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The adoption of simulation models as Digital Twins (DTs) has been standing out in recent years and represents a revolution in decision-making. In this context, we note increasingly faster and more efficient decisions by mirroring the behaviour of physical systems. On the other hand, we highlight the challenges to ensure the simulation models validity over time since traditional validation approaches have limitations when we consider the periodic update of the model. Thus, the present work proposes an approach based on the constant assessment of these models through Machine Learning and control charts. To this end, we suggest a monitoring tool using the K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN) classifier, combined with a p-control chart, to periodically assess the validity of DT simulation models. The proposed approach was tested in several theoretical cases and also implemented in a real case study. The findings suggest that the proposed tool can monitor the DT functioning and identify possible special causes that could compromise its results. Finally, we highlight the wide applicability of the proposed tool, which can be used in different DT models, including near/real-time models with different characteristics regarding connection, integration, and complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in quantum information and quantum technology have stimulated a good deal of interest in the development of quantum algorithms toward the determination of the energetics and properties of many-fermionic systems. While the variational quantum eigensolver is the most optimal algorithm in the noisy intermediate scale quantum era, it is imperative to develop compact Ansätze with low-depth quantum circuits that are physically realizable in quantum devices. Within the unitary coupled cluster framework, we develop a disentangled Ansatz construction protocol that can dynamically tailor an optimal Ansatz using the one- and two-body cluster operators and a selection of rank-two scatterers. The construction of the Ansatz may potentially be performed in parallel over multiple quantum processors through energy sorting and operator commutativity prescreening. With a significant reduction in the circuit depth toward the simulation of molecular strong correlation, our dynamic Ansatz construction protocol is shown to be highly accurate and resilient to the noisy circumstances of the near-term quantum hardware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the output error (OE) models whose outputs are contaminated by colored process noises (i.e., correlated noises), this paper derives a new form of bias compensation recursive least squares (BCRLS) algorithm by means of the data filtering technology and the bias compensation principle. The basic idea is to firstly transform the OE model disturbed by colored process noise into a simple OE model with the white noise by adopting the data filtering technology at each recursive calculation, and then to calculate the bias compensation term, based on the new OE model with the bias-compensation technique. Finally, eliminate this bias term in the biased RLS parameter estimation of the OE model to be identified, thereby achieving its unbiased parameter estimation. Unlike the previous BCRLS algorithm, this algorithm can still achieve unbiased parameter estimation of OE systems in the presence of colored process noise without calculating complex noise correlation functions. The performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through three digital simulation examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The weak AC grid in a modular multilevel converter modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current (MMC‐HVDC) receiving‐end system requires faster reactive power support from the receiving‐end MMC. However, under the MMC traditional constant AC voltage dual‐loop control strategy, the increase in MMC's reactive power support speed will reduce the system stability. The reactive power cascade control strategy is a novel MMC control strategy. The analysis in this paper demonstrates that it possesses advanced performance under faster reactive power support, which is required by the MMC connected to a weak AC grid, but, some of its control links and operations can cause impacts exceeding that a weak AC grid can undertake. To solve this problem, based on the original control strategy, this paper proposes an improved reactive power cascade control strategy for weak AC grid conditions. The complete framework and the detailed design of primary control links of the improved cascade control strategy are displayed in this paper. Finally, a digital simulation has been conducted to validate the analysis and the proposed improved control strategy in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Subtraction of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images has a number of clinical applications in e.g. foci localization in ictal/inter-ictal SPECT and defect detection in rest/stress cardiac SPECT. In this work, we investigated the technical performance of SPECT subtraction for the purpose of quantifying the effect of a vasoconstricting drug (angiotensin-II, or AT2) on the Tc-99m-MAA liver distribution in hepatic radioembolization using an innovative interventional