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Little is known about how adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience exercise, resulting in a lack of recommendations for supporting this population. We aimed to explore how adults with ADHD experience exercise as a management tool before and after diagnosis and how and why individuals experience issues related to exercise dependence. Fifteen active adults with a diagnosis of ADHD participated in semistructured interviews. Three overarching themes were identified: (a) exercise as a necessity for ADHD, reflecting the need to exercise before a formal ADHD diagnosis, and use of exercise as a management tool postdiagnosis; (b) goals and achievements to live by, reflecting how exercise patterns revolved around a need to make progress toward targets; and (c) activity or exercise: a roller coaster journey, covering the ups and downs of exercise journeys. This article highlights the importance of exercise for adults to manage ADHD and how this can be encouraged and supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of an online screen industry, dominated by a few American and Chinese streaming TV services and video-based platforms, triggers critical questions about the commercial and technological dependence of cultural producers within this industry. Drawing on research in media industries and platform studies, this paper develops a conceptual framework to systematically examine this dependence. Pursuing this aim, we propose to shift the focus from specific video platforms or streaming TV services as the starting point of the analysis to the perspective of cultural producers. Through a discussion of current research, we identify four major sources of dependence encountered by cultural producers in the online screen industry: (1) access to data, (2) algorithmic curation, (3) contractual relations, and (4) monetization. While we recognize that there are vital differences between platforms and streaming TV services, we argue that producers throughout the online screen industry face similar challenges in trying to navigate the four sources of dependence. In short, limited access to data and lack of control over content visibility put cultural producers in a fundamentally weak position vis-à-vis tech companies when negotiating contractual relations and terms of monetization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: This review aims to discuss about the potential roles of neuropsychological instruments and tasks in the evaluation of dependence behaviors shared by medication-overuse headache (MOH) and substance use disorders (SUDs). Recent Findings: Recent studies utilizing criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) for SUDs have revealed that MOH patients often exhibit impaired control over medication use, along with tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. In addition, dependence questionnaires such as the Leeds Dependence Questionnaire and the Severity of Dependence Scale have shown a strong correlation between MOH and higher dependence scores, with predictive value for treatment outcomes. Furthermore, investigations into decision-making processes with the Iowa Gambling Task have suggested potential parallels between MOH and SUDs. MOH patients exhibit biased decision-making, particularly in conditions of ambiguity, possibly predisposing them to favor immediate pain relief over long-term consequences. This suggests a potential mechanism involving emotional feedback processing in MOH. Summary: This review underscores the importance of recognizing dependence-like behaviors in MOH patients and highlights the potential utility of neuropsychological instruments and tasks in advancing the understanding of MOH pathophysiology. The findings suggest that MOH shares characteristics with substance dependence, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions in MOH management. Understanding the neurobehavioral aspects of MOH may lead to more effective therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating dependence and improving long-term outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Substance use disorder (SUD) is a significant global clinical issue marked by the excessive consumption of alcohol, nicotine, and various psychoactive substances, leading to impaired social, cognitive, and occupational functioning. Individuals with SUD frequently experience depression and anxiety disorders, which exacerbate their prognosis and contribute to substantial health and social burdens. The pathophysiology of SUD and its associated conditions is multifaceted, involving multiple dysfunctions in the brain. This complexity underscores an urgent need for the development of noninvasive treatments that can directly target the brain. One of them is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), an intensively studied technique for safely modulating cortical excitability. