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Rationale: Obesity is associated with numerous health risks and ever-increasing rates are a significant global concern. However, despite weight loss attempts many people have difficulty maintaining weight loss. Previous studies in animals have shown that chronic access to an obesogenic diet can disrupt goal-directed behavior, impairing the ability of animals to flexibly adjust food-seeking behavior following changes in the value of earned outcomes. Changes in behavioral control have been linked to disruption of glutamate transmission in the dorsal medial striatum (DMS), a region critical for the acquisition and expression of goal-directed behavior. Objectives: The goal of this study was to test whether ceftriaxone, a beta-lactam antibiotic shown elsewhere to upregulate the expression of the glutamate transporter GLT-1, would improve goal-directed control following long-term exposure to an obesogenic diet. Methods: Male and female rats were given access to either standard chow or chow plus sweetened condensed milk (SCM) for 6 weeks. Access to SCM was ended and rats received daily injections of either ceftriaxone or saline for 6 days. Rats were then trained to press a lever to earn a novel food reward and, finally, were assessed for sensitivity to outcome devaluation. Histological analyses examined changes to GLT-1 protein levels and morphological changes to astrocytes, within the DMS. Results: We found that ceftriaxone robustly restored goal-directed behavior in animals following long-term exposure to SCM. While we did not observe changes in protein levels of GLT-1 in the DMS, we observed that SCM induced changes in the morphology of astrocytes in the DMS, and that ceftriaxone mitigated these changes. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that long-term access to a SCM diet impairs goal-directed behavior while also altering the morphology of astrocytes in the DMS. Furthermore, these results suggest that ceftriaxone administration can reverse the impairment of goal-directed behavior potentially through its actions on astrocytes in decision-making circuitry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economists became skeptical about the benefits of free trade for developing countries during the Great Depression, but in the 1960s some had come to recognize the problems with import substitution policies and the benefits of encouraging exports. This article examines how four economists who led this transition—Ian Little, Jagdish Bhagwati, Anne Krueger, and Bela Balassa—came to their views and helped build a new professional consensus on trade policy and economic development. In each case, practical experience, and empirical observation, particularly from India, helped shape their opinions, persuading two of the four to revise their previous beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Much of the existing animal literature on the devaluation task suggests that prior repeated exposure to drugs of abuse during adulthood can impair goal-directed action, but the literature on human drug users is mixed. Also, the initiation of drug use often occurs during adolescence, but examinations of the effects of drug exposure during adolescence on behavior in the devaluation task are lacking. Methods: We examined whether repeated exposure during adolescence to amphetamine (3 mg/kg injections every-other day from post-natal day 27-45) or ketamine (twice daily 30 mg/kg injections from post-natal day 35-44) would impair behavior in a devaluation test when tested drug-free in adulthood. Rats were trained to press a left lever with a steady cue-light above it for one reinforcer and a right lever with a flashing cue-light above it for a different reinforcer. We tested whether any impairments in goal-directed action could be overcome by compensation between strategies by giving rats information based on lever-location and cue-lights during the test that was either congruent (allowing compensation) or incongruent (preventing compensation between strategies) with the configurations during training. Results: Our results provided no evidence for impairment of goal-directed action during adulthood after adolescent amphetamine or ketamine exposure. Conclusions: We discuss possible reasons for this discrepancy with the prior literature, including (1) the age of exposure and (2) the pattern in the previous literature that most previous demonstrations of drug exposure impairing devaluation in laboratory animals may be attributed to either drug-associated cues present in the testing environment and/or accelerated habit learning in tasks that predispose laboratory animals towards habit formation with extended training (with training procedures that should resist the formation of habits in the current experiment). However, additional research is needed to examine the effects of these factors, as well a potential role for the particular doses and washout periods to determine the cause of our finding of no devaluation impairment after drug exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In European cities, lean labour platforms increasingly mediate domestic service gigs related to social reproduction, such as food delivery and cleaning tasks on-demand. This fast-growing type of platform depends on spatial proximity and the population density of cities, economic relations enabled by digital technologies and embodied gendered and racialised norms. At the same time, platforms are linked to the crisis of social reproduction and to a constant supply of people in precarious positions looking for income. The paper tackles the question how platform-mediated service gigs related to grocery shopping, cooking and cleaning change caring relationships. This comprises considerations of the dimensions of marketisation and the transformation of reproductive work symbolically, materially, and socially and is presented with a feminist perspective pointing to social reproduction as an essential but devalued part of everyday life. These endeavours are explored with findings from various case studies dealing with food delivery and cleaning platforms in Austria and Germany and are discussed with reference to relational care ethics. Put forward here is a reflection on the ways in which digital mediation of domestic care work relies on gendered and racialised norms – and how this dependence intensifies structural inequalities inherent to social reproduction.

The global financial crisis of 2007–2009 and its aftermath served as painful reminders of the multifaceted nature of crises. They hit both small and large countries, as well as the poor and the rich. It can be determined that crises represent a threat to equal opportunities. First, crises can have internal or external roots and come from the private or public sector. They come in many shapes and sizes and can spread quickly across borders. They often require immediate and comprehensive policy action, call for major changes in the financial sector and fiscal policy, and may require global policy coordination. The consequences of financial shocks can be significant and strongly influence the conduct of economic and financial policy. A careful analysis of the consequences of the crisis and the best measures to respond to it have become an integral part of the current political debates of each state in order to build means of operational and strategic response. Secondly, crises at a certain level are extreme manifestations of the interaction between the financial sector and the real economy. Thus, understanding financial crises requires an understanding of macro-financial relationships, which is indeed a difficult task. In the most general sense, a crisis is a period of significant difficulties and danger or a peak moment of financial instability, when characteristic changes take place in relation to further recovery at a new qualitative level. A financial crisis is a state of the financial system that is realized as a result of its imbalances and under the influence of external shocks and is characterized by serious violations in the performance of the system. The purpose of the study is to review methodological approaches to the study of financial crises for further modeling and empirical research. The object of research is financial crises as an economic phenomenon. The theoretical basis of the research is statistical data and models of financial crises in the world economy built by various scientists. Among the obtained research results is the analysis of theoretical approaches and models of financial crises at the world and national levels.

