Search

Summary This paper presents computationally optimized 2‐element and 4‐element Multiple‐Input, Multiple‐Output (MIMO) antennas for WLAN/Wi‐Fi, 5G, and UWB applications. The antenna configuration is constructed with the orthogonal placement of sawtooth‐shaped circular monopole radiating elements. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA‐ES) optimization techniques are employed to achieve the best performance and size of the proposed antenna. Among these optimization techniques, CMA‐ES is identified as the better approach. The final optimized geometry of the 2‐element and 4‐element MIMO antennas is 49.40 mm × 24.22 mm and 49.44 mm × 45 mm, respectively. Both optimized antennas are fabricated and experimentally verified. The fractional bandwidth of the antenna is more than 110.3%, and more than −20 dB isolation is attained without employing any decoupling method. The Envelop Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Directivity Gain (DG), Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC), and Channel Capacity Limit (CCL) are 0.0001, 9.99, < −15 dB, and 0.1 bits/s/Hz, respectively. The proposed antenna is a good candidate for numerous current wireless applications due to its size and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovative arrangement to provide a wide range of applications with ultra-wide band (UWB)-multiple input multiple output (MIMO) is suggested. The challenges, in practice, in implementing the design are wider bandwidth and substantial separation between the MIMO elements. Compactness is also one of the key role in designing the UWB-MIMO antenna. For portable UWB applications, this research provides a compact UWB-MIMO design with an excellent isolation level. Two rectangular elements with narrow slots on the radiating elements provide an excellent bandwidth in the UWB, 3.1–10.6 GHz. The proposed design is simulated using HFSS with substrate FR-4 epoxy. The proposed design uses a decoupling structure of elliptical shape on the partial ground to achieve better isolation improvement >15 dB in the entire UWB range. The proposed design exhibits multiband characteristics. The design exhibits compactness in size with 42 × 30 × 1.6 mm3and can be utilized for portable mobile applications. This design provides excellent performance metrics based on return loss (S11 < −10 dB), isolation (S12 < −15 dB), channel capacity loss (CCL < 0.001), total active reflection coefficient (TARC < −10 dB), diversity gain (DG > 9.998), radiation efficiency, patterns, peak gain (appox. 4.5), and correlation coefficient (ECC < 0.004). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and performance analysis of a novel Quad-element CPW wideband MIMO antenna. This design facilitates easy expansion to MIMO configurations with eight and sixteen elements. The MIMO antenna design process began with the analysis of a single-element CPW-fed antenna, progressing through a two-element design to the final four-element configuration.The optimized design is attained by changing the radius of the patch element and varyingthe partial ground length. Two vertically radiating patches are arranged vertically on the same plane,and their return loss performance is analyzed. Performance analysis of the antenna, based on ECC and isolation levels between antenna components, indicates a high degree of element separation. The antenna operates over extensive frequency ranges of 2.3 to 4.8, 7.4 to 13, and 14.7 to 20 GHz, demonstrating a bandwidth of 5.6 GHz and a return loss of -29.14 dB. Fabricated using a low-profile substrate, the design was tested and verified for authenticity.The results show an isolation level exceeding − 50 dB, an ECC value below 0.02, and a CCL lower than 0.2. These attributes make the proposed antenna design highly suitable for 5G networks, satellite communications, air traffic control, Wi-Fi 6E, point-to-point communication, and radio astronomy applications. The innovative structure and verified performance characteristics underscore the potential of this MIMO antenna design in enhancing data transfer speeds and reliability in various communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for compact, efficient, and versatile antennas has surged in tandem with the rapid evolution of wireless communication technologies. In response, this paper presents a pioneering Quadport-based fractal compact MIMO antenna designed to meet the stringent requirements of modern communication systems. The antenna incorporates a circular-shaped fractal radiating element and a stub-loaded ground region with a Partial ground, resulting in a significant enhancement of isolation performance. Through iterative optimisation, involving the integration of Partial ground, loading stubs, and fractals into the patch area, the antenna achieves optimal dimensions of 0.66λ × 0.83λ while operating across five distinct frequency bands, thereby catering to a wide range of multiband applications. Remarkable performance metrics are demonstrated, including peak isolation of 35 dB and minimum return loss of − 25.80 dB, alongside a peak electric field of 5.51 × 103 V/m. The polarization response for various resonating frequencies is meticulously analysed. The diverse parameters such as Total Active Reflection Coefficient < − 10, Mean Effective Gain around 0, Diversity Gain is around 10, Channel Capacity Loss < 0.2, and Envelope Correlation Coefficient < 0.1 are achieved. Utilising FR4 material for design enables mass production feasibility, further enhancing the antenna's practicality. Comparative