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The Electronic Battle Box is an integrated suite of planning and decision-aid tools specially designed to facilitate Canadian Armed Force Officers during their training and during their tasks of preparing and conducting military operations. It is the result of a collaborative effort between the Defence Research Establishment Valcartier, the Directorate of Army Doctrine (DAD), the Directorate of Land Requirements (DLR), the G4 staff of 1Cdn Div HQ and CGI Information and Management Consultants Inc. Distributed on CD-ROM, the Electronic Battle Box contains efficient and user-friendly tools that significantly reduce the planning time for military operations and ensure staff officers a better focus on significant tasks. Among the tools are an OrBat Browser and an Equipment Browser allowing to view and edit military organizations, a Task Browser providing facilities to prepare plans using Gantt charts, a Logistic Planner allowing to estimate supply requirements applying complex calculations, and Road, Air and Rail Movement Planners. EBB also provides staff officers with a large set of doctrinal documents in an electronic format. This paper provides an overview of the various tools of the Electronic Battle Box., The original document contains color images. Papers presented at RTO Info. Systems Technology Workshop. Held in Quebec, Canada, 6-9 Jun 2000. This article is from ADA408812 Multimedia Visualization of Massive Military Datasets (Atelier OTAN sur la visualisation multimedia d'ensembles massifs de donnees militaires)

This paper presents a framework to deal with influence in multiagent systems. Influence is defined as the impact that a participant could have on another participant, known as target. Influence could be either positive or negative, according to how this target assesses the outcomes of the operations this participant has carried out. The presented framework could be viewed from two different perspectives: knowledge perspective with goal and belief as main components and organization perspective with task and resource as main components., The original document contains color images. Prepared in cooperation with Zayed Univ., Dubai, U.A.E. Pres. at Second Intl. Conference on Knowledge Systems for Coalition Operations, Toulouse, France, 23-24 Apr 2002, p117-124. This article is from ADA402533 KSCO 2002: Second International Conference on Knowledge Systems for Coalition Operations

The distributed, heterogeneity, and dynamic nature of the coalition context has raised the need for new advanced technologies. These technologies aim at managing the coalition informational infrastructure, in terms of autonomy, adaptability, and scalability. To achieve this support, Software Agents (SAs) seem to be a promising approach. To develop this approach, different aspects of a coalition has to be identified. These aspects include the coalition structure; the roles and responsibilities held by people within the coalition; the flow of information within the coalition; the capabilities required or available within the coalition; and the context in which the coalition operates. For many of these aspects, SAs can be used. For instance, the coalition structure can be associated with several SAs of different types and with different roles., The original document contains color images. Prepared in cooperation with Zayed Univ., Dubai, U.A.E. Pres. at Second Intl. Conference on Knowledge Systems for Coalition Operations, Toulouse, France, 23-24 Apr 2002, p104-116. This article is from ADA402533 KSCO 2002: Second International Conference on Knowledge Systems for Coalition Operations

In the search for materials suitable for optical limiting applications to protect eyes and electro-optical sensors against laser radiation, fine carbon particles suspended in a liquid have been shown to possess highly desirable properties. This publication reports on the measurement of the threshold energy fluence for optical limiting of nanosecond and microsecond pulses in a high performance carbon suspension named DREV CBS-100. Thresholds as low as 24 mJ/cm2 (nanosecond regime) and 100 mJ/cm2 (microsecond regime) have been obtained The technique has been tested by measuring materials whose properties can be found in the technical literature., and Summary in English and French.

The recording, analysis and characterisation of Behind-Armour (BA) debris are of major concern for the defence research community. In order to quickly and efficiently analyse witness packs, the Defence Research Establishment Valcartier has been developing over the past few years the WPAS(Witness Pack Analysis System). The main work performed by this systems consists of semi-automated computation of hole count, hole position; and hole area assessment from each plate of a witness pack. However even with the high accuracy in hole area assessment obtained with a high resolution digital camera, important errors (up to 80 %) appear for small or non-circular holes. This memorandum presents a simple and efficient method of improving hole area assessment of witness plates. This method can be applied to correct the assessment of witness plates already analysed and for future analysis. The methods consists in defining of an equation to represent the absolute error based on ;the hole area, using calibration plate data and applying it to all witness plates. An error inferior to +/-10 % is now obtained for all holes ranging from 0.0005 to 20 sq cm. in area., Original contains color plates: All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white. Text in English; abstracts in English and French.

Disposal of surplus, obsolete, or deteriorated small arms ammunition by incineration presents the threat of heavy-metal contamination to the immediate area. The highly toxic nature of these pollutants requires that they be carefully monitored, and that steps be taken to prevent contamination altogether. The safety concerns associated with these pollutants are so serious that the United Kingdom requires stringent environmental licensing of ammunition incineration facilities, and several US states have banned the open burning of restricted materials altogether. In this context, a thorough testing of the area surrounding the small arms ammunition burning facility at CFAD Dundurn was undertaken. Groundwater, soil, and foliage from the area surrounding the burn facility were tested for the presence of heavy metals. Swab samples were taken from surfaces within the facility and these were also tested. Many of the samples showed very high levels of lead, barium, antimony, and other heavy metals. This report details the characterization of the heavy-metals contamination at CFAD Dundurn. The sampling methods are described, and the results are presented. By providing a better understanding of the nature of the problem, it is hoped that this work will help guide the Canadian Forces towards minimizing the possibly serious environmental impact of small-arms ammunition disposal.