The scientific article presents the results of a legal and psychological study of the role of prolonged psychological manipulation in the formation and unfolding of the deep polyphonic conflict «domestic violence». The topicality of the topic is due to the acuteness of the problem of domestic violence and the need for a scientific search for optimal ways to reduce the risks of domestic violence. Given the specifics of the research subject, in the context of this research, the phenomenon of «psychological manipulation» is considered as the unlawful power influence of the perpetrator of domestic violence on a potential victim. The work is characterized by the novelty of the search model of theoretical and practical results. The characteristics of some formats of negative psychological manipulation are disclosed. It is emphasized that psychological violence pervades all other forms (types) of domestic violence. A generalized portrait of the passive offender's personality is compiled. Formulated author's statement about the role of manipulation in the development of domestic violence. The sources of the offender's violent behavior are emphasized and the factors of the victim's subordinate victim behavior are noted. The opinion on the expediency of increasing the level of psychological self-regulation of the individual in order to adapt potential victims to the factors provoking domestic violence is given. The presented research results can be used:- in research activities for further studies of the «domestic violence» phenomenon; - in educational work-- to increase the psychological and legal awareness of the population regarding psychological domestic violence; - in the educational process - for the preparation and conducting of lectures, seminars, practical classes on the educational disciplines «Legal Psychology»; «Preventive psychology», «Criminology», «Victimology». «Family law», «Psychology of the modern family», «Conflictology». We sincerely hope that the presented research results will interest researchers in the field of prevention and combating domestic violence and involve them in a constructive scientific discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis, comparison and evaluation of the effectiveness of the foreign exchange policy instruments used during the crises of 2008-2009 and 2019-2020 in Ukraine. The main types of instruments of foreign exchange regulation and the priority areas of their application were defined. The authors took under consideration the key features of the construction of the socioeconomic model of Ukraine, the geopolitical situation, and the imposition of cyclical fluctuations during the considered periods. In the course of the study, the exchange rate fluctuations of the national currency against the US dollar were monitored to determine dynamics of the devaluation and revaluation processes within the given time frames. In order to detail the regulatory foreign exchange policy, a separate analysis of the use of NBU tools within the current and long-term strategy was carried out, the differences were identified and the consequences were outlined. The conducted research showed that during both crises the discount policy, namely the change in the discount rate, was most actively used. But the changes were somewhat divergent: more aggressive liberal measures taken to reduce the discount rate during the 2019-2020 crisis appeared to be more effective compared to the crisis of 2008-2009. This is evidenced by data on changes in GDP PPP, indicating the best positive dynamics when exiting the recession during the pandemic. However, in both cases, significant devaluation was observed. In order to determine the causes and consequences of the depreciation of the national currency in relation to the US dollar and other currencies, an analysis of the balance of payments accounts was carried out by individual articles. This made it possible to indicate significant differences in the nature of the origin of these crises. The instruments of motto policy were also used with varying degrees of activity and in the opposite direction. Foreign exchange interventions in 2008-2009, in contrast to the period of 2019-2020, were used very limitedly due to the rather rapid depletion of gold and foreign exchange reserves. Foreign exchange restrictions were strengthened in 2008-2009, and liberalized in 2019-2020. As a result, it allowed to revive investment flows and improve the business climate in the country. It is also noted that against the background of general devaluation during both crises, a period of revaluation of the national currency was also observed in 2019. The analysis showed that in that case it was rather a negative phenomenon, which led to significant losses in the revenue part of the budget due to a decrease in revenues from customs payments, resulted from the inconsistent actions of the NBU and relevant ministries. Other elements of foreign exchange policy were almost not used: the degree of currency convertibility and the exchange rate regime did not change (with the exception of a short period of introduction of the exchange rate band). The same can be said about the instruments of the long-term foreign exchange policy: the order of international settlements was slightly adjusted, but not significantly; the regime of exchange rates and parities remained unchanged; the use of gold and reserve currencies was combined with the diversification of foreign exchange reserves and was mainly related to foreign exchange interventions and the fulfillment of external debt obligations. The conducted analysis allowed to identify the main directions of the foreign exchange policy of Ukraine regarding the stabilization of the economy and the achievement of sustainable economic growth. To solve this problem, it is advisable to gradually introduce foreign exchange liberalization, introduce new reforms and state projects that might improve the investment climate. It is also appropriate to de-dollarize the debts of enterprises through incentives for lending in the national currency. In the long term, it is appropriate to strengthen financial and capital markets to ensure the stability of economic growth.

Background Empirical studies on the impact of devaluation in developing countries, including Ethiopia, have revealed diverse and mixed results. The effects can be positive or negative depending on the specific economic context and policies in place.This study addresses the devaluation puzzle by providing a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of how devaluation affects the balance of payments and output. Methods To achieve this, we employ a recursive structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model focusing on Ethiopia from 2001Q1 to 2023Q4. Results The findings reveal that exchange rate shocks negatively affect the balance of payments in both the short and long run, with a greater impact observed in the short run. Shocks in other variables, such as foreign exchange rate reserves, inflation, and interest rates, exert a stronger influence on the balance of payments than the exchange rate itself in the long run. In addition, shocks in the exchange rate significantly impact foreign exchange rate reserves in the long run, highlighting the complex dynamics of exchange rates and the indirect nature of the exchange rate channel. Exchange rate shocks also negatively impact output growth in both the short and long run. Conclusion The study concludes that devaluation has a contractionary effect through various channels. Devaluation increases the money supply, leading to inflationary pressures and a decline in output. It also increases interest rates, which further reduces output. In addition, devaluation reduces foreign exchange reserves, resulting in a fall in the balance of payments and a decrease in output. We suggest policymakers prioritize exchange rate stability through practical monetary and fiscal policies. In general, International financial institutions, particularly the National Bank of Ethiopia, should reconsider their devaluation-focused policies, considering the complexities and potential negative consequences associated with devaluation.

