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Literature about the occurrence of microplastic in biological tissues has increased over the last few years. This review aims to synthesis the evidence on the preparation of biological tissues, chemical identification of microplastic and accumulation in tissues. Several microplastic's extraction approaches from biological tissues emerged (i.e., alkaline, acids, oxidizing and enzymatic). However, criteria used for the selection of the extraction method have yet to be clarified. Similarly, analytical methodologies for chemical identification often does not align with the size of particles. Furthermore, sizes of microplastics found in biological tissues are likely to be biologically implausible, due to the size of the biological barriers. From this review, it emerged that further assessment are required to determine whether microplastic particles were truly internalized, were in the vasculature serving these organs, or were an artefact of the methodological process. The importance of a standardisation of quality control/quality assurance emerged. Findings arose from this review could have a broad implication, and could be used as a basis for further investigations, to reduce artifact results and clearly assess the fate of microplastics in biological tissues., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In recent years, human populations' exposure to microplastics via foods is becoming a topic of concern. Although microplastics have been defined as "emerging contaminants", their occurrence in the environment and food is quite dated. This systematic review aims to investigate the discrepancies which are characterizing the research in the microplastics field in foods, with particular regard to sample preparations, microplastics' concentrations and their effect on humans. For the selection of papers, the PRISMA methodology was followed. Discrepancies in the methodological approaches emerged and in the expression of the results as well, underlying the urgency in the harmonization of the methodological approaches. Uncertainties are still present regarding the adverse effects of microplastics on the human body. The scientific evidence obtained thus far is, in fact, not sufficient to demonstrate a concrete negative effect. This review has clearly underlined the need to standardise laboratory approaches to obtain useful results for better food safety management.

Purpose: Our study aimed to characterize and objectify the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and the use of psychotropic drugs in patients interested in undergoing aesthetic surgery. The psychiatric profile of this population is particularly interesting and is related to self-perception and the general concept of beauty., Methods: We conducted an observational, retrospective, and bicenter study of 2092 patients seen in plastic surgery departments. Data on general characteristics, pathology, psychiatric history (PH), use of psychotropic drugs, addictions, surgical requests, and surgical complications were recorded and analyzed., Results: Based on our inclusion criteria, we selected 524 patients. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 32.25%. The prevalence of depressive disorders (19.27%), anxiety disorders (8.21%), and sleep-wake cycle disorders (7.06%) should be noted. Comparing the population with psychiatric history (PH+) and without psychiatric history (PH-), significant differences were found in patient ethnicity, addictions (tobacco, 37.50% vs 15.00%; drugs, 3.26% vs 0.59%), and comorbidities. In the 66.86% (n = 113) of PH+ patients, the plastic surgeon did not record the presence of psychiatric disorders in the medical record., Discussion: This study offers a broad view of the prevalence and characteristics of psychiatric disorders and the use of psychotropic drugs among patients who want to undergo aesthetic surgery. The prevalence of psychiatric problems in the study population is higher than in the general population (32.25% vs 15.02%)., Conclusions: Our results suggest that plastic surgeons should be properly trained to manage these patients. A multidisciplinary approach involving plastic surgeons, psychiatrists, and psychologists is advocated., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest and sources of funding: none declared., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The demand for aesthetic surgery presents a continuously growing trend over the years. The population wishing to undergo this type of surgery presents unique characteristics that are profoundly different in motivational, demographic, and clinical features from patients in other specialties., Objectives: The aim of our multicenter study is to objectively define the surgical demand and the demographic characteristics of our patients comparing them with general population. We try to better define who are our patients., Methods: We conducted an observational, multicenter, retrospective study analyzing 3329 consultations involving a total of 2092 patients between January 2019 and June 2019. Based on the inclusion criteria, we selected 524 patients whose demographic characteristics, body mass index, addictions, comorbidities, and aesthetic surgery demand were analyzed., Results: The mean age of our population is 38.58 years (female-to-male ratio, 9:1). The mean body mass index is 27.50 (5.23). A total of 22.90% of the sample have smoking habits, 3.63% have alcohol addiction, 1.53% have drugs addiction, and 53.63% of the population have relevant comorbidities.The 56.68% of the patients have already undergone surgery. The conversion rate of our first consultations to surgery is 49.05%. The most requested operation is abdominoplasty (36.45%), followed by liposuction (22.90%), breast reduction (17.56%), mastopexy (14.79%), and rhinoplasty (7.63%)., Conclusions: This topic is downplayed and seldom studied in the literature; our effort is to make patient profiling crucial and evidence-based in aesthetic surgery., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest and sources of funding: none declared., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Sea salt can be considered as a vector of microplastics in the human body. In this work, the sea salts collected from three Italian salterns has been solubilized in MilliQ water and filtered to extract microplastics. The visual quantification of microplastics with a stereomicroscope was carried out on the bases of their size, followed by a classification taking into account their physical characteristics. ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy were used to identify the polymeric type of microplastics. Their significant presence has been revealed: 1653 ± 29 microplastics/kg of sea salt. In total, 80.6 % of microplastics have a fiber shape, 18.9 % a fragmented shape and 2.7 % are sphere. The size of microplastics has been analysed, indicating that the most frequent is between 0 and 500 µm. Polypropylene, polyamide and polyethylene were identified as the most frequent types of polymers. This research could be of global relevance given the significant export of Italian salt to foreign countries., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The emission of chemicals into the environment has increased in a not negligible way as a result of the phenomenon of globalization and industrialization, potentially also affecting areas always considered as "uncontaminated". In this paper, five "uncontaminated" areas were analyzed in terms of the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (HMs), comparing them with an "environmental blank". Chemical analyses were carried out using standardized protocols. The 'environmental blank' results revealed the presence of Cu (<64.9 μg g -1 ), Ni (<37.2 μg g -1 ), and Zn (<52.6 μg g -1 ) as HMs and fluorene (<17.0 ng g -1 ) and phenanthrene (<11.5 ng g -1 ) as PAHs. However, regarding the results of the pollution status of the areas under study, fluorene (#S1, 0.34 ng g -1 ; #S2, 4.3 ng g -1 ; #S3, 5.1 ng g -1 ; #S4, 3.4 ng g -1 ; #S5, 0.7 ng g -1 ) and phenanthrene (#S1, 0. 24 ng g -1 ; #S2, 3.1 ng g -1 ; #S3, 3.2 ng g -1 ; #S4, 3.3 ng g -1 ; #S5, 0.5 ng g -1 ) were found in all areas, while the other PAHs investigated were detected at a concentration averaging less than 3.3 ng g -1 . HMs were found in all of the investigated areas. In particular, Cd was detected in all areas with an average concentration of less than 0.036 μg g -1 , while Pb was absent in area #S5, but present in the other areas with an average concentration of less than 0.018 μg g -1 .

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals, and plasticizer residues are continuously released into the environment. The use of living organisms, such as Apis mellifera L. and honey, is advantageous as bioindicator of the environmental health status, instead of traditional monitoring methods, showing the ability to record spatial and temporal pollutant variations. The PAHs and heavy metal presence were determined in two sampling years (2017 and 2018) in five different locations in the Molise region (Italy), characterized by different pollution levels. During 2017, most PAHs in all samples were lower than limit of detection (LOD), while in 2018, their mean concentration in bee and honey samples was of 3 μg kg -1 and 35 μg kg -1 , respectively. For heavy metals, lower values were detected in 2017 (Be, Cd, and V below LOD), while in 2018, the mean concentrations were higher, 138 μg kg -1 and 69 μg kg -1 , in bees and honey, respectively. Honey has been used as indicator of the presence of phthalate esters and bisphenol A in the environment. The satisfactory results confirmed that both bees and honey are an important tool for environmental monitoring. The chemometric analysis highlighted the differences in terms of pollutant concentration and variability in the different areas, validating the suitability of these matrices as bioindicators., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are classified as endocrine disruptors, but it remains unclear if they can enter the marine food-web and result in severe health effects for organisms. Loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) can be chronically exposed to PAEs by ingesting plastic debris, but no information is available about PAEs levels in blood, and how these concentrations are related to diet during different life stages. This paper investigated, for the first time, six PAEs in blood of 18 wild-caught Mediterranean loggerhead turtles throughout solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography-ion trap/mass spectrometry. Stable isotope analyses of carbon and nitrogen were also performed to assess the resource use pattern of loggerhead turtles. DEHP (12-63 ng mL -1 ) and DBP (6-57 ng mL -1 ) were the most frequently represented PAEs, followed by DiBP, DMP, DEP and DOP. The total PAEs concentration was highest in three turtles (124-260 ng mL -1 ) whereas three other turtles had concentrations below the detection limit. PAEs were clustered in three groups according to concentration in all samples: DEHP in the first group, DBP, DEP, and DiBP in the second group, and DOP and DMP in the third group. The total phthalates concentration did not differ between large-sized (96.3 ± 86.0 ng mL -1 ) and small-sized (67.1 ± 34.2 ng mL -1 ) turtles (p < 0.001). However, DMP and DEP were found only in large-sized turtles and DiBP and DBP had higher concentrations in large-sized turtles. On the other hand, DEHP and DOP were found in both small- and large-sized turtles with similar concentrations, i.e. ~ 21.0/32.0 ng mL -1 and ~ 7 .1 /9.9 ng mL -1 , respectively. Winsored robust models indicated that δ 13 C is a good predictor for DBP and DiBP concentrations (significant Akaike Information criterion weight, AIC wt ). Our results indicate that blood is a good matrix to evaluate acute exposure to PAEs in marine turtles. Moreover, this approach is here suggested as a useful tool to explain the internal dose of PAEs in term of dietary habits (δ 13 C), suggesting that all marine species at high