For many years, DREV has been involved in the synthesis of energetic thermoplastic elastomers (ETPEs) based on linear glycidyl azide polymer (GAP). These polymers are physically-crosslinked rubbery materials that can be melted, dissolved or recycled and could provide a new generation of binders. Since ETPEs are recyclable, disposal of the formulations at the end of their life cycle will be less problematic. Work at DREV led to the preparation of a new thermoplastic segment. The polymerization of a-bromomethyl-a-methyl-Beta -propiolactone (BMMPL) or a-chloromethyl-a-methyl-J3 - propiolactone (CMMPL) yielded thermoplastic homopolymers that upon azidation led to a novel energetic thermoplastic polyester: poly (a-azidomethyl-a-methyl-Beta- propiolactone) (PAMMPL). An energetic copolyether-ester thermoplastic elastomer was prepared by using glycidyl azide polymer as a macroinitiator for the polymerization of BMMPL or CMMPL. The azidation of the resulting copolyether-ester yielded an energetic thermoplastic elastomer that melted at 80-850C. Polymerization of the o:-dibromomethyl-Beta-propiolactone (DBMPL) resulted in a polymer which upon azidation yielded a new energetic polymer that can be used as a binder or into an energetic thermoplastic elastomer synthesis. This report describes mainly the synthesis and the characterization of these new ETPEs.

Tracking maneuvering targets is a complex problem which has attracted a great deal of effort over the past several years. It has been now well established that, in terms of tracking accuracy, the Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) algorithm where state estimates are mixed perform significantly better for maneuvering targets than the other types of filters (Adaptive Single Model, Input Estimation, Variable Dimension, etc.). However, the complexity and computation cost of the IMM algorithm can prohibit its use in some applications for which simpler algorithms can provide us with the necessary accuracy at a lower computation cost. This document presents the evaluation of the tracking accuracy of a multiple model track filter using three different constantvelocity models running in parallel {3CVPAR) and a maneuver detector. The output estimate is defined by selecting the model having its likelihood function lower than a Target Maneuver Threshold (TMTH). This approach is recommended for the MultiSensor Data Fusion (MSDF) problem to be tested in the Advanced Shipboard Command and Control Technology (ASCACT) testbed. The tracking performance of the 3CVPAR track filter is compared with: 1) an adaptive single motion model Kalman filter (ASMMKF) ; 2) an IMM algorithm using the same three CV models than the 3CVPAR filter; 3) an IMM filter using a CV model and a constant acceleration (CA) model producing a CVCA filter; 4) an IMM filter using a CV and two CA models (CA 1, CA2) differing only by the level of process noise producing a CV2CA filter. Calculations of the average Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) on 100 Monte Carlo runs permit to evaluate the tracking accuracy of the 3CVPAR track filter compared with simpler (ASMMKF) or more complex (IMMs) algorithms on a challenging multiple-sensor scenario., in English and French.

Modern armies are undergoing a revolution in the way information is managed on the battlefield. Voice-based command, control, and communication systems are being complemented by, and in some cases replaced by (in whole or in part) digital command, control and communication systems. Digital systems offer the promise of increased battlefield awareness through a more systematic and automated distribution of relevant data than is possible with a voice-based communication system. To deliver on this promise, the communication backbone must be capable of distributing digital data among participating command and control nodes with no error and a timeliness appropriate to the operational scenario. To maintain information superiority, important information must be passed quickly enough to permit the friendly commander to stay within, and act within, the decision cycle of the enemy commander. On the tactical battlefield, the low data throughput and unreliable connectivity of the wireless communication links make it difficult to replicate enough data in a timely way to satisfy this objective. This paper reviews the state of the art of data replication mechanisms within a low bandwidth wireless military environment as revealed at a workshop sponsored by The Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP), Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C3I) Group, Technical Panel 10 (TP-10) that was held at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in April 1999., Presented at the 2000 Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium (CCRTS 2000) held in Monterey, CA on 26-28 Jun 2000.

Informtion technology is more and more a vitally important underpinning to our economy and to our society. It is embedded in everyday applications and animates a wide class of systems that range from small to large and from simple to extremely sophisticated. Among the probable threats for military information systems, the presence of malicious code within COTS applications has been identified as a major risk that has not received a lot of attention. Like a virus that has infiltrated an information system during an electronic information exchange, malicious code integrated into a commercial application could remain undetected and present a major risk for the safety of information within a military system. In this paper techniques to detect malicious code within commercial applications are reviewed. Emphasis is placed upon the certifying compiler, which enforces a formal security specification while compiling the source code. This emerging technology offers the most comprehensive and sustainable approach for large applications and for the periodic certification of upgrades., The original document contains color images. Presented at the Info. Systems Technology Panel, Brussels, Belgium, 3-5 Apr 20O0, p13-1/13-7. This article is from ADA389447 Commercial Off-the-Shelf Products in Defence Applications "The Ruthless Pursuit of COTS" (l'Utilisation des produits vendus sur etageres dans les applications militaires de defense "l'Exploitation sans merci des produits commerciaux")