Background: Food‐specific response inhibition training has been implemented as a strategy to modify food choices and reward‐related eating behaviours, but short‐term studies have produced equivocal findings. Objective: To longitudinally assess the effect of a smartphone‐based response inhibition intervention on food reward, hedonic eating drive, and cravings in a free‐living setting. Methods: 84 adults (Mage = 30.49, SDage = 13.01, 52 female) with high responsivity to food cues or overweight/obesity were randomly assigned to a response inhibition training intervention (n = 45) or a control game (n = 39) at home during a training week, followed by a week with no training. Primary analyses compared groups on measures of explicit liking and implicit wanting for food of different energy densities, food cravings, and reward‐related eating throughout this two‐week period. Results: A reduction was observed in explicit liking and implicit wanting for energy‐dense foods from baseline to post‐training independent of condition (ps <.001). These changes from baseline were sustained after a 1‐week latency period, also independent of condition (ps <.001). These effects coincided with similar observations of hedonic eating drive, tonic cravings, and control over cravings during the observation period (ps <.01). Conclusions: Although significant reductions in reward‐related appetite were observed, free‐living response inhibition training did not offer additional benefit over a control activity. Future intervention studies with observable food intake are needed to investigate which appetitive mechanisms most reliably predict eating behaviour over time. Trial Registration: Retrospectively registered with ANZCTR [ACTRN12622001502729]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goal‐directed and habitual actions are clearly defined by their associative relations. Whereas goal‐directed control can be confirmed via tests of outcome devaluation and contingency‐degradation sensitivity, a comparable criterion for positively detecting habits has not been established. To confirm habitual responding, a test of control by the stimulus–response association is required while also ruling out goal‐directed control. Here we describe an approach to developing such a test in rats using two discriminative stimuli that set the occasion for two different responses that then earn the same outcome. Performance was insensitive to outcome devaluation and showed stimulus–response specificity, indicative of stimulus‐controlled behavior. The reliance of stimulus–response associations was further supported by a lack of sensitivity during the single extinction test session used here. These results demonstrate that two concurrently trained responses can come under habitual control when they share a common outcome. By reducing the ability of one stimulus to signal its corresponding response–outcome association, we found evidence for goal‐directed control that can be dissociated from habits. Overall, these experiments provide evidence that tests assessing specific stimulus–response associations can be used to investigate habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis, comparison and evaluation of the effectiveness of the foreign exchange policy instruments used during the crises of 2008-2009 and 2019-2020 in Ukraine. The main types of instruments of foreign exchange regulation and the priority areas of their application were defined. The authors took under consideration the key features of the construction of the socioeconomic model of Ukraine, the geopolitical situation, and the imposition of cyclical fluctuations during the considered periods. In the course of the study, the exchange rate fluctuations of the national currency against the US dollar were monitored to determine dynamics of the devaluation and revaluation processes within the given time frames. In order to detail the regulatory foreign exchange policy, a separate analysis of the use of NBU tools within the current and long-term strategy was carried out, the differences were identified and the consequences were outlined. The conducted research showed that during both crises the discount policy, namely the change in the discount rate, was most actively used. But the changes were somewhat divergent: more aggressive liberal measures taken to reduce the discount rate during the 2019-2020 crisis appeared to be more effective compared to the crisis of 2008-2009. This is evidenced by data on changes in GDP PPP, indicating the best positive dynamics when exiting the recession during the pandemic. However, in both cases, significant devaluation was observed. In order to determine the causes and consequences of the depreciation of the national currency in relation to the US dollar and other currencies, an analysis of the balance of payments accounts was carried out by individual articles. This made it possible to indicate significant differences in the nature of the origin of these crises. The instruments of motto policy were also used with varying degrees of activity and in the opposite direction. Foreign exchange interventions in 2008-2009, in contrast to the period of 2019- 2020, were used very limitedly due to the rather rapid depletion of gold and foreign exchange reserves. Foreign exchange restrictions were strengthened in 2008-2009, and liberalized in 2019-2020. As a result, it allowed to revive investment flows and improve the business climate in the country. It is also noted that against the background of general devaluation during both crises, a period of revaluation of the national currency was also observed in 2019. The analysis showed that in that case it was rather a negative phenomenon, which led to significant losses in the revenue part of the budget due to a decrease in revenues from customs payments, resulted from the inconsistent actions of the NBU and relevant ministries. Other elements of foreign exchange policy were almost not used: the degree of currency convertibility and the exchange rate regime did not change (with the exception of a short period of introduction of the exchange rate band). The same can be said about the instruments of the long-term foreign exchange policy: the order of international settlements was slightly adjusted, but not significantly; the regime of exchange rates and parities remained unchanged; the use of gold and reserve currencies was combined with the diversification of foreign exchange reserves and was mainly related to foreign exchange interventions and the fulfillment of external debt obligations. The conducted analysis allowed to identify the main directions of the foreign exchange policy of Ukraine regarding the stabilization of the economy and the achievement of sustainable economic growth. To solve this problem, it is advisable to gradually introduce foreign exchange liberalization, introduce new reforms and state projects that might improve the investment climate. It is also appropriate to dedollarize the debts of enterprises through incentives for lending in the national currency. In the long term, it is appropriate to strengthen financial and capital markets to ensure the stability of economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper describes the implementation of a survey aimed at verifying the author's preventive program. The analysis of the obtained results is processed on the basis of quantitative-qualitative methods. The specific findings relate to changes in the devaluation expressions of students' communication towards the teacher and changes in the classroom climate after the implementation of the preventive program. The obtained data show that by applying the author's preventive program, it is possible to achieve changes in the interactions taking place in the teaching process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addiction is characterized by continued drug use despite negative consequences. In an animal model, a subset of rats continues to self-administer cocaine despite footshock consequences, showing punishment resistance. We sought to test the hypothesis that punishment resistance arises from failure to exert goal-directed control over habitual cocaine seeking. While habits are not inherently permanent or maladaptive, continued use of habits under conditions that should encourage goal-directed control makes them maladaptive and inflexible. We trained male and female Sprague Dawley rats on a seeking-taking chained schedule of cocaine self-administration. We then exposed them to four days of punishment testing in which footshock was delivered randomly on one-third of trials. Before and after punishment testing (four days pre-punishment and ≥ four days post-punishment), we assessed whether cocaine seeking was goal-directed or habitual using outcome devaluation via cocaine satiety. We found that punishment resistance was associated with continued use of habits, whereas punishment sensitivity was associated with increased goal-directed control. Although punishment resistance for cocaine was not predicted by habitual responding pre-punishment, it was associated with habitual responding post-punishment. In parallel studies of food self-administration, we similarly observed that punishment resistance was associated with habitual responding post-punishment but not pre-punishment in males, although it was associated with habitual responding both pre- and post-punishment in females, indicating that punishment resistance was predicted by habitual responding in food-seeking females. These findings indicate that punishment resistance is related to habits that have become inflexible and persist under conditions that should encourage a transition to goal-directed behavior.

