Search

A large body of research has investigated responses to artificial scenarios (e.g., trolley problem) where maximizing beneficial outcomes for the greater good (utilitarianism) conflicts with adherence to moral norms (deontology). The CNI model is a computational model that quantifies sensitivity to consequences for the greater good (C), sensitivity to moral norms (N), and general preference for inaction versus action (I) in responses to plausible moral dilemmas based on real-world events. Expanding on a description of the CNI model, the current article provides (a) a comprehensive review of empirical findings obtained with the CNI model, (b) an analysis of their theoretical implications, (c) a discussion of criticisms of the CNI model, and (d) an overview of alternative approaches to disentangle multiple factors underlying moral-dilemma responses and the relation of these approaches to the CNI model. The article concludes with a discussion of open questions and new directions for future research. How do people make judgments about actions that violate moral norms yet maximize the greater good (e.g., sacrificing the well-being of a small number of people for the well-being of a larger number of people)? Research on this question has been criticized for relying on highly artificial scenarios and for conflating multiple distinct factors underlying responses in moral dilemmas. The current article reviews research that used a computational modeling approach to disentangle the roles of multiple distinct factors in responses to plausible moral dilemmas based on real-world events. By disentangling sensitivity to consequences, sensitivity to moral norms, and general preference for inaction versus action in responses to realistic dilemmas, the reviewed work provides a more nuanced understanding of how people make judgments about the right course of action in moral dilemmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are the fundamental divisions in ethics? Which divisions capture the most important and basic options in moral theorizing? In this article, I reject the 'Textbook View' which takes the tripartite division between consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics to be fundamental. Instead, I suggest that moral theories are fundamentally divided into three independent divisions, which I call the neutral/relative division, the normative priority division, and the maximizing division. I argue that this account of the fundamental divisions of ethics better captures the main concerns that normative ethicists have when assessing moral theories. It also helps us make progress in comparative ethics and makes visible theoretical possibilities obscured by the Textbook View. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for ethical fashion products has grown in recent years, with consumers caring more about how the product is made. Based on the deontological underpinnings of ethical fashion, the present research provides recommendations to ethical fashion brands by leveraging the emotion of awe through visual representations. This research examines 5362 Instagram posts of five ethical fashion brands and shows that the presence of awe-inspiring visual elements increases consumer engagement on social media for ethical fashion brands. Further, this research identifies the moderating roles of the color green and the size of the visual elements in this context. Two follow-up experiments provide causal evidence for these relationships. Experimental evidence for the role of deontological beliefs as a mediator of the relationship between feelings of awe and social media engagement with ethical fashion brands is also provided. Overall, the findings offer a more nuanced understanding of how ethical fashion brands can develop effective visual advertising campaigns on social media and the underlying process driving the effect, which is consistent with deontological ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Codes of governance have mushroomed in contexts operating under a single, dominant institutional logic, such as publicly listed corporations. These codes act as institutional prescriptions that help spread best practices throughout industries. More recently, in some countries, specific codes have been developed for hybrid organizations that integrate multiple, conflicting institutional logics simultaneously, such as cooperative enterprises. Drawing on an extensive set of qualitative data, we ask how such institutional prescriptions may (fail to) address governance challenges in organizations with multiple, conflicting institutional demands. In doing so, we extend current literature on governance of hybrid organizations, which has so far focused on individual and organizational levels, to include institutional-level strategies. While governance codes are often inspired by deontological ethics to solve issues in a single institutional logic, we find that governance codes for hybrid organizations should not prioritize a single institutional logic, nor follow a deontological approach to improving governance, but should, on a more pragmatist take, remain open to continuous learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constructs a multi-imp act path model of personality traits on fitness behavior, based on theories of personality psychology and normative ethics, empirically tests the relationships between constructs in the model, and reveals the influence mechanisms of economic value orientation and machiavellian personality traits on fitness behavior. A total of 278 fitness enthusiasts from 26 provinces in China, each with at least one year of fitness experience, were selected as research subjects using convenience and snowball sampling methods. A questionnaire survey was conducted to examine the relationships among their personality traits, moral orientation, and fitness behavior. Descriptive and visual analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 and R 4.2.2, and the structural equation model of the multi-impact path model on fitness behavior was tested using AMOS 20.0. (1) Economic value orientation personality traits significantly positively influence normative fitness behavior; (2) Machiavellian personality traits significantly positively influence anomie fitness behavior; (3) Teleological ethics partial mediating role between economic value orientation personality traits and normative fitness behavior; (4) Deontological ethics partial mediating role between machiavellian personality traits and anomie fitness behavior, itness enthusiasts with economic value orientation personality traits who adhere to fitness pragmatism are more likely to exhibit a sense of social responsibility, pay more attention to pursuing moral purposes, focus on social fairness and justice, and the results and impacts of fitness behavior, thereby leading to more normative fitness behavior. Conversely, those with machiavellian personality traits who adhere to utilitarianism often face dilemmas where their moral beliefs conflict with practical benefits and disadvantages. They