COTS components are very attractive because they can substantially reduce development time and cost, but they pose significant security risks (e.g. backdoors, Trojan horses, time bombs, etc.). These types of attack are not detected by standard virus detection utilities, which are essentially the only commercially available tools that work directly on binaries. This paper presents a dynamic approach that intends to address this problem. The complexity of a real time-bomb and hopefully of all types of malicious actions- is presents. This is the first step toward a fully automated tool to detect malicious actions in all their forms. The method, which monitors processor instructions directly is currently intended specifically Windows NT running on an Intel processor. It could easily be extended to other platforms. This paper also discusses the possibility of using dynamic analysis techniques to overcome the inadequacy of the static methods. Finally, a brief survey is presented of commercial tools that attempt to address this issue, considering where these products are today and what is needed to obtain a credible sense of security, as opposed to the often false sense offered by some commercial tools., The original document contains color images. Presented at the Info. Systems Technology Panel, Brussels, Belgium, 3-5 Apr 20O0, p16-1/16-13. This article is from ADA389447 Commercial Off-the-Shelf Products in Defence Applications "The Ruthless Pursuit of COTS" (l'Utilisation des produits vendus sur etageres dans les applications militaires de defense "l'Exploitation sans merci des produits commerciaux")

Following the decision of closing CFB Chilliwack, a sampling campaign was performed to evaluate the contamination by explosives at different demolition ranges. Three ranges, including Slesse, Vokes and the Soowahlie Rocket and Grenade Ranges were sampled using the pre-screening immunoassay method but most of the collected soils and water samples were shipped to DREV for a thorough HPLC analysis. At the Slesse Range, the ion mobility spectrometry-based system developed by CPAD Technologies was evaluated and compared as a tool for the field screening of explosives in soils and water. The system worked but suffers strong limitations due to the quantity sampled and to the sensitivity of the detector. Most of the open detonation activities, including cratering, grenade, concrete, wood and steel cutting done at the ranges were evaluated and showed low levels of explosive contamination. Sampling from the White Phosphorus Burning Area revealed no contamination by explosives as expected. An exception was noted in the Ordnance Destruction Pits Area at Slesse Range where higher levels of contamination were observed. At CFAD Rocky Point, it was observed that the open burning of obsolete gun propellants is an incomplete process leading to residue accumulation and should be modified. Nitroglycerine analyses revealed important levels of contamination and heavy metals analyses showed lead concentrations higher than the level C threshold. Action is therefore required at that site. At the High Energy Open Detonation Site (Rocky Point), no contamination by explosives was found. Recommendations regarding all these sites were made., Text in English; abstracts in English and French.

This memorandum summarizes numerical analyses which were performed to investigate the use of a simple empirical impulse loading model as a tool for modelling blast mine loading on a structure. The empirical model was used to generate the initial velocity boundary condition for an explicit dynamic finite element analysis of the floor deformation of a simulated M113 MTVL (upgraded floor protection) subject to the detonation of a buried 7.5-kg C-4 mine surrogate. Results showed an over-prediction of the peak residual floor deflection. Reducing the impulse by 33% gave excellent agreement with experimental results. The need to scale the impulse is attributed to energy absorption in the soil through mechanisms that are not accounted for in the empirical model. Moisture content and soil type, for example, are known to significantly affect the apparent strength of blast mines., in English and French; Text in English

Within the framework of an R & D project on bioremediation of soils contaminated with energetic compounds, the biodegradation of energetic nitramine products such as octogen (HMX) and hexogen (RDX) is under study. Microcosm assays can be performed with radioactive carbon-14 labelled substrates or with isotopic nitrogen-15 labelled substrates in order to ascertain and monitor their biodegradation pathways and to optimize parameters for a bioremediation process. To synthesize C(14)HMX, acetylation of labelled hexamethylenetetramine (C(14)HMTA) was done yielding 3,7-diacetyl-1,3,5,7-tetraazabicyclo-(3.3.10-nonane(C(14)DAPT) which was nitrated to obtain 1,5-diacetyloctahydro-3,7-dintro-a,3,5,7-tetrazocine (C(14)DADN) in one step. Nitrolysis of C(14)DADN was achieved using a mixture of 100% nitric acid and phosphorus pentoxide to yield C(14)HMX. The synthesis of this carbon-14 labelled HMX was optimized first using cold starting materials and then conducted with labelled compounds. To synthesize N(15)RDX, nitration of nitrogen-15 hexamethylenetetramine (N(15)HMTA) was done according to the Hale Process. N(15)HMTA was prepared by reaching cold formaldehyde with isotopic nitrogen-15 ammonium hydroxide.