hybrid C-arm scanner. Given that subtraction of SPECT images is challenging due to high noise levels and poor resolution, we compared four methods to obtain a difference image in terms of image quality and quantitative accuracy. These methods included (i) image subtraction: subtraction of independently reconstructed SPECT images, (ii) projection subtraction: reconstruction of a SPECT image from subtracted projections, (iii) projection addition: reconstruction by addition of projections as a background term during the iterative reconstruction, and (iv) image addition: simultaneous reconstruction of the difference image and the subtracted image. Results: Digital simulations (XCAT) and phantom studies (NEMA-IQ and anthropomorphic torso) showed that all four methods were able to generate difference images but their performance on specific metrics varied substantially. Image subtraction had the best quantitative performance (activity recovery coefficient) but had the worst visual quality (contrast-to-noise ratio) due to high noise levels. Projection subtraction showed a slightly better visual quality than image subtraction, but also a slightly worse quantitative accuracy. Projection addition had a substantial bias in its quantitative accuracy which increased with less counts in the projections. Image addition resulted in the best visual image quality but had a quantitative bias when the two images to subtract contained opposing features. Conclusion: All four investigated methods of SPECT subtraction demonstrated the capacity to generate a feasible difference image from two SPECT images. Image subtraction is recommended when the user is only interested in quantitative values, whereas image addition is recommended when the user requires the best visual image quality. Since quantitative accuracy is most important for the dosimetric investigation of AT2 in radioembolization, we recommend using the image subtraction method for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present experiences and findings from a research program on how to support the development and improvement of teachers' relational competency. Outcomes of the research program include a theoretical framework encompassing different aspects of relational competency ("communicative competency," "differentiation competence," and "socioemotional competency"), and studies reporting on the use of two different methodologies (digital video simulations and virtual simulations with avatars) for assessing, as well as supporting, the development and improvements of said competency. The merits and shortcomings of these methodologies are discussed, and we propose a framework that can be used in teacher education and/or for professional development of teachers' relational competency, based on our experiences and research findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin-walled annular parts are widely used in the aerospace industry. There are some irregular island structures with non-periodic distribution on the inner surfaces of annular parts, which poses a significant challenge to manufacture such annular parts using conventional mechanical methods. Electrochemical machining (ECM) has exhibited good prospects for manufacturing thin-walled annular parts, with the advantages of no tool wear, no processing deformation and a high material removal rate. However, there is little research related to fabricate convex structures on the inner surfaces of annular parts, although ECM is vital to the machining of thin-walled annular parts. In this study, a flexible cathode tool was used to machine irregular convex structures on the inner surfaces of annular parts via co-rotating ECM. The complex motion of the cathode tool and conductive slider was simulated using matrix equations, and the digital simulation of the material removal process was realized based on matrix equations and Faraday's law. Based on the mathematical model, a design method for a flexible cathode tool was developed, and three main parameters were determined: the position of the window, radius of the cathode, and width of the window. Comparative experiments were performed using the flexible and conventional cathode tools. The results showed that the selective removal of convex structures was achieved by using the flexible cathode tool. The insulated sheet needed to be attached to the position where the convex structure was retained. An aero-engine casing with many irregular island structures on the inner surface was successfully machined. The height of the fabricated island structure is 6 mm. The sidewall thickness of the aero-engine casing is 1.2 mm. Therefore, co-rotating ECM with a flexible cathode tool offers excellent machining ability for irregular island structures on the inner surfaces of annular parts. [Display omitted] • Co-rotating electrochemical machining using a flexible cathode tool is proposed to machine structures on the inner surface of annular parts. • Based on the mathematical model of the material removal process, a design method for a flexible cathode tool is proposed. • The selective retention of island structures is achieved by adding a movable conductive slider in a conventional cathode window. • An aero-engine casing with many irregular island structures on the inner surface is successfully machined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study