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of tDCS in treating symptoms of depression and anxiety in SUD. Methods: With an emphasis on the underlying mechanisms of action, this mechanistic review investigates the effectiveness of tDCS in treating anxiety and depression in SUD patients. Literature searches were conducted using the PubMed/Medline, ResearchGate, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases. Results: The review identified 12 relevant studies. The results showed that left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) stimulation is an effective treatment option for depression in SUD. In anxiety disorders, left and right DLPFC stimulation is effective, with better results observed with right DLPFC stimulation. However, the included studies differed in their methodology, sample characteristics, and measurement methods, which could have influenced the final results of the analysis. The central focus of this mechanistic review is to discuss the potential mechanisms of action of tDCS in treating depression and anxiety in SUD. These mechanisms include the modulation of brain networks, a reduction in neuroinflammation, an enhancement in neuroplasticity, and an increase in P300 amplitude. We also discuss the limitations of the included studies and propose ways to address them in future research. Conclusions: This review provides evidence that tDCS is an effective treatment option for anxiety and depression in SUD. Stimulation of the left DLPFC reduces symptoms of depression, while stimulation of the right DLPFC reduces symptoms of anxiety. However, future research is required to confirm these findings and to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms through which tDCS exerts its effects in this context. Neuroimaging methods (fMRI and EEG) and blood tests could be particularly useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Special external environments will lead to significant changes in the use behavior and dependence degree of different PT travellers, but it is difficult to analyze the mechanism of the hierarchy shift of travelers' public transportation (PT) dependence. Exploring travelers' dependence on PT is conducive to understanding individuals' travel choice behavior and optimizing PT operation organizations. Developing methods for analyzing the internal causal relationship between travelers' dependence on PT and the key influencing factors under the special condition is an issue. Therefore, the individual travel chains are constructed by associating and matching the multisource PT big data and travel survey data. Thereafter, the K-means algorithm and an improved Apriori algorithm are developed to mine the frequent association rules of groups, and a framework of cross-hierarchy policy implications is derived based on the differences in association rules. Finally, the stated preference survey method is used to measure the effectiveness of the policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Plastic Surgery is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The theory of territorial dependence and dominance has appeared since the development of world capitalism, referring to "core countries" and "peripheral countries". Initially, the countries were identified as “dominant” or “dependent” based on their economic and military development. A dominant state was characterized by a high level of economic and military development. These factors defined the country’s competitiveness and status compared to less developed ones. On the other hand, the territories that were distant from the “centre” area were considered as underdeveloped countries. Nowadays the concepts of dependence and dominance have broadened. A developed country could not compete solely based on the economic or military prowess. Other dimensions such as social, technological, innovative, etc. are taken into consideration. As for Albania, this dominant role is played by the capital, in relation to the other urban centres. Referring to a lower local level, until now, the urban area of Tirana has had a dominant role compared to its peripheries. However, this territory is facing new dynamics which are affecting the decentralization of the centre and the creation of new attractive poles. Some of the reasons why the municipality of Tirana is showing new features of the core–periphery model is related to the locally-oriented development, the need of territorial recomposing and planning, and the need for the expansion and management of the territory. The current trends are highlighting the potential of the peripheral territories to become autonomous from the centre, leading to a new configuration of the core–periphery model in the municipality of Tirana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current opioid crisis has had an unprecedented public health impact. Approved medications for opioid use disorder (OUD) exist, yet their limitations indicate a need for innovative treatments. Limited preliminary clinical studies suggest specific psychedelics might aid OUD treatment, though most clinical evidence remains observational, with few controlled trials. This review aims to bridge the gap between preclinical findings and potential clinical applications, following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Searches included MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on preclinical in vivo studies involving opioids and psychedelics in animals, excluding pain studies and those lacking control groups. Forty studies met criteria, covering both classic and non-classic psychedelics. Most studies showed that 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC), ibogaine, noribogaine, and ketamine could reduce opioid self-administration, alleviate withdrawal symptoms, and change conditioned place preference. However, seven studies (two on 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), three on ibogaine, one on 18-MC, and one on ketamine) showed no improvement over controls. A methodological quality assessment rated most of the studies as