are more likely to violate moral standards and social order, resulting in unethical anomie fitness behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reporting and investigating research misconduct can lead to disciplinary proceedings being initiated, and ultimately to disciplinary sanctions being imposed on convicted scientists. The conversion of research misconduct findings into disciplinary sanctions is poorly understood. This article analyses all the disciplinary decisions handed down on appeal by the Conseil national de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche (CNESER) between 1991 and 2023, concerning breaches of research integrity by academics and doctoral students (n = 333). Three findings are highlighted. Firstly, the article describes how the CNESER sanctioned research misconduct even before the notion of research integrity became part of French law, by monitoring scientists' compliance with "deontological rules". Secondly, we show that assessing disciplinary fault involves evaluating a much broader set of circumstances than the mere existence of research misconduct, which can explain why the latter do not result in disciplinary sanctions or lighter sanctions. Thirdly, the research highlights situations where research misconduct is intertwined with other allegations, blurring the relative importance of these motives in the awarding of disciplinary sanctions. The article concludes with a call for greater accessibility to the disciplinary decisions handed down by universities in the first instance, as a key next step in gaining a better understanding of the disciplinary response to research misconduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Awareness of different ethical theories can support transformation-oriented researchers in navigating value-based decisions in co-production. We synthesize and explicitly link the literature on co-production and ethical theories in philosophy to initiate this awareness. Four key decision points in co-production projects are outlined that require value-based actions: (1) what to focus on, (2) who to include, (3) how to co-create and (4) how to continue. To discuss how project actions can be examined from different ethical perspectives, we synthesize the claims of four ethical theories and discuss them in the context of co-production project choices. The four ethical theories are: deontological ethics, utilitarianism, contractualism and virtue ethics. Overall, we argue for embracing pluralistic ethical perspectives when navigating decisions in co-production projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Not harming others is widely regarded as a fundamental tenet of human morality. Harm aversion based on the consequences of an action is called utilitarianism while focusing on the action itself is associated with deontology. This study investigated how interoceptive processing affects the neural processing of utilitarian and deontological moral decision‐making. The study utilized the heartbeat‐evoked potential (HEP), an averaged electrophysiological component from electroencephalogram (EEG) to gauge cardiac interoceptive processing. Twenty‐seven participants were asked to make utilitarian and deontological decisions for personal and impersonal moral dilemmas (18 for each) with direct and indirect harm actions, respectively, while their EEG and electrocardiogram were being recorded. We found no difference in HEPs between personal and impersonal moral dilemmas. In contrast, differential HEPs were observed between utilitarian and deontological moral decision‐making, regardless of type of dilemmas. Significant differences were observed over centro‐posterior electrodes between 110 and 172 milliseconds after R‐peaks during the Scenario Phase, and over right fronto‐temporal electrodes between 314 and 404 milliseconds after R‐peaks in the Decision Phase. We confirmed that these differences in HEP amplitude between deontological and utilitarian decisions did not stem from cardiac artifacts. These findings reveal that the brain utilizes interoceptive information to make subsequent moral decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the study of the discretion of law enforcement agencies is due to the fact that, firstly, there are constant heated discussions around the very concept of discretion - what is discretion itself and where are the limits of its application, and secondly, an analysis of a number of classical sources and modern studies of this issue gives grounds to assert that the views of scholars on this issue are divided into two streams, some of which defend the expediency (even the necessity) of discretion, while others express fears that unlimited discretionary powers may lead to procedural arbitrariness. Without adhering to any of these trends, i.e., professing objectivity as a necessary element of any research, the author made an attempt to study the discretion of law enforcement subjects from a philosophical point of view, in particular, through the prism of ontological and deontological modes of cognition. Using the method of analysis, the author managed to establish that the legal concept of discretion should be studied not only in the ontological dimension, but also in the deontological aspect, combining these modes of knowledge for a more complete understanding of discretionary powers, while to substantiate the results and formulate the conclusions of the proposed study, the author used the methods of deductive-logical analysis, inductive generalisation and analogy, which led to the conclusion that a fundamental condition for optimising discretionary approaches to procedural decision-making is the mutual coordination of the deontological content of the latter with the ontology of natural and social contexts. The author is convinced that the study of the discretion of law enforcement officials is very relevant today and requires wider discussions among scholars and practitioners, and his attempt to address this issue in a philosophical manner is quite original and has a scientific novelty, since so far the issues under consideration have not been studied from this perspective at this level, especially since the idea of the expediency of reconciling these two modes of knowledge in understanding the phenomenon of reason has not yet been the subject of thorough scientific research. At the same time, the author believes that understanding the discretion of law enforcement officials in a philosophical manner is of great practical importance, since it is hardly possible to understand a particular subject or phenomenon without its awareness and cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is dedicated to analyzing the impact of judiciary digitalization on the development of deontological principles of professional activities of judicial process participants. In modern conditions, digital technologies become an integral part of the legal system, changing the traditional methods of work of judges, lawyers, investigators, and other specialists. The implementation of electronic case management