This report presents experimental and numerical studies of the back plane transient deformation of a 3O4.8-mm square 4.76-mm thick, clamped polycarbonate plate Impacted by a specially designed polycarbonate fragment simulating projectile. This was done to simulate the back plane transient deformation of a composite helmet. The maximum transient deformation of the back plane of the plate Is presented as a function of the striking velocity. Numerical predictions of the transient back plane deformation, crater shape and the time at which the maximum transient deformation occurs are in close agreement with the experimental results. Both the numerical and experimental results show two peaks In the back plane transient deformation. It was observed that the maximum transient deformation varies linearly as a function of impact velocity for velocities above 90 m/s. Below 90 m/s the maximum transient deformation deviates from the linear curve. The numerical prediction of this anomalous behaviour compares very well with experimental observations. Numerical results also show that the reflected shock significantly Influences the maximum transient deformation, especially for Impact velocities above go 90 m/s.

Some activities of the Canadian Forces such as firing practice, storage and demolition procedures may cause the dispersion of energetic compounds in the environment These compounds should be closely monitored due to their highly specific physical, chemical and toxicological properties. In Canada, limited efforts have been spent in the past to examine this particular environmental threat This report details the characterization of four potentially explosives-contaminated sites located at Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Gagetown, 14 Wing Greenwood and at Canadian Forces Ammunition Depot Bedford. The sampling and analytical methods are described and the results are presented. In general, our results show a non-presence to a low contamination level (<15 mg/kg). However, the Wellington Antitank Firing Range at CFB Gagetown showed relative high levels of contamination by HMX, a high explosive compound used in many antitank rockets. This work should help the Canadian Forces to pursue their operational activities, while minimizing the impacts on the environment by providing a better comprehension of the source of contamination and helping to minimize the environment impacts in the future., in English and French.

This document presents approaches for assessing the impact of Information Technology on Command and Control. The determination of the contribution of Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence (C3I) systems on military mission effectiveness has proven to be a complex problem, particularly with the depth and breadth of military organizations, and the wide range of their operations. The evaluation of C3I systems necessitates the application of a framework and of a methodology to yield appropriate Measures of Merit. No single measure or methodology exists that satisfactorily assesses the overall effectiveness of command and control systems. Therefore a multi-method, multi-phase approach is necessary. Hierarchies of measures are defined, example frameworks and structures for assessments are presented, and factors relevant to and affecting these assessments are discussed., Text in English, summary also in French.

Witness packs are used to obtain the mass velocity distribution of fragments generated, for example, at complete perforation of a target. A witness pack consists of several metallic layers of various materials and thicknesses spaced evenly. The STANAG 4190 description requires a low density Styrofoam spacer between the layers. Previous computer simulations of witness packs have been reported but were simplified by using air gaps. This document describes new computer simulations with a low density Styrofoam layer between each layer. It was difficult to describe the Styrofoam mechanical properties exactly but an approximate representation was used. The study presented in this memorandum shows that the Styrofoam does have a significant effect on the results of the mass velocity distribution and therefore, one should be very careful when comparing simulations done with and without the Styrofoam to experimental results.

The objective of this report is to bring up to date the present state of DREV's L(W)WKD program. Important changes to the L(W)WKD program have recently been made as a result of exchanges of both models and experimental data between Canada and France during the last few years. This has led to an agreement on a common set of equations and options that are somewhat different from those used in earlier versions of L(W)WKD and in earlier versions of the French model, PIRAM. The first part of the report discusses changes to the basic scaling equations that are used in the L(W)WKD model, and the iterative method used by DREV. It also discusses changes to the equations that relate the parameters produced by the basic scaling equations to meteorologically important parameters, and to the model used to calculate the refractive index profiles from the visible to the far infrared. The second part describes the additions and changes to the program's modes of operation, its new options, outputs, and compilation modes. The third part of the report presents some typical examples of the results obtainable using the program. Finally, some conclusions and future improvement to the program are discussed., in French and English; Text in English.

This memorandum examines the effect of the erosion strain parameter on the numerical simulation results of the penetration of two different projectile/target systems. This parameter permits the failure of the material and numerically allows the penetration of the target. The first system examined consists of the SS109 5.5-mm bullet striking a 10.6-mm 6061-T6 aluminium target while the second system consists of the M80 7.62-mm bullet striking a 76.2-mm semi-infinite aluminium target. For the SS109 5.5-mm case, it was found that the ballistic limit increased significantly as the erosion strain is increased above 0.4, but as it reaches about 1.3, it becomes less and less dependent on the erosion strain. In the case of the M80 7.62-mm projectile, both the depth of penetration and crater volume were examined as a function of the erosion strain. For erosion strains ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 a significant dependence of the penetration results on the erosion strain was observed. For erosion strains above 3.0, most of the penetration results were observed to be within an acceptable range of the experimental value.

Anti-mine blast deflectors are now used as a standard countermeasure to reduce land mine effects on a vehicle's occupants, increasing their chances of survival. The blast deflectors are submitted to an impulse from the soil ejecta and detonation products resulting from a mine explosion. This memorandum presents algebraic equations to estimate the total impulse imparted to these deflectors. The proposed equations are suitable for use in a spreadsheet program and can be used by engineers and scientists to develop anti-mine protection systems., in English and French.