Alcohol dependence is associated with aberrant decision-making processes, particularly in the presence of alcohol-related environmental cues. For instance, alcohol cues can trigger alcohol seeking, consumption, and even relapse behavior. Recently, works have suggested that alcohol dependence may induce more general alterations in cued processes that support adaptive behavior, including enhanced cue control of volitional behavior unrelated to alcohol use. Here we examine this hypothesis by combining prior exposure to chronic intermittent ethanol and repeated withdrawal (CIE) procedures with a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) task in mice. The PIT task entails training a Pavlovian association, separately training an instrumental contingency, and a final test during which the Pavlovian cue and instrumental action are combined for the first time. We first tested two variants of the PIT procedure in ethanol-naïve mice, differing in part in the duration of Pavlovian conditioned cues (short or long). We found in the PIT test that the short cue procedure produced negative transfer, whereas the long cue procedure produced positive transfer. We then used the long cue variant to examine PIT behavior in mice previously exposed to either CIE or air vapor. We found that prior CIE exposure strengthened PIT behavior, with enhanced instrumental responding during presentation of the food-associated cue. We further found that this enhancement in CIE mice persisted even after devaluation of the food outcome. Our findings suggest that ethanol dependence can enhance the influence of reward-predictive cues on ongoing behavior. Greater non-alcohol cue control of behavior may reflect the effect of chronic ethanol exposure on neural circuitry critical for cue-guided behavior in general.

The theory of ecofeminism is all about drawing comparisons and connections between old as well as new forms of oppressions against women and the environment and it fights against all forms of injustices to make earth a better place to live. Animal liberation theorists not only highlight animal abuse through hunting, caging, butchering, testing, and experimenting but they are of the opinion that animals are abused and derogated through the patriarchal language as well. In this regard, this paper attempts to explore the anthropocentric use of language in Barbara Kingsolver’s “Prodigal Summer” so as to discuss the way the author highlights animal devaluation and depreciation in terms of language. Kingsolver draws readers’ attention towards animal devaluation through various tropes (mostly similes) to highlight animal abuse in her ecofeminist text. The paper will examine the ways in which characters derogate each other through association with different animals and birds and show how the use of language plays a great role in the devaluation and derogation of nonhuman world.

The purpose of the study is to determine of the influence of the Russian money supply provision with gold and foreign exchange reserves (GFR) on the exchange rate of the Russian ruble in dynamics and to form of approaches to the practical application of the results. The objectives of the study are: theoretical substantiation of the form of connection between the money supply of GFR and the national currency exchange rate; analysis of the relationship of these indicators according to the data of the Russian economy for 27 years at the 1994–2022; reinforcement of theoretical claims with data from empirical analysis; formation of methodological foundations and determination of directions for the practical application of the results obtained. The research methodology is based on graphical data analysis. The results of this analysis identified the presence of time lags in the reaction of the ruble exchange rate to the dynamics of the provision the Russian money supply with GFR; determine the specific value of the ratio of the volume of GFR and the money supply as a boundary, at which the national currency trend will be observed. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that it is possible and necessary to use the relationship of the analyzed indicators not only as a leading indicator of the dynamics of the ruble exchange rate, but also as an active tool to manage the exchange rate of the national currency in a way that normalizes economic activity.

