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Recent data suggest that dandruff might be associated with dysbiosis of the scalp microbiome. This mini review summarizes the microbiome changes seen with the dandruff condition, as well as different solutions for dandruff control and their effects on the scalp microbiome in relation to in vivo efficacy. Since zinc pyrithione has been banned from cosmetics in the EU, the medium-chain fatty acid ester propanediol caprylate is a new option, in addition to the remaining conventional ingredients: piroctone olamine, climbazole, and salicylic acid. The ester is rapidly cleaved by Malassezia hydrolases in the external milieu, thereby releasing active caprylic acid. In addition to its auto-regulatory effects on Malassezia, propanediol caprylate is also able to influence the bacterial microbiota towards a healthier scalp microbiome. In vivo data have shown an efficacy comparable to climbazole and piroctone olamine. In vivo additive and synergistic effects in different combinations allow reductions in the concentration of conventional agents. Surprisingly, a new effect of a lasting healthier scalp has been identified in connection with ester use, in contrast to the usual return of dandruff experienced upon the discontinuation of anti-dandruff shampoo with conventional actives. We also report on new data from an unpublished comparative study on two propanediol monoesters confirming the long-lasting effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of yeast/zinc fermentation products in scalp care were studied from the aspects of safety, oil control and dandruff removal, and hair follicle maintenance. The safety of yeast/zinc fermentation products was tested through human patch testing. In vitro SZ95 cell model was used to study the oil-control efficacy of yeast/zinc fermentation products. The method of qRT-PCR was used to verify the expression of oil-secretion-related genes SREBP-1c, PPARG, and PI3K. Spectrophotometry was used to test the effect of yeast/zinc fermentation products on 5α-reductase. The oil-control effect of yeast/zinc fermentation products on scalp and the maintenance effect on hair follicles were studied through human efficacy testing and in vitro hair follicle model, respectively. The results showed that the yeast/zinc fermentation products at a content of 5% was safe and harmless to human health; the yeast/zinc fermentation products with a content of 0.8%-1.5% could significantly inhibit the activity of 5α-reductase. The yeast/ zinc fermentation products at a content of 0.5%-2.0% could significantly inhibit the secretion of oil in SZ95 cells in vitro, and significantly downregulate the expression of oil-secretion-related genes SREBP-1c and PPARG. The yeast/ zinc fermentation products at content of 1.0% and 2.0% could significantly inhibit the expression of PI3K. The yeast/zinc fermentation products at a content of 5% could significantly reduce scalp oil secretion, improve hair follicle cycle, and promote hair shaft growth. Therefore, the yeast/zinc fermentation products had certain scalp care effects and had positive effects in controlling oil, improving hair follicle health, and promoting hair shaft growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scalp-related symptoms such as dandruff and itching are common with diverse underlying etiologies. We previously proposed a novel classification and scoring system for scalp conditions, called the scalp photographic index (SPI); it grades five scalp features using trichoscopic images with good reliability. However, it requires trained evaluators. Aim: To develop artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for assessment of scalp conditions and to assess the feasibility of AI-based recommendations on personalized scalp cosmetics. Methods: Using EfficientNet, convolutional neural network (CNN) models (SPI-AI) of each scalp feature were established. 101,027 magnified scalp images graded according to the SPI scoring were used for training, validation, and testing the model Adults with scalp discomfort were prescribed shampoos and scalp serums personalized according to their SPI-AI-defined scalp types. Using the SPI, the scalp conditions were evaluated at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, and 12 of treatment. Results: The accuracies of the SPI-AI for dryness, oiliness, erythema, folliculitis, and dandruff were 91.3%, 90.5%, 89.6%, 87.3%, and 95.2%, respectively. Overall, 100 individuals completed the 4-week study; 43 of these participated in an extension study until week 12. The total SPI score decreased from 32.70 ± 7.40 at baseline to 15.97 ± 4.68 at week 4 (p < 0.001). The efficacy was maintained throughout 12 weeks. Conclusions: SPI-AI accurately assessed the scalp condition. AI-based prescription of tailored scalp cosmetics could significantly improve scalp health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of a Compound Acid in improving seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp. Methods Fifty patients with seborrheic dermatitis who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. The subjects underwent scalp brushing with Compound Acid for a total of four brushings, with the first acid brushing on the day of enrollment and subsequent brushings at one-week interval. Symptom scores were assessed before each acid brushing. A follow-up examination was conducted two weeks after the last acid brushing. Clinical signs and symptoms such as papules, greasiness, erythema, and dandruff were scored using skin microscopy. The status of Malassezia infection was detected using fungus fluorescent microscope. A questionnaire was used to evaluate subjects' scalp itching and pain. Results Forty-seven subjects completed this study. Following the use of the Compound Acid, subjects showed significant improvements in maculopapule scores (from 2.09±1.25 to 0.13±0.34), greasiness scores (from 3.19±0.77 to 0.87±0.65), erythema scores (from 3.23±0.63 to 0.43±0.68), and dandruff scores (from 3.26±0.94 to 0.55±0.65) (all P