having unclear quality. Interestingly, most preclinical studies are limited to iboga derivatives, which were effective, but these agents may have higher cardiovascular risk than other psychedelics under-explored to date. This review strengthens support for translational studies testing psychedelics as potential innovative targets for OUD. It also suggests clinical studies need to include a broader range of agents beyond iboga derivatives but can also explore several ongoing questions in the field, such as the mechanism of action behind the potential therapeutic effect, safety profiles, doses, and frequency of administrations needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Substance use among adolescents is strongly associated with adverse physical, mental health, and social outcomes. Prevention and early intervention can reduce the likelihood of future problems, but requires valid and reliable screening tools capable of assessing risk across a range of substances. This study assessed the validity, reliability, and clinical utility of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST-Y) for adolescents aged 15–17 years. Methods: A sample of adolescent males (N = 101), aged 15–17 years, held in a juvenile detention facility on substance-related offences in Barcelona, Spain were eligible. Participants were administered a battery of standardized substance-use screening tools by a clinical psychologist, and underwent a diagnostic interview assessing DSM-IV-TR substance abuse and dependence by an addiction medicine specialist. Scores on the various assessments were compared to establish validity (concurrent with interview, convergent with other measures), reliability, and clinical utility of ASSIST-Y. Results: Majority of participants (n = 77) completed assessments. While tobacco was not assessed as part of the interview, concurrent validity in detecting substance abuse was established for all remaining substances. Concurrent validity for detecting dependence was established for alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, stimulants and sedatives. Fewer numbers in higher-risk groups for inhalants, opioids and hallucinogen use limited confirmation of validity for those substances. ASSIST-Y also demonstrated good convergent validity with the other screening tools for all substances, except hallucinogens. Reliability for each subscale was established, except for tobacco (too few items), sedatives, and hallucinogens. Finally, clinical utility indices were significant for most substances (except sedatives and opioids); whilst clinical utility indices were significant for ruling out cases of non-dependence (all substances). Conclusions: As a screening tool, the purpose of ASSIST-Y is designed to help identify adolescents who may be at-risk of substance-related harm. While the instrument was found to be valid and reliable in identifying risky use across a variety of substances, further research is needed to validate the instrument in other population groups, and for other substances. Future research should investigate the effect of the linked brief intervention to reduce risk of harm, especially for non-specialist clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis and opioid co-dependence is independently associated with cognitive impairments. We examined neurocognitive dysfunctions in people with concurrent opioid dependence with cannabis dependence (OD+CD) or cannabis use (OD+CU) compared to those with only opioid dependence (OD) and healthy controls (HC). We selected adult participants, any sex, who met the diagnosis of OD (N = 268), OD+CU (N = 58), and OD + CD (N = 115). We recruited 68 education-matched HC. We administeredStandard progressive matrices (SPM), Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST), Iowa gambling task (IGT), Trail making tests A and B (TMT), and verbal and visual working memory 1-, 2-backtests. 496 (97.5%) were men, and 13 (2.5%) were women. In WCST, OD and OD+CD had significantly higher non-perseverative errors than HC. OD+CD group completed significantly lesser categories than HC. In verbal working memory 2-back, HC scored significantly fewer errors than OD and OD +CD. All patient groups, OD, OD+CU, and OD+CD, scored higher commission errors than HC in visual working memory 1-back. OD and OD+CD scored higher commission and total errors than the controls. OD+CU showed lesser error score than HC in TMT B. Cannabis and opioid co-dependence contribute to cognitive impairments, especially in working memory and executive functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the ageing of the world population, a better functional capacity for the elderly is needed. Hence the importance of detecting people at risk of frailty, dependence and death to fulfil an individualized approach. There are models that uses frailty indices, but none that use the Frail-VIG Index, based on the comprehensive geriatric assessment. Three predictive models of frailty, dependency and mortality for 70-year-old in the general population are presented. The risk factors for developing frailty or dependency are female gender, chronicity level 2 or 3, and marriage. For mortality, the risk factors are male gender, low educational level and being frail according to frail-VIG index. In conclusion, the health actions to prevent frailty and dependence should focus on reducing the chronicity level, especially in women. To delay mortality, an individualized approach should be implemented in frail people. Further studies are needed to determine other health and social risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ketamine has demonstrated both rapid and sustained efficacy in treating depression, especially in treatment-resistant cases. However, concerns regarding the addictive potential of ketamine during long-term depression treatment persist among clinicians. Aim: This review aimed to summarise the evidence on addiction phenomena associated with ketamine treatment of depression. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo and Global Health databases, with additional relevant studies identified through reference lists. Sixteen studies were included, comprising six randomised controlled trials, three single-arm open-label studies, one retrospective study, three case series and three case reports, for a total of 2174 patients. Results: The studies employed various routes of administration, including intravenous, intramuscular, intranasal, oral and sublingual. Ketamine was administered in the racemic form, except for the studies that utilised intranasal esketamine. Among the included population, four patients were reported to exhibit clear signs of tolerance to the antidepressant effect of ketamine or dependence on the drug, while the majority did not. Cases of addiction phenomena reported in studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria are also discussed. Conclusions: Despite the heterogeneity in study designs and outcome assessment methods, the review underscores the relative safety of ketamine treatment for adult patients with depression, emphasising the importance of medically supervised administration, vigilant monitoring and judicious dosing. Future long-term studies employing quantitative scales to assess dependence phenomena could contribute to strengthening the evidence for the safe and effective use of ketamine in the treatment of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) dependence affects approximately 30% of people who use AAS. Presently, measures to assess and diagnose AAS dependence are adapted from scales specific to other forms of drug misuse (e.g., alcohol), containing issues with internal consistency and breadth of construct capture. Additionally, there are no measures available to assess AAS craving, which represents a potentially important coeval factor to AAS dependence. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and provide evidence of validity for measures of AAS dependence and AAS craving. Methods: Data were collected from male and female strength athletes who use AAS across two samples (n sample 1 = 206; n sample 2 = 224). Sample 1 completed the new measures alongside instruments assessing theoretically related constructs (Doping Moral Disengagement, Doping Self-Regulatory Efficacy Scale, craving items from the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale, AAS adapted Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorder 4th Edition), whereas Sample 2 completed the new instruments. Results: Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) with Sample 1 data were used to finalize the item sets for both measures and determine the factorial structures of the AAS Dependence Scale (AASDS) and AAS Craving Scale (AASCS). The AASDS consists of 15-items across five first-order factors that are represented by one second-order factor. The AASCS consists of 16-items across four first-order factors that are represented by one second-order factor. Evidence supporting the concurrent, convergent and discriminant validity of scores obtained with both scales was provided through their associations with the theoretically related variables. CFA with the data from Sample 2 confirmed the factor structures for both scales. Conclusion: The AASDS and AASCS represent valid and reliable measures of AAS dependence and AAS craving for use in research with strength athletes who use AAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

为分散我国大豆进口风险，促进大豆进口多元化水平，以大豆进口风险理论分析为基础，对进口风险进行分类评价，运用非线性规划方法对大豆进口风险分散和进口来源结构优化进行模拟分析。实证分析表明：中国与RCEP成员国、南美洲国家间的大豆替代弹性较高，分别为2.13和1.84，由于RCEP成员国大豆产能不足，且RCEP成员国与南美洲国家的大豆替代弹性（2.29）较高，中国可从南美洲国家如阿根廷、乌拉圭等国进口大豆以减少替代风险；对于依赖性风险而言，中国对阿根廷、加拿大和俄罗斯大豆的依赖性风险值小于1，这3国属于进口风险低的机遇型国家，中国对美国和巴西大豆的依赖性风险值大于1，这2国为风险型国家，中国大豆依赖性风险主要来源于美国和巴西；中国大豆进口来源仍需优化，在满足进口风险最小化的前提下中国依然有增加进口的空间，可减少巴西大豆的进口，增加其他国家大豆的进口。今后我国可从提高国内大豆产量、积极开展进口合作、鼓励企业转移农业投资国度等方面减少大豆的进口依赖风险，保障我国大豆供应安全。 In order to disperse the risk of soybean imports for China and promote the diversification level of soybean imports, based on the theoretical analysis of soybean import risk, the import risk was classified and evaluated, and the nonlinear planning method was used to simulate and analyze the dispersion of the risk of soybean imports and the optimization of the structure of import sources. The empirical results showed that the soybean substitution elasticities between China and RCEP members and South American countries were 2.13 and 1.84 (relatively high), respectively. Due to insufficient soybean production capacity in RCEP members and soybeans from South American countries highly substitutes to soybeans sourced from RCEP members with a substitution elasticity of 2.29, importing soybeans from South American countries, such as Argentina and Uruguay, could help reduce the risks of substitution. In terms of dependence risk, China′s dependence values on soybeans from Argentina, Canada and Russia were less than 1, therefore, the three countries were opportunistic countries with low import risks for China; the dependence values on soybeans from the United States and Brazil were greater than 1, therefore, they were risky countries; China′s dependence risk on soybeans mainly came from the United States and Brazil. China′s import sources of soybean still needed to be optimized. By minimizing import risks, China still had room to increase its soybean imports. Reducing soybean imports from Brazil and increasing soybean imports from other countries were relatively optimal. In order to ensure the security of soybean supply in China, it is optional to reduce the risks of soybean imports by increasing soybean production in China, actively engaging in import cooperation, encouraging enterprises to transfer agricultural investment to other countries.