proposes a strategy for sensing fault detection in the secondary control of an isolated Microgrid based on a high-order Sliding Mode Robust Observers design. The proposed strategy's main objective is to support future diagnostic and fault tolerance systems in handling these extreme situations. The proposal is based on a generation system and a waste management system. Four test scenarios were generated in a typical Microgrid to validate the designed strategy, including two Battery Energy Storage Systems in parallel, linear, and non-linear loads. The scenarios included normal grid operation and three types of sensing faults (abrupt, incipient, and random) directly affecting the secondary control of a hierarchical control strategy. The results showed that the proposed strategy could provide a real-time decision for detection and reduce the occurrence of false alarms in this process. The effectiveness of the fault detection strategy was verified and tested by digital simulation in Matlab/Simulink R2023b. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background Purpose Methods Results Conclusions The Monte Carlo (MC) method is an accurate technique for particle transport calculation due to the precise modeling of physical interactions. Nevertheless, the MC method still suffers from the problem of expensive computational cost, even with graphics processing unit (GPU) acceleration. Our previous works have investigated the acceleration strategies of photon transport simulation for single‐energy CT. But for multi‐energy CT, conventional individual simulation leads to unnecessary redundant calculation, consuming more time.This work proposes a novel GPU‐based shared MC scheme (gSMC) to reduce unnecessary repeated simulations of similar photons between different spectra, thereby enhancing the efficiency of scatter estimation in multi‐energy x‐ray exposures.The shared MC method selects shared photons between different spectra using two strategies. Specifically, we introduce spectral region classification strategy to select photons with the same initial energy from different spectra, thus generating energy‐shared photon groups. Subsequently, the multi‐directional sampling strategy is utilized to select energy‐and‐direction‐shared photons, which have the same initial direction, from energy‐shared photon groups. Energy‐and‐direction‐shared photons perform shared simulations, while others are simulated individually. Finally, all results are integrated to obtain scatter distribution estimations for different spectral cases.The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed gSMC are evaluated on the digital phantom and clinical case. The experimental results demonstrate that gSMC can speed up the simulation in the digital case by ∼37.8% and the one in the clinical case by ∼20.6%, while keeping the differences in total scatter results within 0.09%, compared to the conventional MC package, which performs an individual simulation.The proposed GPU‐based shared MC simulation method can achieve fast photon transport calculation for multi‐energy x‐ray exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization has led to resource shortages, necessitating sustainable approaches in the building industry. This research proposes a preliminary voxel-based modular-architectural design strategy (VMADS), focusing on reusable "H" blocks for component connections and construction. By integrating computational design and robotic fabrication, VMADS enhances precision and efficiency. The framework addresses discrete building theory, prefabrication, and autonomous architecture, emphasizing wood's anisotropic nature for structural integrity. Experimental results validated VMADS through digital simulations and physical tests, demonstrating its potential to create sustainable, reconfigurable structures and revolutionize construction practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quadrupole mass spectrometer is currently one of the most widely used small-scale mass spectrometry instruments. Studying the ions trajectory in a quadrupole field is very important for a deeper understanding of the behavior of ions in quadrupole field, which not only helps to propose new scientific and technological issues in mass spectrometry, but also has practical guidance for the development of instruments. The digital simulation of ions trajectory is an efficient mean for studying the motion of ions in quadrupole field. In this paper, a digital simulation model of quadrupole field, namely Sim-Quaq-COM-V1.0, was established based on COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulation results of the model are in good agreement with the theoretical calculation results, and it can be used as an accurate digital model to study the behavior of ions in quadrupole fields. On this basis, the motion behavior of ions in the hyperbolic quadrupole and the cylindrical quadrupole were compared, and the number of m/z 69 ions passing through the hyperbolic quadrupole field is about 4 times that of the cylindrical quadrupole field under the same conditions. The model has three advantages. Firstly, the self-designed general geometric model and grid were adopted as the built-in model, which can be used to simulate the cylindrical quadrupole field and hyperbolic quadrupole field of various geometric sizes. The modular