analysis against existing literature underscores its superiority, positioning it as an ideal candidate for applications in 6G networks, WiMax, and weather monitoring. Overall, this Quadport-based fractal compact MIMO antenna represents a significant advancement in antenna offering a compelling blend of compactness, multiband capability, and exceptional performance metrics essential for the next generation of communication applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Log-periodic dipole antenna-shaped multiple-input multi-output (MIMO) with multiband operation features employing graphene resonator material operating in the 1–30 THz frequency range was proposed for numerical analysis. The main aim of the proposed MIMO antenna structure is to achieve a future CMOS and communication device-compatible structure. This research also aims to achieve a wide band of operation with miniaturization of size operating at the THz frequency spectrum. There were four types of an antenna structure with single- and multi-element log-periodic MIMO antenna structure that is numerically investigated. Several antenna parameters such as reflectance loss, gain, radiation patterns and other MIMO antenna parameters are investigated to check the compatibility for short-distance communication. Compatibility and the limitations of speaking over a short distance are also considered while determining these criteria. The THz MIMO antenna provides strong isolation values and an operating band. This construction has a maximum gain of 14 dBi and an overall bandwidth of 13 THz. Furthermore, the values of the different MIMO antenna parameters MEG (− 0.5 dB to 0.5 dB), ECC (0–0.04), DG (~ 10 dB), TARC (< − 10 dB) and CCL (0–3 bits/s/Hz) which makes overall compatible antenna for the better multichannel operation are observed. Specifically, the suggested antennas are intended to be used in three frequency ranges ranging from 1 to 30 THz. The objective of this study is to devise an innovative construction for a terahertz antenna capable of delivering a gain that is high and a bandwidth that is extraordinarily wide, while retaining the customary compact antenna size required for terahertz applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A controller is modelled and designed to optimize the power transfer in microgrid-connected hybrid renewable energy systems using an integrated DC/DC converter. To maximize the converter's output power and minimize the switching losses of the converter, a model is developed by including a simplified high conversion ratio converter, a maximal power point tracker, and an optimal controller with an effective control strategy. The proposed control system is a combination of the Artificial Transgender Longicorn Algorithm (ATLA) and the Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) algorithm, named the ATLA-GBDT method. In the suggested technique, the ATLA is used as an assessment method to build up accurate control signals for the system and to improve the control signals database for offline use while considering the power exchange between the source and load. In addition, for training a GBDT system online, the data set received from the sensor is used to develop a control system for faster response. In addition, the goal function is defined by the system data, which is subject to equality and inequality constraints. Various constraints considered in the problem formulation are the output of renewable energy sources, power requirements, and the state of charge of storage components. The proposed control system is simulated using the MATLAB/Simulink platform, and the implementation is compared with the existing techniques. Various performance metrics like accuracy, specificity, recall and precision, RMSE, MAPE, and MBE of the proposed method and existing methods in the literature are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for electric power and the need for an energy transition that contributes to the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions have driven the development of various energy generation, storage, and offset technologies. These technologies are known as distributed energy resources. Their integration into distribution power systems not only contributes to improving operating aspects, but also allows supplying electricity to areas that do not have access to large-scale power systems. Therefore, the integration and management of these resources has become a topic of interest, and several studies seek to optimize their impact on technical, economic, and environmental aspects. However, this optimization poses specific challenges related to the type and number of variables related to the operation of a distribution power system. This review article aims to describe the main challenges posed by three-phase AC three-phase distribution power systems under scenarios involving the integration of distributed energy resources. In addition, it presents some approaches proposed by different authors to improve the technical, economic, and environmental aspects of power grids. It can be stated that the strategies presented in the literature fail to consider scenarios that simultaneously integrate different types of technologies and optimize them while following a multi-objective approach and considering three-phase systems in a context of variable generation and demand. Therefore, future work in this field should address these aspects in a holistic manner, taking into account the computation efforts and processing times required by intelligent algorithms.