In this article, we examine the concept of borderline personality organization as it was conceptualized by Otto F. Kernberg. We highlight the diagnostic criteria so that it is possible to recognize a borderline organization, namely primitive defensive mechanisms associated with an examination of reality generally uncompromised. We point out that, for Kernberg, dysfunctional management of the primitive feelings of anger would prevent the psychic integration, in early childhood of the borderline subject, of the 'good' and 'bad' dyads in which Self and object are related. The patient, growing up, would then discover herself as dominated by tearing and opposing experiential and affective 'states'. Kernberg describes borderline personality organization as a pathological condition of internalized object relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the shifting fortunes of the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant in California to better understand how asset owners are dealing with an increasingly-significant problem in changing energy landscapes: the devaluation of large fixed capital assets. In 2016, Pacific Gas and Electric Company announced a Joint Proposal to retire the Diablo Canyon plant by 2025, the result of a negotiated compromise with labor unions, environmental and community groups. Heralded by many commentators as a model for "just transitions" in the energy sector, this agreement has lately been called into question as new subsidies and political coalitions have emerged to support for the plant's continued operation. This paper investigates the political and economic conditions for the Joint Proposal as an example of "negotiated devaluation," aiming to understand why and how this strategy took shape, and what lessons it offers for other transition processes. Linking literatures on just transitions and devaluation in the energy sector, we show how negotiated devaluation may offer an emerging strategy for owners of energy assets to manage decline in a changing energy landscape. The case also demonstrates the political contingency of these coalitions and the transitions they subtend, and the limited dimensions of justice that might be affirmed in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social disinhibition is a significant sequela of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Some research suggests that it could reflect a deficiency in goal-directed behavior. The current study aimed to test whether these inappropriate behaviors tend to be deficient in goal-directed control, that is, triggered more by environmental stimuli than by the known consequences of their actions. We used a between-group design with 25 adult participants with severe TBI, and 27 control participants. Social disinhibition was measured using Frontal Systems Behavior Scale and Social Disinhibition Interview. Changes in reward-related goal-directed behavior were evaluated using a computer-based task in which we assessed the influence of cues predicting reward and of reward devaluation on choice performance. We found no difference in the levels of social disinhibition between the TBI and control groups and, using mixed two-way ANCOVAs, no overall effect of the stimuli or outcome devaluation. However, after combing these groups and splitting them based on their disinhibition levels, a significant interaction between group (High vs Low disinhibition) and reward type (Valued vs Devalued) in sensitivity to outcome devaluation test (F = 5.99, p =.01, ηp2 =.13) appeared. Comparing with the baseline rate of responding, the Low disinhibition group decreased their responding to devalued and increased their responding to still-valued outcomes. In contrast, the High disinhibition group showed the opposite pattern of choice performance. It appears that people with clinical levels of social disinhibition are both prone to outcome-response priming effects and insensitive to changes in the value of the consequences of their actions, that is, despite evidence they were aware of the reduction in the value of their actions's outcomes, people with high-level disinhibition kept performing those actions. This pattern has the hallmarks of a habit suggesting their disinhibition reflects a loss of executive control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of a range of factors on the country’s financial system, primarily related to the war, determines the relevance and importance of conducting this study. In modern conditions, the sphere of finance is transformed and adapted, therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate the current state of the country’s financial system in the context of the functioning of its main structural elements. The methodological basis of this study included the use of both general scientific methods, such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, comparison, and specific methods. To detect existing trends and processes in the financial system of Ukraine, statistical methods of dynamic and structural analysis were used. The study used a complex approach to the investigation of the financial system, specifically, the budget sphere, the banking system, the securities market, and the currency sphere were analysed. The main processes that affect the formation and implementation of the revenue and expenditure part of the state budget have been identified. The volume of tax revenues and their share in the formation of state budget revenues in the pre-war and wartime periods were compared. The main reasons for the growth of the budget deficit have been identified. The key sources used to cover the deficit were highlighted. The state of the national securities market was described based on the analysis of the structure of trade transactions in terms of financial instruments. The study found that the main share of trade transactions takes place with government debt securities. The banking sector, the financial system of the country, based on indicators of liquidity and profitability, was studied. Using the stability rating of banking institutions, it was found that leading positions in it are occupied by financial institutions that have foreign sources of financing, as well as state banks. The dynamics of devaluation of the hryvnia with the dynamics of inflationary processes were investigated. The results of the study allow for a comprehensive assessment of the current state of the country’s financial system and will be useful both to actors in the country’s financial sector and to managers who determine the basis of its functioning

In this paper, it is shown that, despite a tremendous number of sanctions that significantly modify the conditions of financial and economic equilibrium in Russia, the basic mechanisms, priorities and construction of the goals of the financial and economic policy have not changed. This is especially true for monetary and fiscal policy. The analysis of the parameters and results of budget planning for 2022–2023 has been carried out. Although there are no catastrophic failures of macroeconomic indicators according to the Ministry of Finance in 2022 and the official projections of the 2023 budget do not promise an increase in problems, the discrepancy between the actual possibilities to increase revenues and the imperative requirements to increase budget expenditures signal a serious deterioration of the budget situation, which requires urgent and adequate solutions. The author discusses the prospect of the state budget deficit turning into a permanent phenomenon accompanying the country’s economic development for a long period, due to the indefinite period of revenue suppression and acceleration of state budget expenditures, the reasons of which are long military expenditures and the duration of restructuring the structure and mechanisms of global and subglobal financial and economic interactions. In this paper, estimates of the budget deficit, which are alternative to the official data, have been made; estimates of real sizes and dynamics of budget deficits are proposed; and the concept of hierarchy and target concentration of budget expenditures is argued. The main tools for financing budget deficits (the National Welfare Fund, ruble devaluation, money emission, government borrowings) are analyzed, the possibilities and potential limits of their use are shown. It is shown that all of them, except domestic government borrowings, give a short-term effect and at the same time have a negative impact on macroeconomic equilibrium. The possibilities, direct and indirect consequences of the policy of reduction of budget expenditures are considered

Alcohol dependence can result in long-lasting deficits to decision-making and action control. Neurobiological investigations have identified orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) as important for outcome-related contributions to goal-directed actions during decision-making. Prior work has shown that alcohol dependence induces long-lasting changes to OFC function that persist into protracted withdrawal and disrupts goal-directed control over actions. However, it is unclear whether these changes in function alter representation of action and outcome-related neural activity in OFC. Here, we used the well-validated chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure and withdrawal procedure to model alcohol dependence in mice and performed in vivo extracellular recordings during an instrumental task in which lever-press actions made for a food outcome. We found alcohol dependence disrupted goal-directed action control and increased OFC activity associated with lever-pressing but decreased OFC activity during outcome-related epochs. The ability to decode outcome-related information, but not action information, from OFC activity following CIE exposure was reduced. Hence, chronic alcohol exposure induced a long-lasting disruption to OFC function such that activity associated with actions was enhanced, but OFC activity contributions to outcome-related information was diminished. This has important implications for hypotheses regarding compulsive and habitual phenotypes observed in addiction.

Background: Much of the existing animal literature on the devaluation task suggests that prior repeated exposure to drugs of abuse during adulthood can impair goal-directed action, but the literature on human drug users is mixed. Also, the initiation of drug use often occurs during adolescence, but examinations of the effects of drug exposure during adolescence on behavior in the devaluation task are lacking. Methods: We examined whether repeated exposure during adolescence to amphetamine (3 mg/kg injections every-other day from post-natal day 27–45) or ketamine (twice daily 30 mg/kg injections from post-natal day 35–44) would impair behavior in a devaluation test when tested drug-free in adulthood. Rats were trained to press a left lever with a steady cue-light above it for one reinforcer and a right lever with a flashing cue-light above it for a different reinforcer. We tested whether any impairments in goal-directed action could be overcome by compensation between strategies by giving rats information based on lever-location and cue-lights during the test that was either congruent (allowing compensation) or incongruent (preventing compensation between strategies) with the configurations during training. Results: Our results provided no evidence for impairment of goal-directed action during adulthood after adolescent amphetamine or ketamine exposure. Conclusions: We discuss possible reasons for this discrepancy with the prior literature, including (1) the age of exposure and (2) the pattern in the previous literature that most previous demonstrations of drug exposure impairing devaluation in laboratory animals may be attributed to either drug-associated cues present in the testing environment and/or accelerated habit learning in tasks that predispose laboratory animals towards habit formation with extended training (with training procedures that should resist the formation of habits in the current experiment). However, additional research is needed to examine the effects of these factors, as well a potential role for the particular doses and washout periods to determine the cause of our finding of no devaluation impairment after drug exposure.