design is simple and clear. Users only need to modify the geometric parameters and mesh parameters to generate the corresponding geometric model and high-precision mesh. Secondly, the parameters of the model could be configured uniformly in a text file, and the model parameters could be adjusted in batches by modifying the text file. Lastly, the function of multi-core and cluster in COMSOL were utilized to achieve large-scale parallel computing through multi-CPU server and quickly process a large number of ions at the same time. Compared with other models like the default COMSOL model for cylindrical quadrupole field, the simulation speed and accuracy of this model are improved. Through the simulation calculation model, the time of geometric design and modeling is saved, the global parameters can be quickly configured, and the difficulty of calculation is reduced. The model supports parallel computing technology. It is greatly improved in terms of calculation speed and calculation amount, thus can process a large number of ions at the same time, shorten the research cycle, and help the digital development of mass spectrometer design and research technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces fractional-order capacitors and fractional-order inductors into the conventional integer-order cascaded H-bridge multilevel static compensator (ICHM-STATCOM), thereby constructing the main circuit of the fractional-order cascaded H-bridge multilevel static compensator (FCHM-STATCOM). Mechanism-based modeling is employed to establish switching function models and low-frequency dynamic models for the FCHM-STATCOM in the three-phase stationary coordinate system (a-b-c). Subsequently, fractional-order rotating coordinate transformation is introduced to establish the mathematical model of the FCHM-STATCOM in the synchronous rotating coordinate system (d-q). Additionally, a fractional-order proportional-integral (FOPI)-based fractional-order dual closed-loop current decoupling control strategy is proposed. Finally, this paper validates the correctness of the established mathematical models through digital simulation. Moreover, the simulation results demonstrate that by appropriately selecting the order of fractional-order capacitors and fractional-order inductors, the FCHM-STATCOM exhibits superior dynamic and static characteristics compared to the conventional ICHM-STATCOM, and the FCHM-STATCOM provides a more flexible reactive power compensation solution for power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As digitalization is permeating all sectors of society toward the concept of "smart everything," and virtual technologies and data are gaining a dominant place in the engineering and control of intelligent systems, the Digital Twin (DT) concept has surfaced as one of the top technologies to adopt. This paper discusses the DT concept from the viewpoint of Modeling and Simulation (M&S) experts. It both provides literature review elements and adopts a commentary-driven approach. We first examine the DT from a historical perspective, tracing the historical development of M&S from its roots in computational experiments to its applications in various fields and the birth of DT-related and allied concepts. We then approach DTs as an evolution of M&S, acknowledging the overlap in these different concepts. We also look at the M&S workflow and its evolution toward a DT workflow from a software engineering perspective, highlighting significant changes. Finally, we look at new challenges and requirements DTs entail, potentially leading to a revolutionary shift in M&S practices. In this way, we hope to foster the discussion on DTs and provide the M&S expert with innovative perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of root canal treatments is influenced by the shape of the access opening and the outcomes of root canal enlargement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of various rotary instruments on the maintenance of the root canal's central alignment post shaping, considering a range of access cavity designs. Using digital tooth simulation, 4 sets of 12 teeth underwent traditional (TradAC) or conservative (ConsAC) access cavity preparations. Root canals were enlarged with TruNatomy or ProTaper Ultimate rotary instruments. Canal transportation and centering ratio were separately measured. Statistical analysis was performed using JMP trial 17 software. The analysis revealed no significant difference in buccal and lingual canal transportation among different rotary instruments or canal enlargement designs (P > 0.05). TradAC yielded higher centering ratios in MB and ML canals, while ConsAC excelled in the distal canal for the TruNatomy group. Conversely, in the ProTaper Ultimate group, ConsAC demonstrated higher ML canal ratios (P < 0.05). TruNatomy maintained superior canal centering with ConsAC, while ProTaper performed better with TradAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the difficulties in modelling, simulation and verification in digital twin workshop, a modelling and online training method for digital twin workshop is proposed. This paper describes a multi-level digital twin aggregate modelling method, including the status attributes, the static performance attributes and the fluctuation performance attributes, and designs a digital twin organisation