systems, online conferences, and digital communication tools enhances the efficiency and accessibility of judicial services, reduces the time for case review, and decreases the risks of corruption. However, this process is accompanied by challenges such as ensuring cybersecurity, protecting personal data, and providing equal access to digital resources for all participants. Digitalization also affects the ethical norms and professional responsibility of judicial process participants. Enhancing the transparency of judicial processes requires professionals to adhere to principles of honesty and openness, as well as ensuring the confidentiality of information. The use of electronic communication tools imposes the need to maintain high ethical standards in the virtual space, including avoiding conflicts of interest and ensuring fairness in interactions between parties. One of the key aspects of the study is the necessity for ongoing professional training and adaptation to rapid technological changes. Participants in the judicial process must master new digital tools, understand their capabilities and risks, which promotes the development of ethical awareness and professional competence. This ensures high quality of judicial decisions and increases public trust in the judicial system. The conclusions of the study emphasize that the digitalization of the judiciary is a catalyst for the development of deontological principles of professional activity, contributing to the creation of a more transparent, fair, and reliable judicial system. The integration of digital technologies not only enhances the efficiency of judicial processes but also forms new ethical standards, which are the foundation for modern legal practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated the intergenerational transmission of utilitarian and deontological inclinations, examining whether these pass from parents to adult children and exploring the potential moderating effects of parenting style and intergenerational involvement in this process. Background: Family factors, including religious norms and work values, influence moral development, but the intergenerational transmission of two moral inclinations—utilitarianism (emphasizing consequences, e.g., sacrificing one person to save five) and deontology (emphasizing intrinsic norms, e.g., refraining from intentionally harming the innocent)—remains underexplored. Method: We measured these inclinations in 171 parent–adult child pairs using a moral decision thought experiment and questionnaires on parenting style and intergenerational involvement. Results: Positive correlations emerged between parents and adult children for both inclinations. "Emotional warmth" in parenting style and intergenerational involvement showed significant negative moderating effects on the transmission of utilitarianism between generations. Conclusion: This study provides empirical evidence of intergenerational transmission of moral inclinations. Higher emotional warmth and increased intergenerational involvement inhibit the transmission of utilitarian inclinations, leading to reduced prioritization of better consequences. Implications: Enhanced emotional warmth and greater intergenerational involvement by parents can deter the transmission of utilitarian inclinations among adult children, prioritizing adherence to intrinsic norms over intentional harm for greater benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper examines the conflict between rule-based and principle-based approaches to benefits realisation in agile projects. It proposes a principle-based framework as a more effective alternative, aligned with the iterative and adaptive nature of agile methodologies. Design/methodology/approach: The research utilises semi-structured interviews to gather qualitative data from professionals experienced in agile projects. Causal loop diagrams are employed to illustrate the relationships between identified principles. The study identifies 12 key principles essential for agile benefits realisation, with a particular focus on visibility and consequence management. Findings: The study finds that a principle-based approach to benefits realisation is more compatible with agile methodologies compared to a rule-based approach. The flexibility of principle-based decision-making allows for continuous adaptation and improvement, aligning with the dynamic and iterative nature of agile projects. The principles of visibility and consequence management emerge as critical factors in successfully realising benefits in an agile environment. Research limitations/implications: The findings are based on qualitative data from a limited number of interviews, which may not be generalisable across all agile projects. Further research with a larger sample size and diverse project types is recommended to validate and refine the proposed principles. Practical implications: Agile teams and project managers can leverage the identified principles to enhance their decision-making processes and improve benefits realisation outcomes. Adopting a principle-based approach can lead to more flexible, responsive and effective project management practices. Social implications: By promoting more adaptive and responsive project management practices, the adoption of a principle-based approach can contribute to greater satisfaction and collaboration among project stakeholders, leading to more successful project outcomes. Originality/value: This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by highlighting the limitations of rule-based approaches in agile contexts and proposing a principle-based framework for benefits realisation. The identification of specific principles and their interrelationships provides a novel perspective and practical guidance for agile practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Care has increasingly been promoted as an element of successful management practice. However, an ethic of care is a normative theory that was initially developed in reference to intimate relationships, and it is unclear if it is an appropriate normative standard in business. The purpose of this review is to bridge the social scientific study of care with philosophical understandings of care and to provide a theoretical justification for care as a managerial value. We review the three different forms of care advanced by the ethics literature: caring relations, organizational care, and care as a virtue. We compare these forms of care to the management litertature. In doing so, we integrate what has previously been a scattered, yet growing, body of research on care. Our review of the literature reveals that care has increasingly been studied in management in relation to an ethic of care. Yet, many of the properties of care have also played a role in other established research domains (e.g., leadership). We discuss and critique the management and ethics literatures on care, paying attention to areas of agreement or disagreeement between the two. We go on to provide a normative justification of care as a value in