INTRODUCTION: Although Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of biofilm-related infections, the lipidomic distributions within these biofilms is poorly understood. Here, lipidomic mapping of S. aureus biofilm cross-sections was performed to investigate heterogeneity between horizontal biofilm layers. METHODS: S. aureus biofilms were grown statically, embedded in a mixture of carboxymethylcellulose/gelatin, and prepared for downstream matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS). Trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) was also applied prior to mass analysis. RESULTS: Implementation of TIMS led to a ∼ threefold increase in the number of lipid species detected. Washing biofilm samples with ammonium formate (150 mM) increased signal intensity for some bacterial lipids by as much as tenfold, with minimal disruption of the biofilm structure. MALDI TIMS IMS revealed that most lipids localize primarily to a single biofilm layer, and species from the same lipid class such as cardiolipins CL(57:0) - CL(66:0) display starkly different localizations, exhibiting between 1.5 and 6.3-fold intensity differences between layers (n = 3, p

Recently, the Distributed Generation (DG) structure has become an important aspect of daily planning and has achieved a variety of functions while maximizing the functionality of utilities. It should balance the energy equilibrium of the system components and the production limit. Uncertainties arise during the operation of the DG, represented by generator power, load requirements and fluctuations in electricity prices. The reactive power problem is the major concern associated with the DG system. This paper analyzes both DG and an energy storage system along with their optimal performance using a specific algorithm. For optimal analysis of DG and ESS, an Improved Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (IABC) is proposed. The IABC evaluates the performance of distribution network. It takes DG and ESS into account for analyzing optimal design problems, the main goal of which is to minimize their reactive power dispersion functions. In addition, there are barriers to reducing the DG's operating costs. The proposed method is implemented on the MATLAB platform and tested using the IEEE 33-bus system. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, it will be compared with the existing methods such as artificial bee colony (ABC) and levy-based method, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The most frequent kind of dementia in the senior population is Alzheimer's disease (AD). Antioxidant quercetin has a low bioavailability. The bioavailability of quercetin nanoparticles was demonstrated to be higher. Acrolein is thought to be the strongest unsaturated aldehyde. Acrolein contributes to the propagation of oxidative damage and thus the aetiology of AD. This study aimed to investigate histopathological and ultrastructural changes that may arise in the hippocampus following acrolein treatment. Quercetin nanoparticles' ameliorative and protective effects on acrolein-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress were assessed. Results: We successfully synthesised quercetin nanoparticles with uniform size distributions and particle diameters in the range of 3.63–4.57 nm using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and 3.7 nm using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Administration of acrolein was associated with histopathological alterations in the hippocampal structure, such as increased apoptotic neurones, dystrophic changes, neuronophagia, and atrophic ischaemia in cells, as well as marked damage to the ultrastructure of the hippocampus, which was obvious in shrunken pyramidal neurones with pyknotic nuclei and completely degenerated chromatin material, as well as in damaged astrocytes and microglial cells. Treatment with quercetin nanoparticles has been found to protect against and ameliorate the toxic effects and oxidative stress induced by acrolein in the hippocampus. Conclusions: This could pave the way for additional research in nanomedicine and a new line of therapeutic intervention in AD using nanoparticles such as quercetin nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigators are looking at radio frequency ranges that may suit cellular data consumers' growing requirements. Terahertz's (THz) frequency range is vital for high-speed data communication in wireless gadgets and has indignant the interest of researchers. A novel spiral-shaped patch and diffracted ground-based MIMO antenna structure are presented. The overall dimensions of the structure are 600 µm by 800 µm. The polyamide material is used as a substrate. The analysis among 1 × 1, 1 × 2, 2 × 1 and 2 × 2 MIMO antenna structures are carried out. Performance in reflectance response, Bandwidth, gain, radiation