This paper aims to inspect the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and the agricultural sector of Bangladesh. This study is based on time series data from 1972 to 2021. The Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and F-Bound test are used to examine the relationship between the variables under study. The empirical finding suggests that FDI has a considerable negative influence on the agricultural sector in Bangladesh in the long term. Moreover, this is also found by the study that FDI has no effect in the short run on the country's agricultural sector. This study recommends that governments should adopt agriculture-friendly policies, and should adopt some training facilities for the farmer to increase their farming skills so that FDI can develop the agricultural sector.

AbstractDevaluation of the currency has been stipulated and utilized increasingly as a stabilization device in developing countries. The Ethiopian government employed a devaluation policy to improve the export performance of the country. However, various literature demonstrates that the devaluation of the Ethiopian Birr (ETB) has an ambiguous effect on the country’s export performance. Therefore, the prime objective of the study was to investigate the effect of domestic currency devaluation on Ethiopian major primary export commodities by employing time series data for the period 1987 to 2020. With the help of Johansen’s co-integration and vector error correction modelling, the impact of the devaluation of the real effective exchange rate on major export commodities was assessed in the long run as well as in the short run. The study found that the devaluation of the real effective exchange rate has a positive and significant relationship with the values of major export commodities in the long run. This implies that the decrease in the value of the domestic currency promotes exports in the long run. Other variables like foreign direct investment, with an expected positive sign, and real gross domestic product (with a negative sign), are also found to be statistically significant in explaining exports in the long run. The findings of this paper suggest that policy intervention in the form of devaluing the domestic currency could be effective in improving export performance given that the effect of inflation on output is controlled.

This article analyzes the geographies of the German coal exit by looking at the spatial dimensions of coal devaluation. It argues that while the Energiewende has been described as having a national origin, central triggers of the national coal exit agreement have to do with devaluation pressures created by the combination of global relations in the fuel markets, the territorial bordering of electricity and carbon markets at the European Union level, and place-based and multiscalar anticoal networks. The role of place-based resistance to the past, relational, expected, and imaginary concomitant forms of devaluation in lignite regions is also described as a key spatial barrier to the German coal phase-out. It will be shown that the emergence of a coal exit agreement, which represents a national fix to address not only existing market devaluation forces, but also a double legitimacy crisis for the government, was based on spatially uneven relations. The German case is relevant for the geographies of energy transitions for showing how multispatial strategies, the spatial organization of energy markets, and the territorial regulation of energy systems shape the possibilities for the devaluation needed to accelerate the pace of the fossil fuels phase-out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we estimated the impact of daily and weekly exchange rate devaluations on consumer prices in Africa using 20 African nations as case studies which included Angola, Benin Burkina Faso, Cameroun, Chad, Congo Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Gabon, Ghana, Malawi, Mali, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Senegal, Togo, and Tunisia. This study used a multivariate DCC-GARCH model. Over the long and short terms, it was discovered that devaluation had a detrimental impact on consumer prices. The study obtained a 100% response of consumer price level to exchange rate devaluation. In particular, the dynamic response of consumer price level to devaluation of currencies was complete as 100% variation in consumer prices was totally accounted for by devaluation of currencies. With both daily and weekly data, the study established that devaluation is a direct and significant predictor of the changes in consumer prices in Africa. We observed volatility persistence with shifting conditional correlations for both consumer prices and currency devaluation. Except for Senegal, other countries studied showed that volatility of currency devaluation and consumer prices at one time or the other (short or long run or both) had recognizable patterns of behavior that can be associated with the other whether inversely or directly. All countries examined have movements in exchange rate devaluation and consumer prices timevarying conditional correlation. Additionally, innovations in a currency devaluation and consumer prices significantly increase impulse responses in themselves during future days and weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The shift from drug abuse to addiction is considered to arise from the transition between goal-directed and habitual control over drug behavior. Habitual responding for appetitive and skill-based behaviors is mediated by potentiated glutamate signaling in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), but the state of the DLS glutamate system in the context of habitual drug-behavior remains undefined. Evidence from the nucleus accumbens of cocaine-experienced rats suggests that decreased transporter-mediated glutamate clearance and enhanced synaptic glutamate release contribute to the potentiated glutamate signaling that underlies the enduring vulnerability to relapse. Preliminary evidence from the dorsal striatum of cocaine-experienced rats suggests that this region exhibits similar alterations to glutamate clearance and release, but it is not known whether these glutamate dynamics are associated with goal-directed or habitual control over cocaine-seeking behavior. Therefore, we trained rats to self-administer cocaine in a chained cocaine-seeking and -taking paradigm, which yielded goaldirected, intermediate, and habitual cocaine-seeking rats. We then assessed glutamate clearance and release dynamics in the DLS of these rats using two different methods: synaptic transporter current (STC) recordings of patchclamped astrocytes and the intensity-based glutamate sensing fluorescent reporter (iGluSnFr). While we observed a decreased rate of glutamate clearance in STCs evoked with single-pulse stimulation in cocaine-experienced rats, we did not observe any cocaine-induced differences in glutamate clearance rates from STCs evoked with high frequency stimulation (HFS) or iGluSnFr responses evoked with either double-pulse stimulation or HFS. Furthermore, GLT-1 protein expression in the DLS was unchanged in cocaine-experienced rats, regardless of their mode of control over cocaine-seeking behavior. Lastly, there were no differences in metrics of glutamate release between cocaine-experienced rats and yoked-saline controls in either assay. Together, these results suggest that glutamate clearance and release dynamics in the DLS are largely unaltered by a history of cocaine self-administration on this established cocaine seeking-taking paradigm, regardless of whether the control over the cocaine seeking behavior was habitual or goal directed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By looking at the September 1949 devaluation dilemma faced by the governments of Pakistan and India, this article argues that it was an early episode of divergence between them following partition. The reasons why Pakistan did not devalue when India did so have remained largely obscured in the historiography. Deeply contested, the decision was a determining event through which the state staked its claim for economic sovereignty, internally and externally. It led to a 17-month-long official trade deadlock, especially in the eastern region of partitioned Bengal. It ended when the two governments established an exchange ratio for the two rupees, no longer at par with each other. This interactive delinking of currencies was symptomatic of the improvisational decoupling of the colonial subcontinent's post-colonial states. In tracing its trajectory, this article contributes to the inconsiderable literature on why devaluation did not happen in Pakistan, revises the rationale offered, and presents the event as a contingent exercise in economic decolonization, generative of a post-colonial sovereign difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From its origins, currency has been based on the users' confidence in the quality of its composition and therefore in its exchange value, and if the issuing political power changes its characteristics, it must publicly inform the users, and in some places even reach a consensus with the other powers of the state. In Castile, since the time of Alfonso X, it has been accepted that the king is the owner of the coin and can change or devalue it at will, as many monarchs did. However, in modern times and with globalized trade flows, it was unthinkable that a monarch would order the composition and value of the currency to be changed secretly, "falsifying" its value, and creating a whole regulatory framework to conceal the fact, which is what Charles III did, and what we are going to study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the political economy of low-carbon energy transitions by highlighting the importance of capital and coal devaluation in the destabilisation of incumbent energy regimes, which has been understudied by the energy transitions in social sciences literature. Empirically, it examines Germany's coal exit plan, the world's largest in terms of power capacity. By putting theories of capital devaluation into conversation with regulation theory, this study reveals the continuities between Germany's exit plan and its long tradition of delaying the devaluation of coal. This paper engages with relational political-economic approaches to analyse the German coal exit plan beyond the dualistic market vs policy-based interpretation, which has been promoted by the coal industry to capture compensation payments. Rather, it will be argued that this plan, which in its current form is based on generous financial compensations to coal companies, can be understood as a way to regulate the ongoing devaluation affecting the energy industry and manage a dual legitimation crisis affecting the federal government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Previous theoretical frameworks focusing on burnout have identified numerous antecedents and psychosocial risk factors; however, the influence of early sport-specific experiences on burnout in developmental athlete populations remains less understood. Objectives: We explored the associations between burnout and prior sports engagement (ie, milestones, practice time, performance, injury history) in a sample of subelite academy alpine ski racers in the United States (N = 169, M age = 15.82 ± 1.80). Methods: Participants completed retrospective practice history profiles (milestones, practice time, injury), while their respective performance data were collected using an online national ranking registry. Simple and mixed-effect regressions were implemented to assess the associations between these measures and subscales of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire. Results: The results indicated that greater participation in the coach-led group and individual practice during adolescence mitigated burnout responses (ie, greater sense of accomplishment, less sport devaluation), whereas more play earlier in development was associated with greater devaluation. Furthermore, poorer performance and more injury incidences were associated with increased burnout (ie, reduced sense of accomplishment). Conclusions: The structure of training and past experiences during early career years appear to influence burnout among alpine ski racing during their adolescent years, the implications of which are discussed in relation to sport developmental pipelines.