system, namely, digital twin graph. According to the data demand for digital twin aggregates, a spatio-temporal data model is constructed. The digital twin model training method using truncated normal distribution is presented. Furthermore, a verification method based on real-virtual error for a digital twin model is proposed. The effectiveness of real-time status monitoring, online model training and simulation for production is verified by a case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sparse connectivity of a superconducting quantum computer results in large experimental overheads of SWAP gates. In this study, we consider employing a virtual two-qubit gate (VTQG) as an error suppression technique. The VTQG enables a non-local operation between a pair of distant qubits using only single qubit gates and projective measurements. Here, we apply the VTQG to the digital quantum simulation of the transverse-field Ising model on an IBM quantum computer to suppress the errors due to the noisy two-qubit operations. We present an effective use of VTQG, where the reduction in multiple SWAP gates results in increasing the fidelity of output states. The obtained results indicate that the VTQG can be useful for suppressing the errors due to additional SWAP gates. In our experiments, we have observed one order of magnitude improvement in accuracy for the quantum simulation of the transverse-field Ising model with 8 qubits. Finally, we have demonstrated an efficient implementation of the VTQG by utilizing dynamic circuits. This scheme reduces experimental overheads for implementing m VTQGs from O (10 m) to O (6 m). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: The use of a frequency‐scanned digital quadrupole mass filter (QMF) with varying duty cycles shows promise for application as a high‐resolution mass analyzer design for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). High resolution in ICP‐MS is important to overcome isobaric polyatomic interferences. Here, we explore the possibility and the characteristics of using a digital quadrupole operating in higher stability regions for ICP‐MS. Methods: We perform computational simulations in SIMION of a digital QMF that is operated by scanning the frequency of the digital waveform at a fixed driving voltage and various duty cycles. For ions in the atomic mass range (7–238 m/z), we investigate the expected resolution, transmission, fringe field effects, and ion trajectories. We compare different characteristics between sine and digital waveform QMF. Results: Within the capability of current digital waveform generation technology, a digital QMF can produce variable mass resolution, from several hundred to more than 10 000. This mass resolution covers the low, medium, and high resolutions that are typical for sector‐field ICP‐MS. Additionally, simulations suggest that transmission of the QMF remains high at high resolution. For example, with 87.50/12.50 duty cycle (zone 4,1), resolution at 10% peak width is 10 420 for m/z 80. The transmission through the quadrupole, which is constant for all isoenergetic ions, is ~2.5%, and most ion loss is due to the defocusing effects of the fringe field. Compared to sinusoidal QMFs, ions need many fewer cycles in the digital QMF to obtain high resolution. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that the use of a frequency‐scanned, duty‐cycle‐modulated digital QMF as the mass analyzer for ICP‐MS has the potential to produce high resolution while maintaining considerable transmission, thus overcoming most spectral interferences in elemental MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of integrating Gizmos digital simulations on high school students' perceptions of scientific concepts and their engagement in Science 9. Recognizing the potential of digital simulations to enhance learning experiences, particularly in science education, the study aims to explore how this technology influences students' attitudes, engagement, and perceptions of science topics. The study seeks to determine the influence of Gizmos digital simulations on high school students' perceptions in Science 9, specifically focusing on students' attitudes, engagement levels, interest, motivation, perceived difficulty, and self-efficacy in science learning. Data was collected from 36 Grade 9 students at Timoteo Paez Integrated School during the academic year 2023-2024. The research involved assessing students' perceptions through surveys and observations, with a particular emphasis on gender differences in response to Gizmos integration. The findings reveal that female students generally exhibit more positive attitudes, higher engagement levels, and stronger perceptions of interest, motivation, and self-efficacy in science when using Gizmos compared to male students. However, both genders perceive science topics to be similarly manageable in difficulty when utilizing Gizmos digital simulations. Integrating Gizmos digital simulations into science education shows promise in enhancing students' learning experiences and perceptions of scientific concepts. Tailored approaches are needed to address gender-specific variations in engagement and attitudes towards technologyenhanced learning, ensuring equitable student benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A technological process for hot forging of two-layer