Christian S Chan,1,2 Tammy Smith,3 Zemiao He,4 Carrie Garter3 1Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Psychology and Linguistics, International Christian University, Tokyo, Japan; 3P&G Beauty, Cincinnati, OH, USA; 4P&G Beauty, SingaporeCorrespondence: Tammy Smith, P&G Beauty, Cincinnati, OH, USA, Email smith.tj.2@pg.comIntroduction: The psychological impact of dandruff has been largely understudied.Methods: In this cross-sectional study (N = 2116), we examined the consequences of self-perception of dandruff severity on mental health, quality of life, and sleep quality among Chinese adults. Additionally, we examined the moderating factors that influence these associations.Results: Bivariate analyses revealed that greater self-perceived dandruff severity was associated with poorer mental health, lower quality of life, and reduced sleep quality. Furthermore, dandruff severity was positively correlated with appearance anxiety, feelings of helplessness, and perceived stigma. Individuals with more severe dandruff experienced increased teasing and ostracism and, subsequently, heightened psychological distress. Moderation analyses demonstrated that females were more adversely affected by dandruff than males, and those with comorbid skin conditions or a history of being teased and ostracized during adolescence due to dandruff experienced exacerbated negative outcomes.Discussion: This study highlights the need for further research on the psychological consequences of self-perceived severity of dandruff and potential interventions to mitigate its impact.Keywords: dandruff, quality of life, psychological distress, sleep quality

Objective: Disruption of the protective stratum corneum barrier increases the skin's vulnerability to microorganisms and facilitates conditions such as dandruff. Dandruff is a disorder of the scalp that causes increased scaling of the SC and is associated with Malassezia fungus. Consequently, many anti‐dandruff commercial products use anti‐fungal active ingredients such as piroctone olamine also known as Octopirox (OPX). OPX is an active ingredient used in a number of topical preparations for the management of dandruff. The characterization of the physicochemical properties of OPX was previously reported. The aim of the present work was to investigate a range of solvent systems for their effects on OPX interaction with human skin. Methods: The solvents used in this study were propylene glycol (PG), diethylene glycol monoethyl ether or Transcutol® (TC), PG monolaurate (PGML), isopropyl myristate (IPM), caprylic/capric triglyceride or Labrafac™ Lipophile WL 1349 (LAB), PG caprylate or Capryol® 90 (CAP), isostearyl isostearate (ISIS) and Plurol® Oleique CC 497 (PIOI). The single solvent systems evaluated were PG, TC, PGML, IPM, ISIS and CAP. For the binary solvent systems, PG and TC were examined. Ternary solvent systems consisted of: PG, TC and LAB; PG, PGML and LAB; and PG, TC and IPM. The concentration of OPX used was 1% (w/v). Heat‐separated human epidermis was used for 24 h permeation experiments performed under finite dose conditions; mass balance studies were also conducted. Results: For the six single solvents examined no permeation was evident. Skin permeation of OPX was observed for binary and ternary solvent systems. The highest permeation for all PG:TC binary solvent system ratios tested was from the PG:TC (75:25) system. For the ternary solvent systems investigated, highest cumulative permeation of OPX was observed for PG:PGML:LAB (60:30:10). Considering all systems, PG:TC (75:25) delivered the greatest amount of OPX through the skin. Although OPX is deposited in the skin following the application of neat solvents, higher skin retention values were generally observed for binary and ternary systems. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the permeation behaviour of OPX for a range of single, binary and ternary solvent systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To characterize the scalp microbial composition, function, and connection to dandruff severity using a metagenomics approach and to understand the impact of a Piroctone Olamine containing anti‐dandruff shampoo on the scalp microbiome. Methods: Shotgun metagenomics was used to characterize the composition of the scalp microbiomes from 94 subjects with and without clinically defined dandruff. Furthermore, the microbiome of the scalps of 100 dandruff sufferers before and after 3 weeks of treatment with either control or anti‐dandruff shampoo containing 0.5% Piroctone Olamine (PO) was characterized and compared to identify microorganisms associated with the dandruff condition and the associated pathways and processes that may contribute to PO's effect on scalp microbiome. Results: A higher relative abundance of Malassezia restricta and Staphylococcus capitis and a lower abundance of Cutibacterium acnes were associated with the dandruff scalps relative to the no‐dandruff scalps. A 3‐week PO shampoo treatment reduced the relative abundance of Malassezia species and Staphylococcus capitis and increased the relative abundance of Cutibacterium acnes. This change to the scalp microbiome composition is consistent with a return to a healthy no‐dandruff microbiome and improved clinical signs and symptoms as measured by adherent scalp flaking score (ASFS) compared with the control shampoo. Functional genomics analysis showed that the PO shampoo treatment reduced oxidative