One of the main effects of the COVID-19 pandemic is a significant aggravation of the debt burden in most countries of the world, due to increased costs to support the economies. In Kazakhstan, similar problems also caused a significant increase in the volume of public debt and expenses for its servicing, while due to the specifics of the country’s economic model, the channels of influence of the pandemic on the debt sector were more numerous because of the impact of external shocks. The growth of government debt and the debt servicing cost during the pandemic years was affected by such factors as the growth of budget’s expenditures to support the economy; a drop in revenues due to lower oil prices; the devaluation of the tenge and growth of the cost of servicing external debt; increase of interest rates in the domestic debt market. A comparison of the parameters of public debt increase and loss of economic growth based on the ratio of these two indicators is proposed as a generalized indicator of the effectiveness of debt buildup during the pandemic. This approach showed that the debt increase in Kazakhstan was quite effective. Nevertheless, the effects of the fight against the pandemic had a serious negative impact on Kazakhstan’s public finance system, and in the debt sphere the main problem now is the escalation of debt servicing costs, which will be a significant burden on the budget process, at least for the next few years.

Influential recent work aims to ground psychiatric dysfunction in the brain's basic computational mechanisms. For instance, the compulsive symptoms that feature prominently in drug abuse and addiction have been argued to arise from over reliance on a habitual “model-free” system in contrast to a more laborious “model-based” system. Support for this account comes in part from failures to appropriately change behavior in light of new events. Notably, instrumental responding can, in some circumstances, persist despite reinforcer devaluation, perhaps reflecting control by model-free mechanisms that are driven by past reinforcement rather than knowledge of the (now devalued) outcome. However, another line of theory posits a different mechanism – latent causal inference – that can modulate behavioral change. It concerns how animals identify different contingencies that apply in different circumstances, by covertly clustering experiences into distinct groups. Here we combine both lines of theory to investigate the consequences of latent cause inference on instrumental sensitivity to reinforcer devaluation. We show that instrumental insensitivity to reinforcer devaluation can arise in this theory even using only model-based planning, and does not require or imply any habitual, model-free component. These ersatz habits (like laboratory ones) emerge after overtraining, interact with contextual cues, and show preserved sensitivity to reinforcer devaluation on a separate consumption test, a standard control. Together, this work highlights the need for caution in using reinforcer devaluation procedures to rule in (or out) the contribution of different learning mechanisms and offers a new perspective on the neurocomputational substrates of drug abuse.