pattern and directivity are analyzed. The proposed structure provides the multiband response with a minimum reflectance response of − 30.51 dB, a bandwidth of 10 THz, peak isolation of 36.99 dB, a maximum normalized directivity of 1030 and a peak gain of 39 dB. ECC TARC, CCL and D.G. were considered for the performance observation. A comparison of the presented structure with other articles is included in the manuscript. The proposed work suits biomedical imaging, short-distance communication, healthcare and WBAN applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a simple design of a compact 4-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) microstrip antenna using polarization diversity technique. The proposed structure consists of four monopole elements operating in the fifth generation n79 band (4800–5000 MHz). To achieve good performance with a more compact design, the four identical elements are arranged orthogonally to each other. The proposed antenna is fabricated using a Rogers RT6010 substrate with a compact size of 28 × 28mm2. The measured results of the manufactured antenna in terms of S-parameters and radiation pattern are in good agreement at the operating frequency band. Moreover, the diversity performance of the proposed MIMO antenna is evaluated through the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), the diversity gain (DG), the total active reflection coefficient (TARC) and the channel capacity loss (CCL).

The strategic positioning and appropriate sizing of Distributed Generation (DG) and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) within a DC delivery network are crucial factors that influence its economic feasibility and dependable performance. To tackle this vital aspect, we have formulated a multi-objective optimization model aimed at determining the most advantageous locations and capacities for DG and BESS. Our approach establishes a framework for multi-objective optimization that systematically addresses all objectives, minimizing bias towards any specific set of objectives and enhancing overall efficiency. Furthermore, from a variety of collective objectives we introduce an improved Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimizer (IMOPSO) tailored to produce and choose Pareto best solutions. To identify the best placement and sizing options for DG and BESS among the Pareto optimal solutions, we apply the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) strategy, integrating an information entropy method. We have conducted simulations using the 33-bus DC distribution grid of IEEE to validate the practical benefits of our suggested methodology.

A simple optically transparent multi-port dual polarized wideband THz-MIMO antenna is presented in this study. The main focus of the work is to design an optically transparent antenna using indium tin oxide (ITO) as conducting material on polyimide substrate. Further, multi elements are integrated in the configuration without compromise of the MIMO performance of the antenna. The antenna development process begins with design of single element. A circular monopole radiator with an etched curved-shaped slot is developed first. The bottom of the antenna is integrated with partial ground plane with inverted L-shaped strip. This configuration of the single element antenna is provided wideband in THz frequency range. Further, two-port (parallel and orthogonally placed element scenarios) MIMO antenna is implemented to investigate the MIMO performance stability. The orthogonal arrangement of antenna element is accounted as a best arrangement to extend antenna into four-port configuration. Proposed four-port antenna performance is evaluated in terms conventional parameters (gain, efficiency and radiation patterns) and MIMO parameters (ECC, TARC, Diversity gain, and CCL). and four-port MIMO configurations. The antenna has offered wide bandwidth (0.55–10.6 THz). The gain of the antenna is 7.1 dBi over the interested frequency range. The circular polarization characteristics is exhibited by axial ratio which is shown 3-dB ARBW for 1–2.1 THz. The evaluated MIMO performance results port isolation, ECC, TARC, DG, and CCL are − 20 dB, 0.01457, − 25 dB, 10, 0.07322 respectively. Comparatively, the proposed MIMO antenna systems performance results and wide operating bandwidth in THz range is appropriate for optically transparent systems and sensing, Industry 4.0, IoT and 6G applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Failure of many brittle materials and structures can be modeled using interface‐oriented finite elements combined with intrinsic cohesive zone models. The discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element method provides an innovative framework for modeling brittle crack propagation with zero‐thickness interface elements, which can