trophic levels may be particularly exposed to PAEs, despite their different dietary habitats and levels of exposure., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Infants born preterm (less than 37 weeks completed gestation) have a higher risk of suboptimal cognitive and behavioral outcomes when compared with their term-born counterparts. The risk and severity of poor outcome increases as gestational age at birth decreases; however, not all children born preterm will develop deficits, and environmental influences post birth may have a role in shaping developmental outcomes. Whilst early preterm birth is not preventable, it may be possible to intervene after birth via the environment in order to improve outcomes. The diathesis-stress theory hypothesizes that vulnerable individuals will have worse outcomes after a negative environmental exposure, whereas the differential susceptibility theory posits that vulnerable (or plastic) individuals can be both adversely and positively affected by environmental factors. These two theories were compared in 535 children born <33 weeks' gestation. The interaction between the degree of prematurity and the home environment (as measured by the Home Screening Questionnaire) at 18 months on cognition (Intelligence Quotient from the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence) and behavior (Total Difficulties Score from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) at 7 years was explored. Evidence was not found for either theory, although a supportive/stimulating home environment appeared to contribute to a decrease in the risk or severity of suboptimal scores. Future research is needed to establish stronger evidence in order to inform interventions to improve the home environment of children born preterm., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The presence of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in marine environments is an important issue. These chemicals are able to affect marine organisms, particularly marine turtles, and to act as endocrine disrupters. In this paper, for the first time, a simple and reproducible analytical method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with gas chromatography-ion trap/mass spectrometry (GC-IT/MS) was developed for the extraction of phthalates from the blood of marine turtles. The extraction was obtained by using C 18 phthalates-free as the stationary phase. In order to individuate the best working conditions for the extraction, the adsorption isotherms and breakthrough curves were studied. The overall analytical methodology was validated in terms of limit of detection (LOD, 0.08-0.6 ng mL -1 ), limit of quantification (LOQ, 0.4-0.8 ng mL -1 ), and correlation coefficients (>0.9933). By using this procedure, percentage recoveries ranging from 89 to 103% were achieved. The precision parameters (intra-day and inter-day) were studied, and the obtained values were smaller than 12.5%. These data confirm the goodness of the proposed analytical methodology, which is applied to real samples.

In this paper, an analytical protocol was developed for the simultaneous determination of phthalates (di-methyl phthalate DMP, di-ethyl phthalate DEP, di-isobutyl phthalate DiBP, di- n -butyl phthalate DBP, bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate DEHP, di- n -octyl phthalate DNOP) and bisphenol A (BPA). The extraction technique used was the ultrasound vortex assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UVA-DLLME). The method involves analyte extraction using 75 µL of benzene and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography combined with ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-IT/MS). The method is sensitive, reliable, and reproducible with a limit of detection (LOD) below 13 ng g -1 and limit of quantification (LOQ) below 22 ng g -1 and the intra- and inter-day errors below 7.2 and 9.3, respectively. The method developed and validated was applied to six honey samples (i.e., four single-use commercial ones and two home-made ones. Some phthalates were found in the samples at concentrations below the specific migration limits (SMLs). Furthermore, the commercial samples were subjected to two different thermal stresses (24 h and 48 h at 40 °C) for evidence of the release of plastic from the containers. An increase in the phthalate concentrations was observed, especially during the first phase of the shock, but the levels were still within the limits of the regulations.

Over the years, anthropogenic sources have increasingly affected food quality. One of the most sensitive and nutritional matrices affected by chemical contamination is honey, due to the use of acaricides. Recently, the attention has moved to the presence of phthalates (PAEs) and bisphenol A (BP-A), molecules present in plastic materials used both in the production phase and in the conservation of honey. In this study, an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of PAEs (dimethyl phthalate DMP, diethyl phthalate DEP, diisobutyl phthalate DiBP, dibutyl phthalate DBP, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate DEHP, and di-n-octyl-phthalate DnOP) and BP-A was developed. The extraction technique is the ultrasound-vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UVA-DLLME), using 150 µL of toluene as an extraction solvent, followed by the gas chromatography coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry analysis (GC-IT/MS). The developed method is sensitive, reliable, and reproducible: it shows high correlation coefficients (R > 0.999); limits of detection (LODs) less than 11 ng·g -1 ; limits of quantification (LOQs) less than 16 ng·g -1 ; repeatability below 3.6%, except BP-A (11.6%); and accuracy below 4.8%, except BP-A (17.6%). The method was applied to 47 nectar honey samples for evidencing similarities among them. The chemometric approach based on Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis evidenced some similitudes about sample origin as well as marked differences between PAE and BP-A sources.