The shift from drug abuse to addiction is considered to arise from the transition between goal-directed and habitual control over drug behavior. Habitual responding for appetitive and skill-based behaviors is mediated by potentiated glutamate signaling in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), but the state of the DLS glutamate system in the context of habitual drug-behavior remains undefined. Evidence from the nucleus accumbens of cocaine-experienced rats suggests that decreased transporter-mediated glutamate clearance and enhanced synaptic glutamate release contribute to the potentiated glutamate signaling that underlies the enduring vulnerability to relapse. Preliminary evidence from the dorsal striatum of cocaine-experienced rats suggests that this region exhibits similar alterations to glutamate clearance and release, but it is not known whether these glutamate dynamics are associated with goal-directed or habitual control over cocaine-seeking behavior. Therefore, we trained rats to self-administer cocaine in a chained cocaine-seeking and -taking paradigm, which yielded goal-directed, intermediate, and habitual cocaine-seeking rats. We then assessed glutamate clearance and release dynamics in the DLS of these rats using two different methods: synaptic transporter current (STC) recordings of patch-clamped astrocytes and the intensity-based glutamate sensing fluorescent reporter (iGluSnFr). While we observed a decreased rate of glutamate clearance in STCs evoked with single-pulse stimulation in cocaine-experienced rats, we did not observe any cocaine-induced differences in glutamate clearance rates from STCs evoked with high frequency stimulation (HFS) or iGluSnFr responses evoked with either double-pulse stimulation or HFS. Furthermore, GLT-1 protein expression in the DLS was unchanged in cocaine-experienced rats, regardless of their mode of control over cocaine-seeking behavior. Lastly, there were no differences in metrics of glutamate release between cocaine-experienced rats and yoked-saline controls in either assay. Together, these results suggest that glutamate clearance and release dynamics in the DLS are largely unaltered by a history of cocaine self-administration on this established cocaine seeking-taking paradigm, regardless of whether the control over the cocaine seeking behavior was habitual or goal directed.

The russian federation's launch of a full-scale war against independent Ukraine on February 24, 2022, has presented unprecedented challenges to the country. In addition to resistance on the battlefield, Ukraine must implement adaptive macroeconomic policies to address the situation. This combination of military and economic efforts not only prevents economic collapse but also maintains fragile macroeconomic stability during wartime. Monetary stability becomes especially important, highlighting the absolute necessity for effective implementation of monetary policy. This article aims to identify the key characteristics of Ukraine's defence economy and forecast key policy rates and exchange rates during the war. The prerequisite for forecasting was the analysis of endogenous and exogenous factors determining the current state of the Ukrainian economy: index of business expectations in Ukraine and partner countries, state of international trade and balance of payments, disparities in the labour market, reorientation of the state budget to military needs, devaluation of the national currency, high inflation, increase of financial capital price. Modelling is based on consumer price index (CPI), household inflation expectations, key policy rate of the National Bank of Ukraine, real and nominal effective exchange rates hryvnia to USA dollar, gross and net international reserves, gross and net foreign exchange market interventions, the UK CPI, the USA CPI, EU CPI, and the weighted average yield of domestic government bonds. The methodology involved the use of the VECM model (Vector Error Correlation Model) and the Bagging machine learning method, adapted to time series. Using this methodology enabled an accurate forecast of the key policy rate. In determining the optimal exchange rate, a modified formula was used that takes into account the monetary base, total bank deposits, foreign currency deposits in banks, exchange rate in the black market, and international reserves. This modification enabled the prediction of an exchange rate that closely approximates the official exchange rate.

This study aims to unpack one element of the logics of gendered educational choices, namely how cultural beliefs about gender can shape young people’s judgements about gendered educational tracks. Through a survey experiment conducted among secondary school students in Oslo, Norway, we assess respondents’ judgements about fictitious students’ “appropriate” educational choices presented through short vignettes. The study investigates how judgements vary according to the gender of the fictitious students, as well as respondents’ gender and their gender essentialist beliefs. The results indicate that devaluation of female-typed work play a role in young people’s judgements about educational tracks. Boys and girls alike seem to award male-typed vocational education and general college preparatory education higher status than female-typed vocational education. Nonetheless, vignette boys are more strongly advised against choosing female-typed vocational programmes than vignette girls with the same characteristics. This pattern is evident regardless of respondents’ essentialist beliefs. Thus, both devaluation and gender stereotypical expectations pull in the same direction for boys, against entering female-typed education in upper secondary school. Furthermore, the findings indicate that gender essentialism works asymmetrically. Respondents with gender essentialist beliefs are more likely to advise girls not to choose male-typed vocational programmes. However, we did not find evidence that respondents, including those who otherwise express gender essentialist beliefs, believe that female-typed vocational educational choices are appropriate for women simply because they are women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) in the dorsal striatum have been implicated in goal-directed behaviour. While activation of these receptors with several methods has resulted in an insensitivity to outcome devaluation, particular explanations for how they disrupt behaviour have not been explored. We both confirm a role for A2A receptors in goal-directed responding and evaluate additional behavioural aspects of goal-directed control to more fully understand the role of A2A receptors in instrumental behaviour. Objectives: To examine the effects of the adenosine A2A agonist CGS-21680 in the DMS on response-outcome encoding, updating representations of outcome value and on the ability to inhibit behaviour when reward is not available. Methods: Male rats were trained to lever press for food reward. The A2AR agonist CGS-21680 was infused into the dorsomedial striatum either before an outcome devaluation test, prior to training with two distinct response-outcome associations or prior to a test of discriminative stimulus control over instrumental performance. Results: Intra-DMS administration of CGS-21680 impaired sensitivity to outcome devaluation. CGS-21680 treatment did not impair acquisition of specific response-outcome associations, selective control of responding based on the presence of stimuli that signaled when reward was or was not available, discrimination between stimuli or lever choices nor did it influence the effect of devaluation on the amounts of food eaten in a consumption test. Conclusions: CGS-21680 impairs the ability to modulate responding based on recent changes to outcome value, an effect that is not accounted for by impairments in behavioural inhibition, discrimination, encoding the specific outcome of a response or the effectiveness of specific satiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]