stress‐associated genes and decreased the abundance of protease, urease, and lipase genes. These changes correlated positively to improvements in dandruff severity. PO treatment favourably shifted scalp microbiomes in dandruff subjects toward the no‐dandruff state. Conclusion: Our results suggest that part of the aetiology of dandruff can be attributed to dysbiosis of the scalp microbiome. PO treatment can restore a healthier microbiome, reducing oxidative stress and promoting better scalp health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of a Compound Acid in improving seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp ・ Methods Fifty patients with seborrheic dermatitis who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled・ The subjects underwent scalp brushing with Compound Acid for a total of four brushings, with the first acid brushing on the day of enrollment and subsequent brushings at one-week interval・ Symptom scores were assessed before each acid brushing・ A follow examination was conducted two weeks after the last acid brushing・ Clinical signs and symptoms such as papules, greasiness, erythema, and dandruff were scored using skin microscopy・ The status of Malassezia infection was detected using fungus fluorescent microscope・ A questionnaire was used to evaluate subjects' scalp itching and pain. Results Forty-seven subjects completed this study・ Following the use of the Compound Acid, subjects showed significant improvements in mac-ulopapule scores （from 2. 09 ± 1. 25 to 0. 13 ± 0. 34）, greasiness scores （from 3. 19 土 0. 77 to 0. 87 ± 0. 65), erythema scores (from 3. 23 ± 0. 63 to 0. 43 ±0. 68), and dandruff scores (from 3. 26 ± 0. 94 to 0. 55 ± 0. 65) (all P < 0. 01)・ In 95. 74% of patients, Malassezia was changed from positive to negative・ Subjective scores for scalp itching and pain were improved from 3・ 21 ± 0. 75 to 0. 57 ± 0. 58 and from 1. 70 ± 1. 27 to 0. 50 ± 0. 60, respectively (both P < 0. 01)・ No adverse reactions were reported throughout the study・ Conclusion The compound acid is effective and safe for seborrheic dermatitis, including improvements in scalp itching, maculopapules, greas・ iness, dandruff and scalp pairu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Malassezia species are common, clinically relevant, and lipid‐dependent yeasts of humans. They are also the leading causes of the dandruff problem of humans, and the azoles are used primarily in their topical and systemic treatment. Resistance to azoles is an emerging problem among Malassezia sp., which indicates the need of new drug assessments that will be effective against dandruff and limit the use of azoles and other agents in treatment. Among them, the efficacy of various combinations of piroctone olamine and climbazole against Malassezia sp. is highly important. Here, we assessed the efficacies of various piroctone olamine and climbazole formulations against Malassezia sp. in comparison with ketoconazole. Methods: A total of nine formulations were included in the study, where each formulation was prepared from different concentrations of piroctone olamine and climbazole and both. All formulations contained the same ingredients as water, surfactants, hair conditioning agents, and preservatives. Malassezia furfur CBS1878, Malassezia globosa CBS7874, and Malassezia sympodialis CBS9570 were tested for antifungal susceptibility of each formulation by agar diffusion method. Sizes of the inhibition zones were compared with standard medical shampoo containing 2% ketoconazole, and the data were analyzed by Dunnett's multiple‐comparison test. Results: For all Malassezia sp. strains, climbazole 0.5% and piroctone olamine/climbazole (0.1%/0.1% and 0.1%/0.5%) combinations were found to have the same effect as the medical shampoo containing 2% ketoconazole. Piroctone olamine/climbazole 1.0%/0.1% formulation showed the same efficacy as 2% ketoconazole on M. furfur and M. sympodialis, while 0.1%/0.5% formulation to only M. furfur. For M. globosa, none of the formulations tested were as effective as ketoconazole. Conclusion: The species distribution of Malassezia sp. varies depending on the anatomical location on the host. According to the results of this study, climbazole and piroctone olamine combinations seem to be promising options against the dandruff problem with their high antifungal/anti dandruff efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Dandruff, a common scalp disorder characterized by flaking dead skin, is often treated with conventional topical products. However, limitations exist due to potential side effects and high costs. Therefore, searching for natural, cost-effective solutions for dandruff and hair loss is crucial. Rosemary herb and neem tree, both cultivated in Egypt, possess well-documented anti-inflammatory properties derived from their rich phenolic phytoconstituents. This study formulated a standardized combined extract of rosemary and neem (RN-E 2:1) into hair gel and leave-in tonic formats. This extract demonstrated superior efficacy against Malassezia furfur (a causative agent of dandruff) and Trichophyton rubrum (associated with scalp disorders) compared to the conventional antifungal agent, ketoconazole. The combined extract (RN-E 2:1) also exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity. Additionally, the suppression of iNOS expression is considered concentration-dependent. Quality control verified formulation stability, and ex-vivo studies confirmed effective ingredient penetration into the epidermis, the primary site of fungal presence. Remarkably, both formulations outperformed the standard treatment, minoxidil in hair growth trials. These findings highlight the potential of natural extracts for scalp and hair health.