business. Finally, we close by suggesting directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay introduces this special issue on virtue ethics in relation to military AI. It describes the current situation of military AI ethics as following that of AI ethics in general, caught between consequentialism and deontology. Virtue ethics serves as an alternative that can address some of the weaknesses of these dominant forms of ethics. The essay describes how the articles in the issue exemplify the value of virtue-related approaches for these questions, before ending with thoughts for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explored how knowledge (Study 1) and inferences (Study 2) about religiosity influence impressions of morality depending on whether effort is exerted to reach a morally controversial decision. In Study 1, undergraduates judged a [religious/nonreligious] doctor who exerted [little/great] effort into their decision to euthanize a patient. Results indicated that when the doctor was nonreligious or exerted low effort, they were considered less moral compared to when they were religious or exerted high effort. In Study 2, Turk Prime participants evaluated a doctor who decided in favor or against euthanizing a patient, with the same effort manipulation as Study 1. Results indicated that the doctor who favored euthanasia was considered less religious than the doctor who did not. As in Study 1, greater morality was associated with the doctor who exerted greater effort, particularly when they favored euthanasia. When the doctor favored euthanasia, they were rated as more moral when their background was inferred to be more religious; however, the opposite pattern of results emerged when the doctor decided against euthanasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating the perspective of the values in action classification theory (Peterson & Seligman, 2004), which asserts that personal attributes, such as fearlessness, authenticity, enthusiasm, and perseverance, create courage, and the deontological theory of ethics (Kant, 1996), which posits that what is wrong for one person to do is wrong for anyone and that morality is for everybody, this research examined four organizational types--courageous, fearful, bureaucratic, and quantum--to determine their effects on ethical behavior. The type of organization an employee works in can influence ethical behavior regarding supporting fairness and dignity, advocating for personal beliefs, challenging discrimination, defending colleagues' rights, empowering underrepresented voices, and championing meritocracy and inclusivity (Kilmann et al., 2002). A statistically significant difference between fearful and quantum organizations was identified. This research affirms that individuals who worked in fearful organizations rated lower on personal ethics than those in quantum organizations, who rated higher on personal ethics. Furthermore, ethnicity emerged as the only statistically significant socio-demographic variable regarding the relationship between organizational type and personal ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research lies in evaluating the current state of higher university education about bioethics studies in the faculties of health sciences in the Peruvian territory. The methodological design adopts a descriptive level with a mixed approach that is divided into two stages: The first consists of a qualitative theoretical-analytical-rational analysis, followed by a subsequent empirical analysis with a quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional approach. The main discoveries refer to the existence of nineteen licensed public universities in Peru that offer the Human Medicine degree. However, it was found that the Bioethics course is only available in nine of these institutions. In summary, it can be affirmed that in the educational programs of careers related to health sciences, attempts are made to address ethical principles from different perspectives, for example, through courses on general ethics or deontology. However, this strategy is not considered adequate. In addition, it is imperative to promote an educational policy within the faculties of health sciences that mandates the mandatory inclusion of a bioethics course in the curricula of health sciences programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curzer (Curzer 2021. Authorship and justice: Credit and responsibility, Accountability in Research 28:1–22) has constructed cogent and important arguments against the ICMJE authorship criteria from various philosophical perspectives. Here, we provide differing opinions to Curzer's points, primarily from the perspective of biomedical sciences (for which the ICMJE authorship criteria are originally meant for). We could neither identify nor concur with Curzer's opinion of a "disconnect" between writer and researcher in contemporary biomedical science publications, or see definitive value in the notion that intellectual and non-intellectual contributors should be equally credited. Furthermore, we note that consequentialist argument for utility, Rawlsian justice, as well as Kantian deontology are all not in disagreement with the ICMJE criteria. In brief, while we find Curzer's arguments to be participant or people-centric, these are not particularly in line with either the philosophy or the practice of science. We posit that the key concept underlying the ICMJE authorship criteria, in which authorship entails a coupling of intellectual credit to accountability, should remain a cornerstone in the practice of scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What ethical challenges do internal auditors (IAs) encounter in their professional role, and how do they navigate these hurdles, especially when weaving risks into their ethical judgments? Anchored in philosophical concepts distinguishing norms from values, and the notion that risk is intrinsically moral, this research delves into interviews of 33 Canadian public sector IAs across various government strata. This primary data are enriched by insights from archival documents and an ethics training session attended by 11 internal audit executives. Our analysis reveals two primary ethical challenges faced by IAs—ethical issues and dilemmas—which unfold in the various contexts we explicate in this study. To address them, IAs tend to favor axiological logic (values driven) over deontological logic (norms driven). However, in some situations, a prudential logic centered on risk becomes their touchstone. Our key takeaways are threefold: (1) a highlight of the ethical quandaries IAs grapple with; (2) evidence that prudential logic, with its merits and flaws, is used to bridge the gap that sometimes exists between professional norms and individual values; and (3) an emphasis on the weak reliance of IAs on the Institute of Internal Auditors Code of Ethics, hinting at avenues for its enhanced outreach and pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AI is considered a key driver of industrial transformation and a strategic