Polycarbonate is a lightweight polymer commonly used for transparent armor. In this study, an attempt is made to examine the ballistic performance of a 6.35-mm polycarbonate plate struck by spherical and fragment simulating projectiles. The ballistic limits of the target plate were obtained for three different sizes of spherical projectiles and two different calibres for the fragment simulating projectiles. The results obtained showed that, in addition to the mass, the geometry can significantly affect the ballistic performance of a target for these small calibre projectiles. It was shown that the ballistic limit of the Polycarbonate plate was smaller for a spherical projectile than a fragment simulating projectile of an equivalent mass. The crater development and plug formation for both the spherical and fragment simulating projectiles were examined based on observations of the localization of the high strain rate region and the distribution of the effective, plastic strain. It was found that the mode of plug formation of the two types of projectiles differs significantly. Fragment simulating projectiles create larger plugs.

Since open burning/open detonation (OB/OD) has been proven elsewhere to be a polluting activity thereby representing a possible threat to human health and to the environment, it was decided to evaluate the impact of this activity on the environment at the largest OB/OD site in Canada. located at the Canadian Forces Ammunition Depot, CFAD Dundurn, Saskatchewan. A thorough investigation was initiated by collecting soils on the site followed by the drilling of boreholes and installation of many observation wells to analyse groundwater contamination by explosives. After four years of studying and performing analyses of soils and groundwater. it appeared that the Impact of the open destruction activity on the environment is minimal. Furthermore, because of the site's location, the velocity and the direction of the groundwater flow, there were no adverse effects on human health or ecological receptors. Therefore, it was concluded in this study that the open detonation of obsolete ammunition could be pursued at CFAD Dundurn using the same techniques while implementing a monitoring program of groundwater quality. On the other hand, the open burning activity was not evaluated on this site but study made on other sites showed that open burning is not as clean as open detonation since the temperature of the combustion is not as elevated.

Some operational activities of the Canadian Forces such as firing practice may cause the dispersion of energetic compounds in the environment. These compounds should be closely monitored due to their highly specific physical, chemical and toxicological properties. In Canada, limited effort has been spent to examine this particular environmental threat. In this context, the characterization of many firing ranges potentially contaminated with explosives has been performed during the last few years. Air-to-ground ranges and ground-to-ground ranges have been characterized and, in general, low levels of multi-contamination by explosives were found. However, antitank firing ranges sampled showed high levels of contamination by HMX, a high explosive used in many antitank rockets. This report details the characterization of five antitank ranges located at Canadian Forces Base Valcartier, Western Area Training Center Wainwright and Canadian Forces Ammunition Depot, Dundurn. The sampling and analytical methods are described and the results are presented. This work should help the Canadian Forces to pursue their operational activities, while minimizing the impacts on the environment by providing a better comprehension of the source of contamination and helping to minimize the environmental impacts in the future.

A constitutive model for ceramics by Johnson and Holmquist has been incorporated and validated in the finite element computer program LS-DYNA2D. Using experimental data acquired at DREV, parameters for high density ceramics (around 98% theoretical maximum density) have been established. The effect of varying some of the parameters on the calculated depths of penetration into semi-infinite targets and the ballistic limits of armor has been investigated.

DREV is investigating concepts for the development of a computer based, real time decision support system that can provide combat system operators with advanced support capabilities for countering the current and anticipated threat to the Canadian Patrol Frigate. Among its principal roles, this system will continuously take in data from the ship's sensors and other information sources; support the formulation, maintenance and display of an accurate tactical picture derived by fusing all available data, leading to enhanced situation awareness; and assist in determining and selecting a response to anticipated or actual threats. This document examines a range of concepts for the design of the system, focusing on automation, cognitive and methodological issues. It also exposes preliminary ideas of a novel model based framework that is being developed to support design.

Analysis results are presented from the application of new DREV-developed methods for studying, analyzing and assessing the value, usefulness or goodness of the tactical information used by maritime commanders in decision making, in particular for over the horizon targeting. These methods relate information quality and system measures of performance (MOPs) to decision and mission measures of effectiveness (MOEs). Finer-grained processing of relevant exercise data than has been used in previous analysis techniques results in hundredfold increases in sample sizes; this in turn improves the statistical significance and accuracy of the estimated MOPs and MOEs. DREV model-based measures (MBMs) use simple decision models to assess the value, usefulness or goodness of the picture a commander uses for a decision or a mission. The results from two versions of DREV MBMs are compared., Text in English; abstracts in French and English.

A key element in the anticipated information management problem on a naval platform is the ability to combine or fuse data, not only as a volume-reducing strategy, but also as a means to exploit the unique combinations of data that may be available. In this regard, the Command and Control Information Systems Division at the Defence Research Establishment Valcartier (DREV) is involved in multiple R&D activities in the field of local area Multi-Sensor Data Fusion (MSDF) for naval command and control afloat. The ultimate goal of these activities is to develop an optimal MSDF function that will enhance the tactical performance of the command and control system of the Canadian Patrol Frigate. In this context, rigorously evaluating the performance of MSDF systems is of prime importance. The system designer may have several MSDF concepts among which to choose in order to fulfill a particular requirement, the MSDF system may require optimization to improve performance, or the MSDF system may be undergoing testing to assure that it is operating correctly. Unfortunately, no widely accepted scheme for characterizing the performance of MSDF systems is currently in use. This document proposes such a scheme (or methodology) to be used for MSDF performance evaluation in computer simulations.