Abstract Background Benefits of partial weight bearing (PWB) in operated extracapsular hip fractures (ECF) have not been proved. We have assessed influence of PWB on long-term survival and the final mobility achieved, dependence and mortality-related factors. Methods Retrospective cohort study of osteoporotic ECF in ≥ 65-year-old patients who underwent surgery with trochanteric Gamma3 nails in 2014 (n = 218), followed in the long-term (consolidation or stabilisation). According to Baumgaertner-Fogagnolo classification (138 good, 71 acceptable and 9 poor) a postoperative protocol was applied. 116 cases bore weight before discharge (Immediate Partial Weight Bearing, IPWB = 116; Not-IPWB = 102), and 118 did it after a month (Early PWB, EPWB = 118; Not-EPWB = 100). Variables were collected from medical records and complementary studies. We used FMS (Fracture Mobility Score) and the National Mortality Database from the Spanish Ministry of Health at > 5 years. EPWB and Not-EPWB were comparable, except for hospital stay and dependence. We used the Cox method for mortality.

Import dependence is the oldest problem that has been faced by various states. Back in the Middle Ages, Russia faced the issues of deficit of products and certain technologies, which were compensated by import. Starting from 2014, it became obvious that certain sectors of the economy are highly dependent on imported technologies and a number of foreign goods, which formed trends for the import substitution policy development. Despite domestic technological solutions implementation, their qualitative characteristics do not allow to ensure the required level of competitiveness in the global market. The purpose of the study is to assess the current indicators of import substitution in Russia. When solving the tasks set in the research paper, the author used general scientific and special research methods such as system approach (to determine the import substitution directions), analysis and synthesis (to study the import substitution indicators), deduction and induction (to analyze the issues), and statistical analysis (to analyze statistical indicators on the import substitution policy implementation) methods. The key indicators of import substitution in Russia have been analyzed. It has been concluded that the main priority of the domestic import substitution policy is to reduce the share of imports in the structure of goods supply and to develop the country’s export potential.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify more detailed use behaviors and motivations for same-day co-use of tobacco and cannabis among U.S. young adults, compared to previous literature on co-use. Methods: We conducted an online cross-sectional survey among N = 303 U.S. young adults (ages 18–30, mean 25.9) during February 2024 through Prolific. The questions included co-use behaviors of tobacco and cannabis within the same day, and motivations for tobacco, cannabis, and their co-use. Using R, paired two-sample t-tests were used to compare mean differences of separate motivations to use measures for cannabis and tobacco among participants with same day co-use. Results: Among participants who reported past-30-day co-use of tobacco and cannabis (n = 176), a majority (94%; n = 160) reported same-day co-use. Participants who engaged in same-day co-use (n = 160) reported craving nicotine (60%), craving cannabis (54%), and feeling stressed (49%) as reasons for co-use. Among participants who engaged in same-day co-use, motivations for using cannabis (vs. tobacco) were higher for the level of effect, satisfying feeling, control over how much used, time to feel the effect, liking, purity, price, variety of product, amount to feel the effect, feeling less judged (p's < 0.024), and motivations for using tobacco (vs. cannabis) were higher for convenience, when feeling angry, and when feeling uncomfortable or upset (p's < 0.044). Conclusions: Findings show that young adults may be co-using tobacco and cannabis on the same day due to cravings for both substances and stress and yet have different motivations for using cannabis and tobacco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of dependence between the forward and the backward recurrence times in a renewal process is considered. Monotonicity properties, as a function of time, for the tail of the bivariate distribution for the recurrence times are discussed, as well as their link with aging properties of the interarrival distribution F. A necessary and sufficient condition for the renewal function to be concave is also obtained. Finally, some properties of the conditional tail for one of the two recurrence times, given some information on the other, are studied. The results are illustrated by some numerical examples.