accommodate extrinsic cohesive laws to avoid the artificial compliance required in intrinsic cohesive models. However, robust formulations and implementations of DG methods are critical in alleviating the well‐known convergence issues for both crack nucleation and propagation with reduced instability. This paper presents a robust interface element formulation by modifying the incomplete interior penalty Galerkin (IIPG) method, which successfully avoids the initial element interface penetration across elements that occurs prior to crack nucleation, and thereby greatly reduces the instability issue as cracks open. We further verified and validated our implementation by using a bar tension test and a beam fracturing benchmark. The robustness of our proposed interface element method was demonstrated by a micromechanics fiber/matrix debonding problem with 64 fibers embedded in a bulk matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a compact, planar, 4-port ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is conceived for fifth-generation millimeter-wave applications. The suggested MIMO antenna architecture consists of four identical hexagonal-shaped slotted ground plane and four microstrip line feeds. The MIMO antenna's four components are arranged orthogonally to one another to provide a high level of inter-element isolation. The antenna prototype is constructed on a (12.5×12.5×0.8 mm3) Duroid 5880 substrate having a relative dielectric constant (ϵrsub) of 2.2 and loss tangent (tanδ) of 0.0009. Diversity characteristics such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), and diversity gain are determined to validate the proposed MIMO antenna's work qualities. The isolation is more than 18 dB, indicating that the proposed design is suitable for use as a quad-port MIMO antenna. The proposed MIMO antenna has a 30.47% impedance bandwidth throughout the frequency range of 26.7 GHz to 36.3 GHz, making it suitable for 5G New Radiofrequency bands n257/n258/n261 under Millimeter-Wave Communication. Positive correlations between the simulated and experimental findings are observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dual-band MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple outputs) antenna configurations are proposed in this work where circular rings are placed on the top of the surface, and hexagonal rings are placed on the bottom of the substrate, which operates at 2 GHz (5G communication) and 3.6 (Wi-Max) GHz application. MIMO antenna is fabricated and measured to validate its performance. Simulated and measured results are in good agreement. The proposed MIMO antenna shows a peak gain value of 7.6 dB across the operating frequency of 3.6 GHz. To get a low ECC (Envelop correlation coefficient) value, polarization diversity is employed between the adjacent radiator. Other MIMO parameters like MEG (Mean Effective Gain), DG (Directivity Gain), TARC (Total Active Reflection Coefficient), and CCL (Channel Capacity loss) were also evaluated. Performing all the parameters states that the design is most suitable for 5G communication and Wi-Max application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a compact 4-port UWB (Ultra-Wide Band) MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna is proposed. A low profile FR-4 substrate is used as a dielectric material with the dimensions of 58 × 58 mm2 (0.52λ × 0.52λ) at 2.8 GHz and a standard thickness of 1.6 mm. The proposed design characterizes an impedance bandwidth starting from 2.8 to 12.1 GHz (124.1%). Each of the four elements of the proposed MIMO antenna configuration consists of a monopole antenna with PG (partial ground) that has a slot at its center. The corner of each patch (radiator) and ground slot are rounded for impedance matching. Each unit cell is in an orthogonal orientation, forming a quad-port MIMO antenna system. For reference, the partial ground of each unit cell is connected meticulously with the others. The simulated results of the proposed quad-port MIMO antenna design were configured and validated by fabrication and testing. The proposed Quad-port MIMO design has a 6.57 dBi peak gain and 97% radiation efficiency. The proposed design has good isolation below 15 dB in the lower frequency range and below 20 dB in the higher frequency range. The design has a measured ECC (Envelop Correlation Co-efficient) of 0.03 and DG (Diversity Gain) of 10 dB. The value of TARC (Total Active Reflection Coefficient) over the entire operating band is less than 10 dB. Moreover, the design maintained CCL (Channel Capacity Loss) < 0.4 bits/sec/Hz and MEG (Mean Effective Gain) < 3 dB. Based on the obtained results, the proposed design is suitable for the intended high data rate UWB wireless communication portable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents design of a 4-element crescent-shaped