It is well known that the Rayleigh approximation to extinction, scattering and absorption efficiencies for spheres is limited to small size parameters, x, and small values of mix, where m is the complex index of refraction. It is also known that the Thomson approximation to these same efficiencies is valid for small x and m = Do. We have established an exact transform of the Mie coefficients, for both spheres and infinite cylinders, that removes the m related restrictions of the Rayleigh and Thomson approximations. The resulting series for spheres and infinite cylinders are valid for all m and small x. This transform can also be applied in an approximate form to spheroids., s in English and French.

We have found a method for obtaining algebraic approximations to certain integrals that appears to be independent of known methods, such as Taylor, orthonormal functions, Laplaces method, etc. This method has the advantage of sometimes producing much more compact forms of the integral. It often gives results where the others may fail and in many cases the solutions are globally valid over the full range of each parameter. It sometimes allows for a trade-off between the accuracy and the functional complexity of the solution. Specific problems in the estimation of extinction from obscurants and other aerosols are for the first time completely resolved analytically. These analytical solutions are applicable to infrared and millimeter wave smokes as well as biological and natural aerosols., Summary in English and French.

A new energetic polymer (EXP) under development at the pilot plant was produced in 5-kg batches. Solvent extraction to purify the EXP was required and a piece of equipment called the Rotary Film Evaporator (RFE) was available and selected for use. The RFE was last operated some 15 years ago with inert polymer. Prior to further use and in consultation with the previous users, the RFE was cleaned and operated with inert polymer so that the new users could develop their expertise in operating it. On 12 Oct 89 after 24 hours of preheating the RFE, the EXP polymer was introduced in the piping. Approximately 30 to 60 seconds later an explosion occurred in the piping followed by a small fire. One employee was slightly injured and the fire was quickly put out by the other employee present. A board of inquiry was immediately formed. The board interviewed the employees as the first step in the investigation. After examination of the evidence -- the temperature recordings and the depositions of the witnesses -- a few hypotheses were set forth to explain the EXP explosion. An extensive laboratory study was conducted on samples of EXP left over from the same batch that exploded, but it did not reveal any clear explanation for what happened. Overheating of the equipment or of the piping was still the favored hypothesis despite the fact that the temperatures recorded at the time of the explosion (between 90 and 135 degrees C) were appreciably lower than the auto-ignition temperature of EXP (215 degrees C). It was only after a detailed and exact simulation of the conditions that prevailed at the moment of the explosion that proof of a much higher temperature (350 degrees C) in one section of the piping was discovered. The simulation allowed the investigation team to understand what caused the ignition of EXP and make proper recommendations to correct the situation., See also ADA235006, Volume 2. Published in the Minutes of the DoD Explosives Safety Seminar (24th) held in St. Louis, MO on 28-30 August 1990 (p1551-1564).

The construction and operation of a chemical generator of O2(a1 Delta g) are described. This system could be readily modified to drive a purely chemical iodine laser operating at 1.315 micrometer. Optical techniques were developed for estimating the excited oxygen concentration that arrives at a downstream cavity at total O2 pressures from 1 to 6 torr. Mechanisms that explain the deactivation of excited O2 in the gas stream are discussed. A value for the singlet delta energy-pooling rate constant is determined from the measured O2(a1 Delta g) concentrations., in French.

The Electro-Optical Systems Atmospheric Effects Library (EOSAEL) is a library of computer codes which predict the effect of natural and battlefield gases, aerosols, smokes and dust on electro-optical systems performance. Eosael, which is divided into 20 subprograms or modules, calculates extinction coefficients, atmospheric effects on radiation propagation and contrast reduction for wavelengths in the visible, infrared and millimeter wave regions. XSCALE is the EOSAEL module which calculate visible and IR transmittance under low visibility weather conditions. Measurements of atmospheric transmission during periods of snowfall were made in the visible and IR during March and April 1985. The measurements are compared to transmission predicted by the XSCALE module. The XSCALE predictions correspond in the IR are considerably less than the measured values which suggests that the snow transmittance algorithm used in XSCALE is more accurate for transmissometers whose receiver diameters are much larger than the beam diameter. Keywords: Computer programs. (Canada), in French.

A multiple scattering laser propagation model is developed in the form of three simultaneous partial differential equations for the reduced field amplitude, the forward and the backscattered irradiances. The scattering and diffusion coefficients are defined in terms of Mie functions, and reduction factors are derived to take into account detection at limited fields of view. Solutions for transmitted beam profiles and integrated backscatter are compared with measurements performed on laboratory generated water droplet clouds at 0.63, 1.06 and 10.6 micrometer. The agreement is very good for all conditions investigated, ranging from negligible to important multiple-scattering contributions., in French and English.

This report is a comparative study of the spatial filters proposed for detecting stationary or slow-moving point targets. The filters are characterized by their probability of detection against a) the probability of false alarm, b) the strength or contrast of the target for a given false-alarm rate or c) the noise for a given false-alarm rate and a given strength or contrast. (CANADA), in French.