Personality disorders (PD) are prevalent co-morbid conditions among addicted individuals. Our study aimed to determine whether long-term, continuous use of benzodiazepines (over a year) leads to the development of symptoms of dependence considering the presence or absence of personality disorders. The group consisted of 78 benzodiazepine users who used benzodiazepine as a monotherapy for at least 1 year before a screening. Patients completed a group of questionnaires: a semi-structured questionnaire for sociodemographic data as well as for basic data on the use of benzodiazepines, Wisconsin Personality Inventory, and Benzodiazepine Dependence Self-Report Questionnaire. The group was divided into two subgroups: the group of subjects with personality disorders (60.26%) and those without personality disorders (39.74%). These two groups were mutually compared concerning: (a) correlates of benzodiazepine dependence (problematic use of benzodiazepines, preoccupation with benzodiazepines, lack of compliance, and withdrawal syndrome) and (b) intensity of benzodiazepine dependence. In the whole group, approximately 70% of subjects had positive indicators for physical dependence (lack of compliance due to a rise of tolerance in 73.08% and withdrawal in 70.51% of subjects). The psychological dependence indicator (preoccupation with benzodiazepines) was positive in 94.87% of subjects, as well as for social aspects of dependence (problematic use of BDZs) in 93.59%. The total score, or intensity of benzodiazepine dependence, was statistically higher in the group with personality disorder. Patients with a personality disorder had more frequent and more intensive preoccupation with benzodiazepine and lack of compliance. Co-occurrence of two or more personality disorders increases the intensity of preoccupation with a benzodiazepine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zopiclone, like zolpidem, is under surveillance in France due to its potential for dependence, abuse and misuse. However, part of the narcotics regulation was implemented in 2017 in France for zolpidem only, which has led to an increase in the number of zopiclone consumers. The objective of this article is to present French addictovigilance data regarding the evolution of the abuse, dependence and misuse profiles of zopiclone. We used the following 3 data sources over two periods: the 3-year period before the regulatory measure regarding zolpidem (2014–2016) and the 3-year period after the regulatory measure (2018–2020): (i) Medic'AM, a public database which provides a good overview of the number of boxes of zopiclone reimbursed in France; (ii) all French cases of drug dependence or abuse reported by health professionals to the French Addictovigilance Network (FAN); and (iii) a national epidemiological tool based on the surveillance of falsified prescriptions. Between the first and the second study periods (i) despite an increase in the exposure of the population to zopiclone, the proportion of reports to the FAN remained stable; (ii) the proportion of misusers increased significantly (p < 0.01), from 27% (n = 31) to 48.3% (n = 72); (iii) the profile of problematic users remained comparable with persistence of markers of problematic use; and (iv) there was a significant increase (p = 0.01) in zopiclone fraud for obtention, from 26.1% (n = 30) to 40.9% (n = 61), which mainly concerned nomadism. Prescribers should remain cautious in providing zopiclone prescriptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nitrogen (N) cycle is a familiar concept. As is the much simplified, often diagrammatic, representation commonly used to illustrate the scale, importance and interconnectedness of this global cycle that links air, water, rocks and living beings. However, in this representation, humans are often presented as a seemingly minor entity or not explicitly shown at all. This can obscure the idea that humanity is both a direct beneficiary of the nitrogen cycle (through food and resources) and an increasingly significant influence on its function. This study sought to understand how diverse Human-Nature relationships (HNR) are expressed in recent academic literature on the nitrogen cycle. A sample of peer-reviewed literature, containing explicit and inferred examples of HNR and the nitrogen cycle, was analysed using two approaches: 1) network analysis, identifying and illustrating all quantifiable links made between components of the nitrogen cycle, and 2) content analysis to understand how different kinds of terminology were being used to describe relationships between components in the cycle. The network analysis revealed diverse