This research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a nanoemulgel (NE) containing Cananga odorata (Ylang-Ylang) oil for managing scalp psoriasis and dandruff through various assessments. The study involved phytochemical screening, characterization, stability testing, in vivo performance evaluation, dermatokinetic analysis, central composite rotatable design (CCRD) optimization, in vitro release profiling, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity assessment of the NE. The NE exhibited excellent stability and maintained physical parameters over a three-month period. In vivo studies showed no skin irritation, maintenance of skin pH (4.55 to 5.08), and improvement in skin hydration (18.09 to 41.28 AU) and sebum content (26.75 to 5.67 mg/cm2). Dermatokinetic analysis revealed higher skin retention of C. odorata in the NE (epidermis: 71.266 µg/cm2, dermis: 60.179 µg/cm2) compared to conventional formulations. CCRD optimization yielded NE formulations with the desired particle size (195.64 nm), entrapment efficiency (85.51%), and zeta potential (−20.59 mV). In vitro release studies indicated sustained release behavior, and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties were observed. This study demonstrates the stability, skin-friendliness, therapeutic benefits, and controlled release properties of the NE. The NE presents a promising option for various topical applications in treating bacterial and fungal diseases, potentially enhancing drug delivery and treatment outcomes in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dandruff and scalp discomfort are common concerns for women and men in Africa. Moreover, women with afro‐textured hair are prone to scalp discomfort owing to irregular hair washing, frequent use of oil‐based products on their scalp, and harsh chemical treatments. Current literature does not, however, provide data on the pathophysiological mechanisms of these conditions in this population. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms behind scalp discomfort and dandruff in women of African descent before and after hair washing. We conducted the in Durban, South Africa, over a 3‐week period with 60 women of African descent aged 20–40 years. The respondents were equally divided into a "dandruff" and a "no dandruff" group, based on clinical grading of adherent dandruff by a dermatologist. Malassezia spp. and bacterial loads were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Evaluations of scalp condition and sample collection were performed at five time points during the 3 weeks. Data on discomfort symptoms were collected via a self‐assessment questionnaire. We observed that the dandruff severity peaked at the end of the first week after hair washing and plateaued from thereon in both groups. Dandruff was associated with higher Malassezia and bacterial load counts and there was a direct correlation between the Malassezia spp. load and dandruff score. Via self‐assessment questionnaire responses submitted by participants, we observed that itching was the most pronounced scalp discomfort, compared with the sensation of tingling and burning at baseline, while an improvement of the scalp symptoms of dandruff and itch was observed in both groups after one hair wash. The study also showed that higher colonization with Malassezia spp. and bacteria is associated with dandruff independently of the time point, confirming a scalp microbiome contribution to the dandruff pathophysiology in the study population. The benefits of washing were, however, not sustained after 1 week and we thus recommend weekly hair washing for long‐term management of dandruff and scalp itchiness in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gambier is a natural product that contains high amounts of cathechin. Cathechin has bioavailability as an antimicrobial such as fungus. Dandruff is a problem on the human scalp caused by fungus where this condition can be treated by using shampoo. The purpose of this study was to ascertain how the properties of solid shampoo were affected by the catechin extract from Gambier. This study's design comprised three replicates and five treatments in a fully randomized fashion. Catechin extract was added to the shampoo in amounts of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% of the total contents. Evaluations were conducted on the created shampoo's chemical, physical, and organoleptic properties. By the measurement of pH, percentage of solid content, foam height, texture, color, and scent revealed that the addition of gambier catechin extract could had a substantial influence (a = 5%) but not for dirt dispersal. Adding 4% of Gambier's catechin extract to the solid shampoo resulted in the optimal concentration. Further studies are needed to ascertain the specific role of the Gambier catechin extract in solid shampoo in order to fully appreciate the benefits of using it in shampoo products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent data suggest that dandruff might be associated with dysbiosis of the scalp microbiome. This mini review summarizes the microbiome changes seen with the dandruff condition, as well as different solutions for dandruff control and their effects on the scalp microbiome in relation to in vivo efficacy. Since zinc pyrithione has been banned from cosmetics in the EU, the medium-chain fatty acid ester propanediol caprylate is a new option, in addition to the remaining conventional ingredients: piroctone olamine, climbazole, and salicylic acid. The ester is rapidly cleaved by Malassezia hydrolases in the external milieu, thereby releasing active caprylic acid. In addition to its auto-regulatory effects on Malassezia, propanediol caprylate is also able to influence the bacterial microbiota towards a healthier scalp microbiome. In vivo data have shown an efficacy comparable to climbazole and piroctone olamine. In vivo additive and synergistic effects in different combinations allow reductions in the concentration of conventional agents. Surprisingly, a new effect of a lasting healthier scalp has been identified in connection with ester use, in contrast to the usual return of dandruff experienced upon the discontinuation of anti-dandruff shampoo with conventional actives. We also report on new data from an unpublished comparative study on two propanediol monoesters confirming the long-lasting effect.