technology that will shape future development. With AI services continuing to permeate various sectors, concerns have emerged about the ethics of AI. This study investigates the effects of different types of AI services (mechanical, thinking, and affective AI services) on consumers' attitudes through offline and online AI service experiments. We also construct a model to explore the mediating roles of identity threat and perceived control. The findings reveal that mechanical AI services negatively affect consumers' attitudes while thinking and affective AI services have a positive effect. Additionally, we explore how consumers' attitudes vary across different service scenarios and ethical judgments (utilitarianism and deontology). Our findings could offer practical guidance for enterprises providing AI services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing health inequity and injustice of the COVID-19 pandemic rendered visible the inadequacy of global health governance, and exposed the self-interested decision-making of states and pharmaceutical companies. This research explores the advocacy activities of humanitarian and development international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) in responding to this inequality and investigates how they framed alternatives for global health justice. It reviews 47 organizational documents and 43 media articles of five INGOs (ActionAid, Médecins Sans Frontières, Oxfam, Save the Children, and World Vision) and points to the importance of understanding advocacy frames in analyzing how these organizations prioritize agendas and advocacy strategies. The dominance of the 'human rights' frame, sometimes in combination with 'scientific evidence' and 'security' frames, reflects the identities, mandates, and histories of campaigning and collaboration of these INGOs. This paper contends that the advocacy of humanitarian and development INGOs highlights both deontological and teleological ethics, promoting the voices of people in lower-income countries, clarifying duty bearers and their accountabilities, and addressing structural barriers from a human rights perspective in a global health agenda setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent ethical debate about compassionate conservation has invoked moral theories to oppose or support traditional practices of killing animals to protect biodiversity and ecosystems. The debate has featured the mainstream moral theories of consequentialism and utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. We identify problematic applications and critique of these moral theories in conservation discussions. Problems include a lack of clarity when invoking moral theories, misunderstanding and mischaracterizing theories, and overlooking features and circumstances affecting a theory's application. A key omission in the debate is a detailed discussion of the moral significance of animals and nature. We then examine the role of moral theory as such in ethical discussion, contrasting moral theory with ethical outlooks that center, for example, forms of love and care. Our aim is to advance the ethical debate about harming animals in conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moral options are permissions to do less than best, impartially speaking. In this paper, we investigate the challenge of reconciling moral options with the ideal of justifiability to each individual. We examine ex-post and ex-ante views of moral options and show how they might conflict with this ideal in single-choice and sequential-choice cases, respectively. We consider some ways of avoiding this conflict in sequential-choice cases, showing that they face significant problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artículo se centra en desvelar la diferencia entre los conceptos de ética y moral e indagar hasta qué punto necesitamos los docentes de música consensuar principios dentro de un centro superior de música y dotarnos a nosotros mismos de un código deontológico y profesional adecuado al contexto docente en el que estamos integrados. Se revisa la relación ética-docencia en general y, particularmente, la ética profesional docente, así como los elementos que caracterizan un proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de tipo ético. Son objeto de estudio los códigos éticos profesionales docentes, definiéndose distintos tipos de valores éticos específicos en el ámbito de la educación superior de música en los conservatorios. Se incorpora, asimismo, una amplia reflexión sobre la importancia de estos valores en la formación del docente de música, sus deberes éticos e institucionales y la situación actual en esta materia en los centros superiores de música en España. This article focuses on revealing the difference between the concepts of ethics and morality, and investigating the extent to which teachers need to agree on principles within an educational institution and provide ourselves with a deontological and professional code appropriate to the teaching context in which we are integrated. The ethical-teaching relationship in general and, particularly, professional teaching ethics is reviewed, as well as the elements that characterize an ethical teaching-learning process. The professional ethical codes of teachers are the object of study, defining different types of specific ethical values in the field of higher music education in conservatories. It also incorporates a broad reflection on the importance of these values in the training of music teachers, their ethical and institutional duties, and the current situation in this matter in higher music centers in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global sustainable development goals (SDGs) aspire to achieve fairer outcomes for all. A fundamental tenet of the sustainable development agenda is the pursuit and fulfilment of the needs of those most vulnerable and deprived. However, this has been difficult to achieve partly because it requires a mammoth effort to engage multiple stakeholders over complex timeframes and geographical scales. Thus, we propose a new framework – an Ethical Salience Framework – that we developed through amalgamation of the ethical need‐entitlement‐desert framework, and the managerial stakeholder salience framework. The new framework provides a better instrumental interpretation of stakeholder salience through incorporating ethical principles. The new framework also focuses on society's deontological obligations to deprived stakeholders. Instead of a single cluster of high‐salience stakeholders, we propose deontological and instrumental clusters. We propose stakeholders occupying both clusters are equally important for the successful achievement of the SDGs, but also institutional goals more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues pertaining to research misconduct and/or breach of research norms and standards have recently come to occupy a central place in research activities. In this article, we argue that a moral character-based approach (Aristotelian virtue ethics) and a