links between 'human' and 'non-human nature'. The content analysis found some explicit use of relational terms, most commonly 'depend*'. Both approaches highlighted strongly reciprocal links within the 'human' realm and the explicit centrality in which this is held across the corpus. We demonstrate the utility of combining quantitative and qualitative analysis to understand nuanced relationships in the nitrogen cycle and explore the utility this has to increase the acknowledgement and appreciation of HNR in science communication and science-policy interface work. Key policy highlights: A network analysis of nitrogen flows empirically quantified in the scientific literature showed a prominence of human components in the nitrogen cycle and how they are connected to different atmospheric, aquatic and terrestrial non-human components. A qualitative content analysis of the same scientific literature also showed the prominent role of human activities within the nitrogen cycle, while revealing a wide acknowledgement of relationships between humans and non-human nature. Integrated knowledge on the strength and nature of those relationships is still needed to better inform policy. Our mixed approach can be applied for other biogeochemical cycles that are key for global ecosystem functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: College students who identify as a sexual minority (i.e., lesbian, gay, bisexual, or other sexual orientation) are at higher risk for e-cigarette use than their heterosexual or "straight" peers. However, little is known about factors, such as e-cigarette outcome expectancies, that might influence these differences in prevalence rates. Therefore, the current study examined differences between heterosexual and sexual minority college student e-cigarette users in terms of days of past-month e-cigarette use, e-cigarette dependence, and e-cigarette outcome expectancies. A secondary aim of the study was to examine whether outcome expectancies served as an explanatory mechanism in the association between sexual minority status and e-cigarette use frequency and dependence. Methods: Participants were heterosexual (n = 90; Mage = 19.65, SD = 2.70; 76.7% female; 77.8% White) and sexual minority (n = 44; Mage = 20.02, SD = 2.18; 68.2% female; 90.9% White) college student e-cigarette users who completed self-report measures. Results: Students who identified as a sexual minority reported greater e-cigarette dependence, more frequent past 30-day use, and greater negative consequences and positive reinforcement e-cigarette outcome expectancies. Follow-up mediation analyses indicated a significant indirect effect of sexual minority status on both days of past-month e-cigarette use and e-cigarette dependence through expectancies for negative consequences and positive reinforcement. Conclusions: These findings suggest that positive reinforcement and negative consequences outcome expectancies may be contributing to the disparities in e-cigarette use among college students who identify as a sexual minority and could be useful targets for cessation interventions for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study focuses on the experiences of older parents who have an adult child with intellectual disabilities (ID), specifically exploring their overall experiences and relationships with their offspring. A qualitative methodology incorporating semi-structured interviews was employed. Participants comprised sixteen older parents to an adult child with mild to moderate ID living in a residential village. Participants described various challenges, including physical and health-related difficulties and loneliness. Interviewees also expressed positive life experiences, such as engaging in new activities and pursuits. Parents noted a newfound balance in their parent–child relationships, affording them more time for personal interests in older adulthood, which they found to be unique opportunities distinct from their earlier years. It is recommended that interactions between older and younger parents of children with ID be fostered, facilitating opportunities for the younger generation to benefit from the experiences of their more seasoned counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multivariate regular variation is a key concept that has been applied in finance, insurance, and risk management. This paper proposes a new dependence assumption via a framework of multivariate regular variation. Under the condition that financial and insurance risks satisfy our assumption, we conduct asymptotic analyses for multidimensional ruin probabilities in the discrete-time and continuous-time