Background: Dandruff caused by Malassezia furfur is a prevailing fungal infection. Although ketoconazole (KTZ) is widely intended for anti‐dandruff treatment, poor solubility, and epidermal permeability limits its use and the marketed KTZ shampoo adversely effects scalp and hair. Objective: To prepare a novel shampoo loaded with KTZ‐coated zinc oxide nanoparticles using green tea extract and evaluate its antifungal activity. Methods: The KTZ‐coated zinc oxide nanoparticles was prepared by green synthesis and was characterized by UV, FTIR, XRD, and the drug entrapment efficiency was investigated. The antifungal activity of the nanoparticles with respect to standard drug, KTZ was tested against Malassezia furfur. Further, a novel antidandruff shampoo was developed by incorporating the prepared nanoparticles into the shampoo base. Results: The formation of KTZ‐coated ZnO nanoparticles was confirmed by UV and FTIR analysis. XRD analysis confirmed the amorphous phase of KTZ in nanoparticles. The drug entrapment efficiency was found to be 91.84%. The prepared nanoparticles showed enhanced activity against Malassezia furfur compared to drug of choice, KTZ (1%). The evaluation of shampoo showed an ideal result. Conclusion: KTZ‐coated ZnO nanoparticles loaded novel shampoo in comparison to marketed anti‐dandruff shampoo could be an effective alternate for the treatment of dandruff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dandruff is a scalp disorder characterized by itching. According to the Republic of Indonesia Health Research (Riset Kesehatan Republik Indonesia), 26% of Indonesians experience dandruff, with the teenage age group (15-24 years old) being the most affected. One of the contributing factors to dandruff is wearing a hijab, which restricts air flow. This research aims to identify the level of knowledge, accuracy of action, and product selection for treating dandruff among female students at Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya. This research employed quantitative descriptive research using survey methods. The sampling technique used in this research is by purposive sampling. The respondents in this study were 161 new students who wear hijab. The variables in this study are the level of knowledge, accuracy of action, and choice of shampoo products in treating dandruff. The research showed that 86.3% of respondents have experienced dandruff and 62.59% of respondents have a high level of knowledge about dandruff. Of the 87 respondents with high knowledge; 39 people (28.06%) were right in choosing action to treat dandruff; 47 people (33.81%) were somewhat accurate and only 1 person (0.71%) was incorrect. Meanwhile, respondents with a high level of knowledge and accuracy in choosing shampoo products 51 (36.69%) were accurate;25 (17.98%) were somewhat accurate; and 11 (7.91%) were incorrect. Based on the research results, it was concluded that the majority of respondents demonstrated a fairly good level of knowledge, accuracy in action and product selection in dealing with dandruff. However, further education still needs to be done to enhance these three things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dandruff is a common scalp condition affecting almost half of the world's population. Despite its high prevalence, the exact pathophysiology is not well established and is understood to be multifactorial, with factors such as fungal colonization, sebaceous gland activity and individual factors being implicated. There is a need for an effective and safe shampoo that can target the above factors. Hence, we have developed a shampoo formulation with properties of oil control, moisturizing, non‐irritative, anti‐fungal, anti‐microbial and itch‐relieving. In this interventional, open‐label study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of this shampoo in reducing the clinical signs of dandruff and pruritus in patients with pre‐existing mild‐to‐moderate dandruff over a course of 21‐day treatment duration through self‐assessment and objective clinical evaluations. After continued use of the shampoo, there was a significant decrease in the adherent and loose scalp flaking scores. Mean pruritus scores also decreased significantly across the 21‐day time points. There were also no adverse events or skin intolerances reported. This study showed that our shampoo formulation has led to a significant reduction in both adherent and loose scalp flaking and pruritus when used in individuals suffering from mild to moderate dandruff. As such, it is an ideal shampoo, which can be used to effectively control dandruff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Probiotics are intellectually rewarding for the discovery of their potential as a source of functional food. Investigating the economic and beauty sector dynamics, this study conducted a comprehensive review of scholarly articles to evaluate the capacity of probiotics to promote hair growth and manage dandruff. Methods: We used the PRISMA 2020 with Embase, Pubmed, ClinicalTrials.gov, Scopus, and ICTRP databases to investigate studies till May 2023. Meta-analyses utilizing the random effects model were used with odds ratios (OR) and standardized mean differences (SMD). Result: Meta-analysis comprised eight randomized clinical trials and preclinical studies. Hair growth analysis found a non-significant improvement in hair count (SMD = 0.32, 95 % CI -0.10 to 0.75) and a significant effect on thickness (SMD = 0.92, 95 % CI 0.47 to 1.36). In preclinical studies, probiotics significantly induced hair follicle count (SMD = 3.24, 95 % CI 0.65 to 5.82) and skin thickness (SMD = 2.32, 95 % CI 0.47 to 4.17). VEGF levels increased significantly (SMD = 2.97, 95 % CI 0.80 to 5.13), while IGF-1 showed a non-significant inducement (SMD = 0.53, 95 % CI -4.40 to 5.45). For dandruff control, two studies demonstrated non-significant improvement in adherent dandruff (OR = 1.31, 95 % CI 0.13–13.65) and a significant increase in free dandruff (OR = 5.39, 95 % CI 1.50–19.43). Hair follicle count, VEGF, IGF-1, and adherent dandruff parameters were recorded with high heterogeneity. For the systematic review, probiotics have shown potential in improving hair growth and controlling dandruff through modulation of the immune pathway and gut-hair axis. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway, IGF-1 pathway, and VEGF are key molecular pathways in regulating hair follicle growth and maintenance. Conclusions: This review found significant aspects exemplified by the properties of probiotics related to promoting hair growth and anti-dandruff effect, which serve as a roadmap for further in-depth studies to make it into pilot scales.

Eirene Fithian,1 Neil Thivalapill,1 John Kosner,1 Jonathan Necheles,2 Lucy Bilaver1 1Center for Food Allergy and Asthma Research, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; 2Children’s Healthcare Associates, Chicago, IL, USACorrespondence: Lucy Bilaver, Center for Food Allergy and Asthma Research, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 750 N. Lake Shore Drive, 6th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA, Tel +1 312-503-5618, Email l-bilaver@northwestern.eduBackground: Dry scalp conditions affect a significant portion of the population, including children. Emerging evidence indicates the potential for improvement of atopic symptoms through altering the skin microbiome. Therefore, a topical treatment consisting of probiotic extracts, honey, turmeric, and vitamin B12 was manufactured to improve dry scalp symptomology through sustained balance of the microbiome.Purpose: This interventional clinical study aims to determine the safety and efficacy of the topical treatment in reducing dry scalp symptomology in children 1– 17 years old with dry scalp symptoms.Methods: Participants applied the topical dry scalp treatment 2– 3 times per week for two weeks. Safety and efficacy of the topical treatment was determined through physician assessment using the validated Investigator’s Global Assessment (IGA) scale and the Total Severity Scale (TSS) during pre- and post-treatment clinic visits as well as parent reports at baseline, 1-week midpoint, and 2-week exit.Results: Use of the topical treatment was associated with reduced symptoms of itchiness, dryness, irritation, and flakiness in children. The average IGA score was 3.0 at baseline and 2.0 after treatment, corresponding to a score difference of 1.0 (p < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.7, 1.2). The TSS score difference was 1.9 (p < 0.001, 95% CI: 1.4, 2.4). The total parent-reported scalp severity score decreased from 16.6 (95% CI: 14.8, 18.4) to 12.4 (p < 0.001, 95% CI: 11.0, 13.7) at 2-week exit.Discussion: Study results mirror those reported in a study conducted in adults and point to the safety and efficacy of this natural topical treatment in reducing dry scalp symptomology in children. Based on our data, the combination of probiotic extracts and other anti-inflammatory ingredients appears to improve overall scalp health and appearance, though further studies will need to be conducted to further elucidate the link between clinical improvement and a balanced scalp microbiome.Keywords: dry scalp, dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, atopic disease, microbiome, probiotic

Abraha Gebremariam,1 Brhane Gebremedhin Gebrezgabher,2 Kebede Taye Desta,3 Desta Berhe Sbhatu,4 Goitom Gebreyohannes Berhe,4 Mahmud Abdirkadir,4 Ephrem Tsegay4 1Kebri Dehar University, Kebri Dehar, Ethiopia; 2Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; 3Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia; 4Mekelle University, Mekelle, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Desta Berhe Sbhatu, Mekelle University, PO Box 231/1632, Mekelle, Ethiopia, Tel +251 914735090, Email desta.sbhatu@mu.edu.etBackground: Aloe species are among the most significant plants with several applications. Many of the species, however, are underexplored, owing to their scarcity and limited geographical distribution. A. adigratana Reynolds, which is common in Ethiopia, is one of the little-studied and endangered Aloe species.Objective: This preliminary study focuses on the phytochemical screening, proximate analysis, essential oil content, and antifungal activities of A. adigratana leaf peels. Antifungal activities were also tested on the gels of the plant for comparison.Methods: Standard procedures were used for phytochemical and proximate composition studies. Essential oil analysis was performed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry instrument. Using the well-diffusion method, investigations on antifungal activity were performed on three clinically isolated specimens of dandruff-causing fungus; namely, Malassezia furfur, Malassezia restricta, and Malassezia globosa.Results: The leaf peels of A. adigratana contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. The mean moisture, ash, and crude fat levels were 85.69, 92.20, and 8.00%, respectively, whereas the mean total protein and mean total carbohydrate values were 2.59 and 3.04%. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry investigation confirmed the presence of fifteen essential oils. The most prevalent essential oil component was discovered to be phytol (33.78%), followed by decane (11.29%). In a dose-dependent way, the leaf latex and gel extracts prevented the growth of three dandruff-causing Malassezia fungal species (M. furfur, M. restricta, and M. globosa). Both the latex and gel demonstrated the maximum activity on M. globosa, the most prevalent fungus in the research area, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.24 and 0.48 mg/mL and minimum fungicidal concentrations of 0.48 and 0.97 mg/mL, respectively.Conclusion: In general, the proximate and essential oil compositions of A. adigratana leaves were comparable to those of other Aloe species widely used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, implying that A. adigratana could be a potential future plant for such industries.Keywords: Aloe adigratana, antifungal activity, dandruff, essential oil, proximate

Objective: The microbiome plays an important role in a wide variety of skin disorders. Hence, dysbiosis in the skin and/or gut microbiome is associated with an altered immune response, promoting the development of skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne vulgaris and dandruff. Studies have shown that paraprobiotics may be promising for the treatment of skin disorders through microbiota modulation and immunomodulation. So, the objective is to develop an anti‐dandruff formulation using a paraprobiotic (Neoimuno) as active ingredient. Methods: Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial was performed in patients who had any degree of dandruff. A total of 33 volunteers were recruited and randomly divided into two groups: placebo or treated. (1% Neoimuno). The ingredient used was Neoimuno (Bifidobacterium lactis strain CCT 7858). Combability analysis and perception questionnaire were applied before and after treatment. Statistical analyses were performed. Results: No adverse effects were reported by patients throughout the study. Through the combability analysis, a significant decrease in the number of particles was verified after 28 days of shampoo use. Regarding perception, there was a significant difference for the cleaning variables and improvement of the general appearance 28 days after the intervention. There were no significant differences for the itching and scaling parameters, as well as the perception parameters at 14 days. Discussion: Topical application of the paraprobiotic shampoo containing 1% Neoimuno was able to significantly improve the feeling of cleanliness and general aspects of dandruff, in addition to reducing scalp flakiness. Thus, with the results obtained through the clinical trial, Neoimuno presents itself as a natural, safe and effective ingredient in the treatment of dandruff. The efficacy of Neoimuno in dandruff was visible within 4 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Considering the proven therapeutic effect of botulinum toxin and the pathophysiology of seborrheic dermatitis, conflicting hypotheses have been put forward regarding the effect of injection of this toxin on the improvement or exacerbation of seborrheic dermatitis. Because of the lack of consistent studies investigating this relationship, we decided to conduct this study to investigate the effect of local botulinum toxin injection on sebum production and improvement or worsening of seborrheic dermatitis lesions. Method: This study was a prospective, single‐arm clinical trial that involved the injection of botulinum toxin into 20 patients with complaints of skin wrinkles and simultaneous symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis. The trial was conducted at a dermatology clinic between March 2019 and March 2021. Two important characteristics of these patients were seborrheic dermatitis on the face or scalp and a referral for botulinum toxin injection to remove facial wrinkles. The Seborrheic Dermatitis Area and Severity Index (SDASI) was used to determine the severity of symptoms. Results: In study of 20 patients with an average age of 40 years, despite the decrease in the average scores of all examined criteria of seborrheic dermatitis symptoms in study, 1 month after botulinum toxin injection, no significant effect of using this toxin was seen on the improvement of patients' symptoms (p value >0.05). Conclusion: Despite the emphasis of many studies on the effectiveness of botulinum toxin in reducing the activity of sebaceous