two-sided multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna, employing pattern and polarization diversity with improved element-to-element isolation, for UWB, X and Ku band wireless applications. The proposed crescent-shaped MIMO structure consists of two antennas on the top and remaining two antennas on the bottom sides of the substrate. The developed antenna operates in a frequency range from 2.8 to 15.2 GHz, covering the entire UWB 3.1–10.6 GHz, X-band and portion of Ku-band giving element-to-element isolation of more than 20 dB in most of the operating bands. Also, the proposed MIMO structure gives a maximum gain of 6.6 dBi with radiation efficiency from 75 to 95% in the operating band. The important MIMO parameters like envelope correlation coefficient (ECC < 0.005), channel capacity loss (CCL < 0.03 bits/s/Hz), mean effective gain (MEG < − 3 dB) and total active reflection coefficient (TARC < − 10 dB) are presented to estimate the performance of the developed UWB MIMO system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a 4-element multipleinput multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system, which is intended for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. The antenna has a dimension of 92 × 70 × 1.6 mm3. It achieves element isolation via the defected ground structure (DGS) and symmetric E-shaped branch structures design. The realized operating bandwidth is from 3 GHz to 18 GHz, with 15 dB isolation within the whole wide band. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is less than 0.01 with diversity gain (DG) greater than 9.95. The prototype is fabricated and measured to verify its potential applications for UWB MIMO communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electric Power Automation Equipment / Dianli Zidonghua Shebei is the property of Electric Power Automation Equipment Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The issue of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships has garnered significant interest from stakeholders within the maritime industry. This work considers a hybrid shipboard microgrid powered by a battery energy storage (BES), solar photovoltaic array (SPVA), and diesel generator (DG) set. The enhanced second-order generalized integrator-based frequency-locked loop (ESOGI-FLL) technique synchronizes the DG set and the shore grid at different operating modes to supply uninterruptable power to loads. The propulsion motor, nonlinear service loads, DG set, and sources equipped with power-electronic inverter result in power quality challenges within a hybrid shipboard microgrid. Thus, the ESOGI-FLL algorithm is utilized for the mitigation of power quality issues of hybrid shipboard microgrid. The hybrid microgrid is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink at different operating conditions and validated on a real-time test simulator.

Abstract In this paper, a compact two-port MIMO antenna array system is described. The antenna array spans the range from 27 to 40 GHz, whereas the impedance of the antenna element is matched at 50 Ω. The gain of the antenna element is between 5.5 and 8.5 dBi, and its radiation efficiency is between 65 and 90%. With high impedance matching for 5G MMW (Millimeter Wave), particularly at 28 GHz and 38 GHz, the 2-port antenna array operates in the frequency range of 27–40 GHz. The suggested MIMO array operates effectively with a gain of approximately 10 dBi and a radiation efficiency of approximately 95%. The antenna array's overall dimensions are a length of 55.27 mm, a width of 27.635 mm, and a depth of 1.6 mm with partial ground. A FR-4 substrate is used in the antenna's fabrication, greatly reducing the cost. In the antenna array, a decoupling surface is used between the antennas, with orthogonality being maintained between the ports to reduce mutual coupling. The results of the modelling show a reduction in the measured mutual coupling between array ports of less than − 35 dB. An envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of less than 1 × 10–4 is preferable. Additionally, the channel loss capacity is less than 0.3 bits/s/Hz, the mean effective gain is approximately − 6 dB, and the total active reflection coefficient is upgraded to be less than − 30 dB. Moreover, a diversity gain of approximately 10 dB is achieved. The proposed construction was created using CST Microwave Studio 2019. When the antennas are constructed and tested, the experimental outcomes surpass those of the simulation. Each antenna element is 27.635 mm long, 27.635 mm wide, and 1.6 mm thick. Slots in the radiating circular patch antenna element could be used to improve the radiation characteristics across the intended bands. The parametric study specifies that the distance between the antenna elements should be 0.5 λ, where λ is the operational wavelength.