self-regulating approach (Kantian deontology) can play a vital role if incorporated in health research ethics training workshops for research ethics committees (RECs) and researchers. We are of the view that on top of what institutions can develop as their best ethics guidelines, policies and regulatory framework, they should also prioritise capacitating their RECs and researchers on virtue ethics to make them appreciate the primacy of virtuous character when reviewing protocols and during the conduct of research. We, therefore, suggest that capacity building through research ethics training should incorporate the moral theories focusing on self-regulating and acquisition of moral character because these moral theories provide the underpinnings of the moral basis in respect of humanity and dignity, integrity, attainment of virtues and development of moral character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trolley problems and like cases are often thought to show the inadequacy of purely consequentialist moral theories. In particular, they are often taken to reveal that consequentialists unduly neglect the moral significance of the causal structure of decision problems. To precisify such critiques and one sort of deontological morality they motivate, I develop a formal modeling framework within which trolley problems can be represented as suitably supplemented structural causal models and various consequentialist and double effect‐inspired moral theories can be viewed as disagreeing over the inputs of a common decision rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we will make a brief introduction regarding the elements of novelty and continuity brought by the new Framework-code of University Ethics and Deontology approved by the Government of Romania on April4, 2024 andpublished in Monitorul Oficial on April 9, 2024. There will be made a series of observations regarding the name of the document (framework-code), the objectives of this normative act, its applicability, the constitutive and operational ethical values of the university activity legislated by this Code, as well as regarding the novelty elements that this code brings with regard to Romanian academic ethics. In this presentation, we seek to debate a series of concepts used by the legislator in this Code. We will also briefly present the principles applicable to university ethics and deontology contained in the ethics Framework-Code, insisting on the principle of independence from any moral, scientific, religious, political, economic influence or of any other nature, in the didactic or scientific activity, as well as and on the principle of respecting the rights and freedoms of the members of the university community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A systematic review of the literature (up to September 2023) has been conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and following the checklist for reporting systematic reviews of PRISMA 2020. The research objective is related to the ethical issues of the Social Work profession associated with the use of digital technologies in professional practice. Increasing ethical challenges arising from the integration of digital technologies in Social Work practice underscore the necessity of this study. Thematic Synthesis Analysis was used to analyze the studies (n = 15), extracted from five databases: Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, EBSCOhost, and Dialnet Plus. The analysis of documents was carried out with the support of the CADIMA web tool. The results have been grouped into three categories: the effects of digitization on professional practice; education, research and engagement; and ethical challenges in digital professional practice. This article evidences the need to adopt ethical principles and regulatory standards that support the application framework of the profession, and within this framework the right to the protection of digital personal data and the regulation in which they converge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The professionalism of healthcare professionals is characterized by developed competencies involving fundamental medical knowledge, clinical and communication skills, and moral and ethical values. Patient-centered care based on fundamental ethical and moral principles positively influences treatment outcomes, adherence to medical recommendations, and professional satisfaction. Ethics and deontology play a significant role in the professional training of future physicians. Targeted deontological training includes the development of interaction and communication skills, moral and ethical qualities, awareness of legal and regulatory documents, and adherence to rules of professional behavior. The comprehensive process of deontological training aims at developing deontological competence comprising the skills of clinical reasoning, the ability to solve professional dilemmas, skills of understanding, and the proper application of moral and ethical principles in professional settings. Some aspects of deontological training in Ukraine have been researched. However, its structure and content of separate components are not described sufficiently, which substantiates the topicality of our research. The study has revealed six structural components of deontological training, namely fundamental scientific, clinical, legal and regulatory, linguistic, communicative, and ethical ones. The profound analysis confirms that the ethical component is essential in the deontological training of future physicians. The study aims to analyze the role of the ethical element of deontological training and its influence on the development of deontological competence. The research involved the usage of a series of analytical research methods, i.e. literature analysis, analysis of regulatory documents and academic material, analysis of basic terms and definitions related to deontological training, and structural and content analysis of the deontological training of medical students. In professional medical education, deontological training goes far beyond medical deontology and involves the interaction of several academic disciplines. The ethical component of deontological training is comprised of the interaction of the following subjects: medical deontology, bioethics, Christian ethics and morals, academic integrity, communicative culture and etiquette of a physician, medicine and culture, ethics and esthetics of communication. The listed subjects are directed at developing professionalism by humanizing professional education and developing emotional intelligence and soft skills in medical students (communication, cooperation, leadership, time management, creativity, adaptation, etc.) Thus, the ethical component of deontological training significantly influences the development of deontological competence. The identified educational approach of humanization of professional training contributes to the development of moral and ethical values in medical students, their awareness of professional duties and rules, facilitating