glands, the use of botulinum toxin as a therapeutic modality for control the symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis is not suggested by this study. Conducting studies in which the location and technique of injection and the follow‐up intervals of patients in them are based on the standard of other studies, are the suggestions made by comparing the results and method of the current study with other studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a nanoemulgel (NE) containing Cananga odorata (Ylang-Ylang) oil for managing scalp psoriasis and dandruff through various assessments. The study involved phytochemical screening, characterization, stability testing, in vivo performance evaluation, dermatokinetic analysis, central composite rotatable design (CCRD) optimization, in vitro release profiling, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity assessment of the NE. The NE exhibited excellent stability and maintained physical parameters over a three-month period. In vivo studies showed no skin irritation, maintenance of skin pH (4.55 to 5.08), and improvement in skin hydration (18.09 to 41.28 AU) and sebum content (26.75 to 5.67 mg/cm2). Dermatokinetic analysis revealed higher skin retention of C. odorata in the NE (epidermis: 71.266 µg/cm2, dermis: 60.179 µg/cm2) compared to conventional formulations. CCRD optimization yielded NE formulations with the desired particle size (195.64 nm), entrapment efficiency (85.51%), and zeta potential (−20.59 mV). In vitro release studies indicated sustained release behavior, and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties were observed. This study demonstrates the stability, skin-friendliness, therapeutic benefits, and controlled release properties of the NE. The NE presents a promising option for various topical applications in treating bacterial and fungal diseases, potentially enhancing drug delivery and treatment outcomes in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Background: Dandruff is a pervasive chronic condition which negatively impacts quality of life. Effective treatment requires efficient delivery of scalp benefit agents that control commensal scalp Malassezia levels. Delivery of benefit agents from shampoos requires balancing many technical parameters to achieve the desired outcome without sacrificing secondary parameters, such as cosmetic attributes. Aim: To develop formulation technologies that increase the shampoo delivery efficiency of the scalp benefit agent piroctone olamine (PO). Increased delivery should result in increased anti‐dandruff efficacy. Methods: Micellar Stability and Association parameters were quantified via dynamic surface tension and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) diffusion parameters, respectively. PO delivery has been assessed in vivo both on the scalp surface and follicular infindibula using extraction procedures and analytical analysis. Clinical anti‐dandruff efficacy was assessed for an advanced delivery technology prototype in comparison to standard delivery technology. Results: Shampoo prototypes have been developed that increase the delivery efficiency of PO. Both surfactant and polymer coacervate‐based approaches have been developed. Decreased micellar stability results in weaker association between PO and micelles, resulting in more efficient PO retention on the scalp surface and delivery to the infundibula. Increased charge density of cationic polymers optimizes coacervation enabling improved PO delivery as well. Increased PO delivery has been shown clinically to result in higher anti‐dandruff efficacy as measured by both visible flakes and underlying biomarkers. Conclusion: Increased efficiency PO delivery shampoos have been developed by optimization of both surfactant and coacervate parameters. The increased deposition efficiency results in significantly more products with significantly greater anti‐dandruff efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new botanical extract was developed by Ashland to reduce dandruff formation. It is a natural and biodegradable product which contains sclareolide purified from clary sage flowers, a plant ancestrally used for its purifying and healing properties. A study performed by artificial intelligence pointed out a predictive link between the sclareolide molecule and the vitamin D3, known to play an important role in skin physiology as epidermal differentiation or microbial defenses. Based on these data, this botanical extract was investigated on scalp health improvement in order to decrease dandruff, a widespread uncomfortable scalp skin condition. In a first part, the efficacy of the clary sage extract was studied on yeast cultures, on structural markers of the epidermis and on vitamin D activation. In a second part, a clinical study was conducted on subjects affecting by dandruff and treated for 4 weeks with a leave on scalp formulation containing the botanical extract or a placebo. This study demonstrated the benefit of this new product on scalp health by reinforcing the skin barrier function and limiting the appearance of dandruff in association with activation of vitamin D3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]