A new lidar technique is proposed for determining aerosol optical parameters. It consists in recording the lidar returns at three fields of view to measure the differences caused by multiple scatterings. The inversion algorithm uses that information to obtain the aerosol forward-scattering coefficient through simple algebraic formulas. Sample solutions are calculated for simulated lidar signals and compared with the results derived from the standard single-scattering lidar equation. The agreement with the true values is very good and performance is consistently better than, or at least good as, that of the single-scattering method. The proposed technique requires neither a boundary value nor a backscatter-to-extinction relation, which makes such lidar measurements completely self-sufficient for the remote determination of the range-resolved forward- scattering coefficient of atmospheric aerosols., in French.

This report presents a systematic study of the frequency shift that occurs at the peak of the P20 line of a CO2 waveguide laser with respect to the gas pressure, the gas mixture and the operating temperature. Frequency shifts of several megahertz have been observed under certain conditions. These measurements were obtained using tubes made of beryllium oxide, alumina and glass., Text in French; abstract in English.

A ray tracing theory incorporating the ray intensity calculation has recently been developed at DREV. This report studies the applicability of this new ray theory to radar propagation. Using this theory, we tried to characterize the anomalous behavior of the propagation due to the refractivity of the troposphere. This report summarizes the ray theory and the validity of this approach for the study of radar propagation. A computer model has been developed to calculate ray trajectories and intensities. Considering the case of a simple surface duct, the results have shown that the intensity computation is an effective and powerful way of detecting and locating in space such singular propagation phenomena as caustics and radio holes., Text in French; summary in English.

An important phenomena associated with the upward motion of a gas bubble from an underwater explosion is the significant departure from sphericity near the times of the minimum bubble radius. Neglecting this change in shape results in the prediction of a much faster upward velocity than actually occurs. Inclusion of this effect in the equations of motion has been exceedingly difficult because of the large magnitude of the departure from sphericity. This report describes the shape of the bubble by an ellipsoid whose axes are allowed to vary independently, thus modelling, to first order, the changes of bubble shape. The Lagrangian equations of motion, incorporating the effects of the change of shape and of energy loss by the radiation of sound, are derived and solved for the case of a spheroidal bubble. Results of these calculations for various initial conditions are compared with analgous cases for a spherical bubble. It is found that the spheroidal bubble model predicts a reduction in the upward translational motion of the bubble by a factor of approximately 2. Comparison of the predicted upward motion of a spheroidal bubble produced by 227.27 kg. of TNT detonated 46 metres below the surface shows good agreement with that which has actually observed. Keywords: Explosion bubbles. (Canada)

This report describes the design and implementation of a systolic convolution processor. It uses a number of bit-serial processors, each operating on 8-bit signed coefficients and 8-bit positive pixel intensities. The processing time is independent of the coefficient array size due to the architecture selected. Overflow detection and output scaling capabilities are provided for autonomous applications. Two processors were placed on a CMOS custom integrated circuit using 5 micron design rules. Simulation results were used to estimate the processing time to be under 0.5 s for a 512 x 512 pixel image. Canada., in English and French.

Preliminary experiments are described in which ethyl centralite, a stabilizer frequently used in double-base propellants, was reacted with nitrous acid in various concentrations. The chemical reactions taking place led to the formation of numerous derivatives which were separated, identified and analysed by thin-layer chromatography and electronic absorption spectroscopy. The analytical knowledge gained will be used to advantage in stability investigations of artificially aged gun propellants., in French.

The purpose of aerosol sampling is to determine the concentration and the mass of size distribution of particles suspended in a given volume of air at a given time. A fundamental parameter required by researcher is the sampling efficiency, defined as the fraction of particles of a given size and density that will be collected by a sampling system. Sampling efficiency changes from one sampling system configuration to another. Calculations usually deal with the sampler orientation and air flow rate. This report involves a computer simulation of the interaction of particles undergoing sedimentation on a large-aperture inverted filter holder having a large entrance aperture. Flow-field calculations have been done by solving the Laplace equation for a flat disk with uniform air velocity over its surface. Initial positions from which particles reach an equilibrium position at which the sedimentation speed equals the air suction speed of the sampler are obtained by iterative solution of the equations of motion. These distances are time-dependent and are called critical distances. The time-dependent sampling efficiency is obtained by combining critical distances with the sampler interactions distance for a given sample volume of air. The effect on sampling efficiency of various parameters such as the sampling flow rate, sampling period, height of the aerosol above the filter, and rim size is evaluated., in French.

The cupric chloride (CC) effect on the viscosity of nitrocellulose (NC) in an acetone solution was studied for various military and commercial type NC samples obtained from different suppliers. The NC samples were produced from wood cotton cellulose with a nitrogen content between 11.0 and 13.5% and a molecular weight ranging from 20,000 to 800,000. The study was carried out using different NC and CC concentrations and at different shear rates. The addition of CC to the NC solution causes an increase of the viscosity as a function of time due to the complex formation between NC and CC which is accomplished in two stages, each with a specific rate constant. The variation of the viscosity with the shear rate followed a pseudoplastic non-Newtonian behaviour. An empirical factor, the Cupric Chloride Parameter (CCP), is computer from the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer as weight fraction of CC relative to NC, X, determined at the saturation point. The CCP is characgteristic of the NC sample and cna be related to the cellulose source (wood or cotton) and nitrogen content. The value of the square root of X* can be used as a parameter ot elucidate structural differences among NC samples. (Author), in French.