The current assessment of the distributed generation (DG) supply carrying capacity accessed in the distribution network does not involve the effect of soft open point (SOP). Given this gap, a method is proposed to calculate the carrying of distributed generation accessed in the distribution power network considering the closed-loop point mode between SOP feeders. Firstly, the closed-loop feeder point mode of SOP in the distribution power network was analyzed, after which the function mode of SOP was proposed. Secondly, the reconfiguration of switches and the power flow regulation of SOP were considered and utilized to analyze the maximum DG acceptance capacity of the distribution network under various regulation means. The results showed that the acceptance of the distribution power network to DG is improved by 35.8% after considering the optimization means.

In this paper, a compact two-port MIMO antenna array system is described. The antenna array spans the range from 27 to 40 GHz, whereas the impedance of the antenna element is matched at 50 Ω. The gain of the antenna element is between 5.5 and 8.5 dBi, and its radiation efficiency is between 65 and 90%. With high impedance matching for 5G MMW (Millimeter Wave), particularly at 28 GHz and 38 GHz, the 2-port antenna array operates in the frequency range of 27–40 GHz. The suggested MIMO array operates effectively with a gain of approximately 10 dBi and a radiation efficiency of approximately 95%. The antenna array's overall dimensions are a length of 55.27 mm, a width of 27.635 mm, and a depth of 1.6 mm with partial ground. A FR-4 substrate is used in the antenna's fabrication, greatly reducing the cost. In the antenna array, a decoupling surface is used between the antennas, with orthogonality being maintained between the ports to reduce mutual coupling. The results of the modelling show a reduction in the measured mutual coupling between array ports of less than − 35 dB. An envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of less than 1 × 10–4 is preferable. Additionally, the channel loss capacity is less than 0.3 bits/s/Hz, the mean effective gain is approximately − 6 dB, and the total active reflection coefficient is upgraded to be less than − 30 dB. Moreover, a diversity gain of approximately 10 dB is achieved. The proposed construction was created using CST Microwave Studio 2019. When the antennas are constructed and tested, the experimental outcomes surpass those of the simulation. Each antenna element is 27.635 mm long, 27.635 mm wide, and 1.6 mm thick. Slots in the radiating circular patch antenna element could be used to improve the radiation characteristics across the intended bands. The parametric study specifies that the distance between the antenna elements should be 0.5 λ, where λ is the operational wavelength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, on-demand rejection of interfering bands with operating band intended for UWB-X band applications utilizing a diversity antenna with a dimension of 24 × 48 mm2 has been reported. Two sharp rejecting bands, WiMAX and WLAN are obtained by using an anchor-shaped stub embedded within a slotted radiating patch and externally connected C-type stub. MIMO antenna configuration offers isolation of more the 30 db in both measured and simulation environments. The designed MIMO antenna offers good time-domain characteristics and is characterized utilizing various parameters including S-parameters, radiation efficiency, far-field gain, radiation pattern, ECC, DG, TARC, and CCL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power quality estimation for distribution network connected DG (distributed generation) is important in the power system. The significance testing for power quality indicator is less used in traditional power quality evaluation. However, the power quality indicator is affected by various factors of the power system, which seriously impact the power quality evaluation result. To solve this problem, A novel power quality comprehensive estimation model based on multi-factor variance analysis for distribution network with DG is proposed in this paper, in which the significance testing is carried out for power quality indicator with the various system factors, and then to generate the evaluation weights in different levels, further to obtain the power quality assessment results for single node. And then, the dual-significance tests are carried out to generate the weight of node and to obtain the comprehensive estimation result of whole system. At last, an example is developed to validate that, compared with the traditional power quality evaluation, the proposed method is more reasonable and effective in the power quality evaluation for DG connected distribution network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For 5G applications, a novel 4-port linearly polarized multiple inputs multiple outputs (MIMO) proximity coupled antenna is presented and discussed. The orthogonal arrangement of the antenna components enables us to achieve more than 30 dB isolation. FEM-based Ansys high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) electromagnetic solver is used for the modeling