the salt mixture (63%) followed by Ca (67%) compared with pure lactose (79%). The yield reduction was also inversely related to the solubility of lactose. The presence of divalent cations appeared to play a role in the isomerization of lactose molecules observed using DSC and XRD diffractograms according to the disappearance of peaks related to β lactose. The effect of salts on the crystallization of lactose was a combination of cation–lactose interactions, changes in the solubility of lactose, ion–dipole interactions between water and cations, and changes in the structure of water molecules. By deviating the composition of acid whey, the crystallization of lactose can be enhanced, leading to the improved downstream processing of acid whey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was grown in a greenhouse under a combination of treatments that tested the effects of two types of biochar amended with fermentation solids and dairy lagoon effluent at high and low levels of phosphorus fertilization. We hypothesized that a modified biochar dosed with iron in combination with a dairy amendment would yield the greatest photosynthetic assimilation rates of CO2 and water use efficiency. Furthermore, we hypothesized that these rates may differ between photosynthate demand represented by plant developmental stages, specifically the tillering, stem elongation, and heading stages. We found that photosynthetic assimilation was greatest at the tillering stage. Plant water use efficiency increased with commercially available fertilizer. Plant biomass at harvest was greatest among the chemical fertilizer (high and low levels of phosphorus fertilization) and low‐level fertilization of dairy lagoon, fermentation solid, and an iron dosed biochar. The results suggest that while the dairy‐amended biochar can maintain plant growth, it is not necessarily achieved through improved photosynthesis or water use. Core Ideas: Dairy wastes used as soil amendments can potentially improve soil health and support nutrient recycling.A mechanistic understanding of crop responses to amendments is necessary.Amendments based on dairy waste maintain plant growth, but it is not achieved through improved photosynthesis or water use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present manuscript, the growth profile of the microalgae Spirulina sp. NCIM 5143 was studied. Screening was performed on four commercial media, i.e., blue--green-11 (BG-11), Bold's basal medium (BBM), algal culture medium (ACM), Zarrouk's medium (ZM), and different concentrations (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) of unsterilized dairy effluent (UDE). Characterization of biomass was performed to assess its biochemical composition through various assays. Elemental composition and bioactive compound analysis were accomplished by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP--AES) and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC--MS), respectively. The results revealed that maximum values of most of the parameters, i.e., optical density (0.21), chlorophyll (2.00 mg/l), proteins (119.17 mg/l), and wet (4.06 g/l) and dry biomass weight (0.28 g/l), were found on ZM. For UDE, maximum growth parameters and the highest nutrient removal efficiency were obtained at 100% concentration. Biochemical analysis revealed that total Kjeldahl nitrogen (7.14±0.49%), crude protein (48.23± 3.34%), total antioxidant activity (3.07±0.03 mg AAE/g), and total phenols (8.88±1.93 mg GAE/g) were present in the biomass. Elemental and GC--MS analysis detected essential micronutrients and many bioactive compounds, respectively. Hence, this study proved that Spirulina sp. NCIM 5143 has the potential for the management of waste dairy effluent. This study also showed its costeffectiveness, as the dairy effluent analyzed is used without any kind of sterilization. In addition, its biomass is rich in several essential elements, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds of therapeutic and nutraceutical importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]