cases. Also, we present a two-dimensional numerical example satisfying our assumption, through which we show the accuracy of the asymptotic result for the discrete-time multidimensional insurance risk model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tobacco use is highly addictive and the leading cause of premature mortality in the world. Long-access nicotine self-administration procedures in rats closely model human smoking behavior. However, significant gaps remain in our understanding of sex differences in the development of dependence and relapse in adult rats. Methods: In the present study, we investigated operant responding for both nicotine and saline and the development of dependence in adult rats of both sexes. The rats had daily access to nicotine or saline for 6 h per day, 7 days per week. Dependence was assessed by evaluating precipitated and spontaneous somatic withdrawal signs, measuring locomotor activity in the small open field test, and assessing anxiety-like behavior in the large open field and elevated plus maze test. The sucrose preference test was used to determine if cessation of nicotine intake leads to anhedonia. It was also investigated if a period of forced abstinence affects nicotine-seeking behavior. Results: This study showed that nicotine intake is higher in females than in males when given daily long access to nicotine. Daily nicotine self-administration led to more precipitated and spontaneous somatic withdrawal signs compared to saline self-administration, with no sex differences observed. In addition, cessation of nicotine intake led to a similar increase in activity in both males and females in the small open field test. However, cessation of nicotine intake did not increase anxiety-like behavior or cause anhedonia in either males or females. A time course analysis revealed that the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine affected nicotine intake differently in males and females, increasing intake in males and decreasing intake in females. Three weeks of forced abstinence led to an increase in nicotine and saline-seeking behavior. The rats exhibited more nicotine than saline seeking, and the females displayed more nicotine seeking than the males. Discussion: The present findings demonstrate that females self-administer more nicotine and display more nicotine-seeking behavior than males. Furthermore, there were no sex differences in somatic withdrawal signs or activity during abstinence from nicotine. This work underscores the importance of considering sex differences across various aspects of addiction, including intake and relapse, when developing novel treatments for tobacco use disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The development of haemophilic arthropathy causes joint damage that leads to functional impairment that limits the performance of activities in patients with haemophilia. The aim was to identify the best predictive model for performing instrumental activities of daily living in adult patients with haemophilia arthropathy. Methods: Cross‐sectional cohort study. 102 patients were recruited. The dependent variable was the performance of instrumental activities of daily living (Lawton and Brody scale). The dependence on the performance of activities of daily living was the dependent endpoint (Barthel scale). The secondary variables were joint damage (Hemophilia Joint Health Score), pain intensity, and clinical, anthropometric, and sociodemographic variables. Results: The degree of dependence, joint damage, pain intensity, and marital status (Cp = 5.60) were the variables that best explain the variability in the performance of instrumental activities of daily living (R2adj = 0.51). Loss of predictive capacity is acceptable with good mean internal (R2 mean = 0.40) and external (R2‐r2 = 0.09) validation. According to the predictive pattern obtained, patients with haemophilia, who were married, without joint pain or damage, and independent in their day‐to‐day lives, had a score of 7.91 points (95% CI: 7.42; 8.39) in the performance of instrumental activities of daily living. Conclusions: The predictive model for the functional capacity of instrumental activities of daily living in haemophilia patients encompasses factors such as level of autonomy, joint impairment, pain severity, and marital status. Notably, despite the presence of joint damage, individuals with haemophilia exhibit a significant level of independence in carrying out both basic daily tasks and instrumental activities of daily living. International registration number: Id NCT04715100. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]