and simulation of this module. The suggested antenna works at a single frequency band, 5.35–5.60 GHz, thereby addressing the critical sub-6 GHz regions for 5G outdoor applications. The significant difference between co-polarization and cross-polarization levels justifies the radiation attributes of the antenna. The envelope correlation coefficient and diversity gain are calculated to justify its MIMO antenna performance. At resonating frequency, positive gain value and radiation efficiency of more than 80% are recorded. Fabricated antenna results are found in consonance with the simulated results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For 5G sub-6 GHz outdoor applications, a highly isolated two-port rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA) with UWB MIMO is presented in this research. For isolation enhancement purposes at the lower frequency band (2.27 GHz-2.62 GHz), a longitudinal slot is inserted at the ground plane. For isolation enhancement at the higher frequency band (3.9 GHz-5.73 GHz), an edged hole is inserted in the RDRA. Investigations are conducted on the impacts of slotted ground as well as edged hole radius on isolation. The orthogonal feeding scheme of UWBMIMO RDRA considering both edged hole and slotted ground plane effects are investigated. For the edged hole MIMO RDRA with a slotted ground plane, isolation is better than -24.7 dB at a higher frequency band and is better than -15.5 dB at a lower frequency band. This isolation improvement is explained by the surface current density distribution. The use of an edged hole RDRA and an aperture-coupled orthogonal feeding allows UWB bandwidth and good efficiency performances on the 5G operating bands. To justify the MIMO performance, the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and diversity gain (DG) are applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım ve Teknoloji is the property of Gazi University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The dentate gyrus, a "gate" that controls the flow of information into the hippocampus, is critical for learning, memory, spatial navigation, and mood regulation. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that deficits in dentate granule cells (DGCs) (e.g., loss of DGCs or genetic mutations in DGCs) contribute to the development of various psychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety disorders. Whereas ventral DGCs are believed to be critical for mood regulation, the functions of dorsal DGCs in this regard remain elusive. Here, we review the role of DGCs, in particular the dorsal DGCs, in the regulation of mood, their functional relationships with DGC development, and the contributions of dysfunctional DGCs to mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article represents the design of two port-based printed MIMO antenna structures that have the advantages of low profile, simple structure, good isolation, peak gain, directive gain, and reflection coefficient. The performance characteristics are observed for the four design structures by cropping the patch region, loading the slits near the hexagonal-shaped patch, and adding and removing the slots in the ground area. The antenna provides a least reflection coefficient of −39.44 dB, a maximum electric field of patch region of 33.3 V/cm, a total gain of 5.23 dB, and good values of total active reflection coefficient and diversity gain. The proposed design provides nine bands' response, a peak bandwidth of 2.54 GHz, and a peak bandwidth of 26.127 dB. The four proposed structures are fabricated using a low-profile material to support mass production. The comparison among simulated and fabricated structures is included to check the authenticity of the work. The performance assessment of the proposed design with other published articles is carried out for the performance observation. The suggested technique is analyzed over the wideband of frequency region 1 GHz to 14 GHz. The multiple band responses make the proposed work suitable for wireless applications in S/C/X/Ka bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This communication presents a compact field de‐correlation lines integrated dual band with dual‐polarized (LP & CP) multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna for the fifth generation (5G) sub‐6‐GHz wireless communication systems. Dual working bandwidths, smaller interelement gaps, and superior isolation within the MIMO components are the distinguishing characteristics that give the proposed MIMO system an aspect of novelty. The modeled MIMO antenna has compact configurations of 20 × 21 × 0.8 mm3. The unit cell consists of a microstrip feed line with optimized rectangular slots branches etched from the radiated patch. The MIMO module is generated by the antiparallel replication of a single unit cell. To enhance the isolation, two rectangular slots are incorporated on the patch between the unit elements, which act as field de‐correlation lines. The MIMO identity is supported by diversity performance calculations in terms of ECC, DG, and TARC. Simulated and measured counterparts are found in the agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]