The main objective of this project is to develop a non-fading colored cold smoke composition for use in a signal cartridge for practice bombs. The primary constraint is that the substance must not require any form of heat to produce the smoke; hence the term 'cold smoke'. The principal use of the colored cold smoke charge is to mark the point of impact of practice bombs used by the Canadian Forces (CF). In summertime, white smoke produced by titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) is satisfactory; however, colored smoke is required during winter because of the white snow background. Different methods for producing large colored smoke clouds for use as spotting charges are evaluated. The problem of the disappearance, or bleaching, of the orange color from vanadium oxytrichloride (VOCl3) clouds during times of high relative humidity is considered. It is postulated that this is caused by the absorption of large quantities of atmospheric moisture by the smoke. A model has been developed to study the process. This model makes the key predictions concerning the absorption of very large amounts of atmospheric moisture by VOCl3 type smokes above a relative humidity of 80% and the very small importance of temperature as a parameter. These predictions are, in general, corroborated very well by experiment. Possible solutions to this color bleaching problem are discussed, including one that calls for the synthesis of hydrolyzable vanadium compounds with nonhygroscopic leaving groups., in French.

This document describes a procedure for designing recursive digital filters from continuous-time filters when the ratio of the sampling frequency to the pole frequency is small. The discrete-time transfer function of digital filters obtained by this method, called the acceleration-invariant transformation, has been derived from the partial fraction expansion of the continuous-time transfer function. An error function between the digital and analog transfer functions has also been deduced. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by plotting the frequency response of high-order Butterworth and elliptic filters. (Author), in French.

A frequency-agile tracking filter, which operates over a wide frequency range with a high immunity to noise and interference, has been designed. It consists of a second-order band-pass filter which is continuously tunable over the 5- to 140-kHz band. The resonant frequency of the filter is adjusted by means of a feedback loop to the frequency component of greatest amplitude in the input signal. The loop includes a fast AGC amplifier, a fast frequency-to-voltage converter and a low-pass filter. The components of the tracking filter are described and analyzed. Analysis of the tracking filter, as regards its immunity to noise and interference, its frequency agility and the stability of its control loop, is also presented to optimize system parameters. Finally, the performance of the processor is shown by experimental measurements. (Author)., in French.

A mathematical model of optical and infrared wave propagation in scattering media is derived from Maxwell's equations. It allows for the calculation of the irradiance profiles of the forward- and the backward propagating beams which result from the interaction of a coherent beam with a scattering medium. The method accounts for all orders of scattering and is applicable to inhomogeneous media. The range of validity is limited by the condition that the fractional volume occupied by the particles to the 1/4-th power must be much smaller than unity. (Canada)., in French.

Chemically generated molecular oxygen (a superscript 1 delta g) was used to excite nitrogen fluoride (a superscript 1 delta) to nitrogen fluoride (b superscript 1 sigma +) in a vacuum flow system, NF(a) being produced by the reaction of discharge-generated D atoms with nitrogen difluoride radicals. Maximum concentrations of the NF a and b states were 5 x 10 to the 14th power and 7 x 10 to the 12th power/ccm respectively. The latter value is too low to support a blue-green laser based on nitrogen fluoride (b superscript 1 sigma +). A complex kinetic model was developed involving 14 known elementary reactions. Using our experimental conditions as input, the coupled rate equations from this model were numerically integrated to yield rate constants for the forward and reverse O2(a) + NF(a) reaction (6.7 and 1.3 x 10 to the minus 14th power ccm/molecule/s respectively), and for the quenching of NF(a) and NF(b) by water vapour (4 and 5 x 10 to the minus 13th power ccm/molecule/s respectively). The kinetic model shows that a very fast reaction from NF(a) to NF(b) is required in order to achieve a population inversion between NF(b) and the ground state NF(X). Excited atomic iodine appears to be a better candidate than O2 (a superscript 1 delta g) for generating high densities of NF(b)., in French.

This document describes two procedures for designing recursive digital filters from continuous-time filters when the ratio of the sampling frequency to the pole frequency is small. The coefficients of the proposed digital filters, which are derived from the step and ramp invariance of the corresponding analog filters, have been determined for real and complex poles. For higher-order filters realized in a parallel form, it is demonstrated that the discrete-time transfer function of digital filters obtained by the step and ramp invariance can be derived directly from the standard z-transformation or from the partial fraction expansion of the continuous-time transfer function. The discrete-time transfer functions of the step- and ramp-invariant filters realized in a cascade form have also been derived. Finally, the performance of these methods is demonstrated by plotting the magnitude ahd phase responses of the first- and second-order digital filters. For high-order Butterworth and elliptic filters, the magnitude responses of step-invariant and ramp-invariant filters are compared with those obtained by usual methods such as the standard z and the bilinear transformations., in French.