their future professional adaptation and promoting the effectiveness of future interactions and communication in professional settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Administrative law has developed to incorporate insights from two philosophical perspectives: deontology and consequentialism. This Article elucidates administrative law's reliance on those two perspectives and proposes that administrative law further develop to incorporate insights from a third perspective-virtue ethics-which the legal community has, in large part, ignored. Unlike deontology (which focuses on actions) and consequentialism (which focuses on actions' consequences), virtue ethics focuses on actors. Thus, to begin incorporating virtue ethics' insights into administrative law-a task that a wide range of scholars and jurists can embrace-this Article explores how a virtuous agency official might act in accordance with the virtues of prudence, temperance, justice, and courage. A focus on those virtues (known collectively as the "cardinal virtues") counsels in favor of making important changes to administrative law-including by increasing the opportunities for judicial review of agency action. A focus on the cardinal virtues also offers additional support for existing administrative law doctrine-including the judicial deference courts give to an agency official's decision to use one regulatory approach rather than another. In short, virtue ethics offers valuable insights that scholars have yet to consider, but which both transform and reinforce our understanding of administrative law in important ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Teoría & Derecho. Revista de Pensamiento Jurídico is the property of Editorial Tirant Lo Blanch SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Entrepreneurs have been promoted as a main engine of progress. However, recent scandals and questionable behavior have led to increased discussion of entrepreneurs' ethics. The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize entrepreneurial responsibility throughout the entrepreneurial process from an ethical viewpoint. We model entrepreneurial responsibility based on normative ethics (deontology and teleology), enabling us to better understand entrepreneurs' active and conscious responses to their ethical duties and the consequences thereof. Our theorizing opens new avenues for scholarly research related to the ethical nature of opportunities, the interconnection of entrepreneurial intentions and outcomes from a moral perspective, and potential societal impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethics is largely dominated by European curriculum which includes Western moral theories such as deontology, utilitarianism, virtue ethics, and care ethics. To decenter this dominant ethics curriculum, the present phenomenological study explored the moral lived experience of ethics for Korean Buddhist (male and female) monastics (N = 21). Using three-level qualitative coding, data were thematically analyzed. Findings revealed three overarching themes (1) the importance of the saṅgha and community care, (2) the presence of ethical tensions, and (3) ethics as a practice. Each theme had two sub-themes. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of how these insights from the lived experience of Buddhist ethics may inform and advance social work ethics education beyond the Eurocentric curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can there be an ethics of politics or political ethics in populist authoritarian democracies? Given that politics operates under potentially risky and morally ambiguous methods that involve strategic calculations with some elements of irrationality, developing an ethics of political leadership can be an abstruse exercise. The frequent mismatch between political methods, objectives, and outcomes exemplifies the complexity of political reality and its unpredictability. The existential tension between utilitarian and deontological approaches to ethics frequently arises in politics. However, to address the failures of democracy in political leadership, it is imperative to explore the ethical implications of populist authoritarianism. By scrutinizing how populist authoritarianism undermines democratic principles and polarizes societies, one can better understand its moral challenges and work towards developing a more ethical framework for political leadership. This article discusses Catholic political ethics in response to populist authoritarianism from three different perspectives: first, it analyzes what populist authoritarianism entails and its limitations in political governance; second, it discusses diverse components of political ethics, highlighting realistic dilemmas in the application of each component; and third, it makes an ethical evaluation of populist authoritarianism from the Catholic social ethics perspective, emphasizing human dignity, common good, and solidarity as key to countering populist authoritarianism. The article makes two ethical suggestions in line with Catholic political ethics to address populist authoritarianism. The first is the principle of social cohesion, aimed at addressing the social, ethnic, racial, political, economic, and religious divisions that characterize populist authoritarian leadership. The second is the principle of social recognition, used as a strategy for safeguarding the common good by centralizing human dignity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The growth of positive psychology has birthed debate on the nature of what "positive" really means. Conceptualizations of positive attributes vary across psychological perspectives, and it appears these definitional differences stem from standards for "positive" espoused by three normative ethical frameworks: consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics. When definitions of "positive" do not align with one of these ethical schools, it appears researchers rely on preference to distinguish positive attributes. In either case, issues arise when researchers do not make their theoretical alignment explicit, leading to value‐laden, often subjective criteria being smuggled into science as a description of what is positive. Objective: To foster a deeper critical understanding of the different approaches, we examine how these conceptual definitions of positive attributes (mis)align with their ethical traditions or fail to align with an ethical school. Method: We review several positive attribute theories across psychological disciplines that serve as examples of the ethical and non‐ethical sources of "positivity." Through this, we assess the conceptual criteria for what each approach considers "positive," note the degree of alignment between definition and ethical school, and draw attention to potential issues. Conclusion: We advance the conceptual assessment of positive attributes by considering the implications of failing to explicitly address the theoretical foundation from which a construct is defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article makes an argument about the right place of the likelihood of success principle in just war thinking. Its analysis is grounded in a neoclassical reading of just war that is applied to the ongoing Russian war of aggression against Ukraine. The article starts with an exploration of the status of the likelihood of success principle in contemporary just war thinking. Noting that the difficulty of applying this principle has been pointed out by various thinkers, the chapter adapts the distinction between the so-called deontological and prudential just war principles found in neoclassical just war thinking. This distinction holds that the deontological principles hold primary importance within the logic of just war, and the prudential principles, including likelihood of success, are of secondary importance only. The article continues with an assessment of the practical implications of this distinction by applying it to two different types of warfare, namely so-called "wars of necessity" and "wars of choice." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethics and professional conduct have become central concerns in the archival profession, as well as in heritage-related fields, for several years. The integrity of cultural artifacts and the respect for the rights and dignity of individuals are of paramount importance. These principles are governed by a professional archival framework and specific codes of conduct that archivists must adhere to. This paper delves into ethical and deontological con- siderations within the context of an archivist's role. It explores how these considerations impact every stage of the archival process, from acquisition to giving access to documents for users. To offer a comprehensive understanding of the various layers of ethical management in the archival field, we have developed a holistic diagram encompassing all the elements that shape a professional's actions throughout the archive processing journey. Part of these elements belong to the professional framework and another part of them is linked to the subjectivity factors specific to the archivist. This model takes into account, in particular, the dynamics between various stakeholders in the system, including the relationships between archivists and creators of archives, as well as the relationships between archivists and users of archives. These relationships further underscore the societal role of the archivist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Con-textos Kantianos: International Journal of Philosophy is the property of Con-Textos Kantianos (CTK) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the ethical implications of AI in 5 specific areas: Education, idea ownership, deep fakes, bias, and autonomous vehicles. The author examines these areas using the ethical traditions of deontology, consequentialism, and care ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Which social decisions are influenced by intuitive processes? Which by deliberative processes? The dual-process approach to human sociality has emerged in the last decades as a vibrant and exciting area of research. Yet a perspective that integrates empirical and theoretical work is lacking. This review and meta-analysis synthesizes the existing literature on the cognitive basis of cooperation, altruism, truth telling, positive and negative reciprocity, and deontology and develops a framework that organizes the experimental regularities. The meta-analytic results suggest that intuition favors a set of heuristics that are related to the instinct for self-preservation: people avoid being harmed, avoid harming others (especially when there is a risk of harm to themselves), and are averse to disadvantageous inequalities. Finally, this article highlights some key research questions to further advance our understanding of the cognitive foundations of human sociality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtue ethics is frequently billed as a remedy to the problems of deontological and consequentialist ethics that Bernard Williams identified in his critique of "the morality system." But how far can virtue ethics be relied upon to avoid these problems? What does Williams's critique of the morality system mean for virtue ethics? To answer this question, we offer a more principled characterisation of the defining features of the morality system in terms of its organising ambition—to shelter life against luck. This reveals the system to be multiply realisable: the same function can be served by substantively different but functionally equivalent ideas. After identifying four requirements that ethical thought must meet to function as a morality system, we show that they can also be met by certain constellations of virtue-ethical ideas, including notably Stoicism. We thereby demonstrate the possibility of virtue-ethical morality systems raising problems analogous to those besetting their deontological and consequentialist counterparts. This not only widens the scope of Williams's critique and brings out the cautionary aspect of his legacy for virtue ethics; it also offers contemporary virtue ethicists a more principled understanding of the functional features that mark out morality systems and lie at the root of their problems, thereby helping them avoid or overcome these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the influence of ethical rules on Turkish planners' ability to carry out their duties. Researchers used qualitative and quantitative methods, including a survey with hypothetical scenarios and prioritization tests, to measure ethical preferences. Findings indicate that planners in Turkey make ethically inappropriate choices in providing information outside their field of expertise and publishing information on demand. However, their responsibility to the public and public interest principle come to the forefront in planners' ethical preferences. Planners preferred deontological ethics in performing their professional duties, but also preferred more political and hybrid roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a book titled "Understanding Bakhtin, Understanding Modernism" edited by Philippe Birgy, which explores the work of Russian thinker Mikhail Bakhtin and its relationship to modernism. The book contains essays that cover various aspects of Bakhtin's ideas, including his unique use of language and his views on the novel and carnival. It also examines how Bakhtin's ideas can be applied to different fields, such as literature, poetry, and technology. However, some essays in the book struggle to align Bakhtin's ideas with modernist or post-colonialist perspectives. The article presents different perspectives on Bakhtin's work and his relevance to modernism, including essays on re-enchantment, crisis time in modernism, connections to Charles Dickens and James Joyce, and challenges to Bakhtin's views on embodied performance in modern dance. The article concludes by reflecting on Bakhtin's enduring significance and his ability to adapt to changing times. [Extracted from the article]