forgings with deep cavities and an inverted cone has been developed. A hot forging process flow chart has been analyzed. Digital simulation using QForm software was employed to study the effect of the process parameters on the force characteristics of the metal-forming process, stress-strain condition, and temperature fields of the forging and tooling after each pass. A new design of the die tooling has been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve uniform reaction temperature in flat-plate digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), we propose a multi-factor coupled thermal simulation method for the structure of flat-plate digital PCR using finite element analysis. This will help us obtain the optimal method for the structure of flat-plate dPCR. Thermal simulations were conducted to analyze the effects of forced air cooling, thermoelectric cooler (TEC) arrangement spacing, and heat-conducting plate thickness on the temperature uniformity of the flat-plate dPCR. The resulting isothermal surfaces and velocity magnitude vectors were used to summarize the impact of each factor. The study found that maintaining a mechanical fan speed of 3000 revolutions per minute (RPM) ±10 % during the heating period resulted in a 29.3 % reduction in the standard deviation of the temperature on the surface of the heat-conducting plate. Additionally, when the TEC spacing was between 2 mm and 3.5 mm, the standard deviation of the temperature on the plate's surface decreased by 87.1 % to 93.4 %. When the thickness of the thermal plate ranges from 3.5 mm to 4.5 mm, the standard deviation of the temperature on the surface of the thermal plate varies by approximately 0.006. The experimental results, obtained by sampling and analyzing the temperature on the surface of the thermal plate, are consistent with the simulation results. This proves that the method is informative in determining the structural parameters of the dPCR to enhance temperature uniformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clustering in high-dimensions poses many statistical challenges. While traditional distance-based clustering methods are computationally feasible, they lack probabilistic interpretation and rely on heuristics for estimation of the number of clusters. On the other hand, probabilistic model-based clustering techniques often fail to scale and devising algorithms that are able to effectively explore the posterior space is an open problem. Based on recent developments in Bayesian distance-based clustering, we propose a hybrid solution that entails defining a likelihood on pairwise distances between observations. The novelty of the approach consists in including both cohesion and repulsion terms in the likelihood, which allows for cluster identifiability. This implies that clusters are composed of objects which have small dissimilarities among themselves (cohesion) and similar dissimilarities to observations in other clusters (repulsion). We show how this modeling strategy has interesting connection with existing proposals in the literature. The proposed method is computationally efficient and applicable to a wide variety of scenarios. We demonstrate the approach in simulation and an application in digital numismatics. with code is available online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulic asphalt concrete is known for its excellent seepage control performance and strong deformation resistance. This engineering material has widespread applications in the seepage control structures of hydraulic buildings. Recent projects have investigated the use of acidic aggregates to improve economic efficiency. However, they have also highlighted the weaker adhesion between acidic aggregates and asphalt, which necessitates stringent construction process control. This study investigates the impact of resting conditions on the tensile properties of acidic aggregate hydraulic asphalt concrete. The results of the tensile testing indicate that the storage time significantly affects the performance of asphalt concrete. The tensile strength of the specimens without anti-stripping agents decreased from 1.711 MPa to 0.914 MPa after resting periods of 0, 10, 20, and 30 days. The specimens treated with anti-stripping agents also showed a decrease in tensile strength over time, similar to the trend observed in the previous specimens. Digital specimen simulations indicated a decrease in cohesion between the asphalt and the aggregate from 5.375 MPa to 2.664 MPa after 30 days, representing a reduction of 50.44%. To counteract the effect of the storage time on the bonding between acidic aggregates and asphalt, this study recommends reducing the grading index and maximum size of aggregates, decreasing the coarse aggregate content, and selecting smooth aggregate shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study described here analyzed natural ventilation techniques, operated in a real building in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), to assist passive cooling. The assessment has been conducted by comparing digital simulation results and field measurements. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to retrospectively understand and quantify the monitored contribution of natural ventilation toward cooling the building. After calibrating the model with the field monitored data, the CFD simulations showed that the predicted ventilation strategies (buoyancy and stack effect to remove indoor heat; "wind catcher" effect to provide indoor passive cooling) contribute to lower the indoor temperature by an average of 0.7°C throughout the day. The outcomes of the study contributes to assist early stage design, with special regard to passive cooling via natural ventilation, to achieve more sustainable buildings. Nevertheless, while it is quite reliable to plan for main air flow and direction, in a real building alternative behavior might occur that is difficult to control and might affect the ventilation purpose and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of 3D virtual presentation technology for clothing has led to the gradual popularisation of digital virtual clothing in the modern fashion industry. However, there remains a gap between the application of this technology and the integration of cultural attributes in the field of digital communication of traditional cultural clothing. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to propose the establishment of a fusion system integrating archaeological research on traditional culture with emerging virtual presentation technology. This paper draws inspiration from the replicability and easy dissemination of digital products to combine cultural archaeology and digital technology. The aim is to provide ideas for the diversity of dissemination of cultural heritage. The research object is Diplomatic Envoys, a Chinese mural painting of the Tang Dynasty that depicts friendly exchanges between countries. The research is divided into two research stages. A CLO3D software-based digital restoration test was conducted to reproduce the costumes of officials and foreign envoys depicted in the Tang Dynasty mural. The FAHP model was employed to verify the accuracy of the restoration results. The experiment demonstrated that the digitally reconstructed clothing exhibited a high degree of similarity to the unearthed mural figure clothing object. Furthermore, the restoration result passed the credibility verification, resulting in a 'credible' outcome. The application of digital virtual simulation clothing restoration methods offers two key advantages. Firstly, in comparison with traditional clothing restoration methods, digital restoration enables the rapid assessment of the resulting clothing effect, thereby reducing the likelihood of secondary damage to cultural relics due to manual errors. Secondly, the benefits of digital technology facilitate the convenient storage, replication, and dissemination of clothing data information. Data can not only be extended to online exhibition halls but also to game animation, clothing production, and other fields for the purposes of creative redesign and information dissemination. Furthermore, these benefits can penetrate the education industry to disseminate information to the public through all-round display models and explanations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzed the visibility phenomenon caused by the metal mesh of FMLOC under the point source illumination. We built a simulation model based on PSF of Huygens integral mode, processed the simulation results with background filtration algorithm. When there is only one graphic unit and no gap spacing between single‐cycle graphic units in FMLOC sensor pattern, the phenomena were significantly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consecutive high-temperature days, a phenomenon known as heatwaves, are becoming more frequent and intense due to anthro- pogenic climate change. Padua City, characterized by significant urban soil sealing, is particularly vulnerable to these changes and the exacerbation of Urban Heat Island effects. This study integrates Urban Digital Twin technology and Internet of Things concepts within a three-dimensional modelling environment to develop a Nature-Based Solutions scenario simulation tool. This tool is designed to address climate-manmade problems in Padua City. Using sensor-derived air temperature and relative humidity data, our approach provides detailed micro-climate information to identify heat-prone areas in Padua City. According to this in- formation, the first pilot project test of scenario development was selected to assess how best to achieve a cooling effect through the use of green-blue infrastructure in order to combat the heat hazard in Padua City. Furthermore, this study addresses the urgency of developing Nature-Based Solutions in Padua City's planning to reduce the heat effect during heatwaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the Virtual Taste Interface, a digital control system that simulates the sensation of taste (gustation) on humans. Our approach studies electrical and thermal stimulation on the tip of the human tongue to produce different taste sensations. It consists of two modules: a control system and a specially designed separate module to attach to a user's tongue. Several experimental studies were conducted with human participants based on 1) different properties of electrical stimulation such as the magnitude of current and frequency, 2) temperature change (heating and cooling), and 3) hybrid stimulation by combining both electrical and thermal stimulation. Experimental results show that the system successfully generates salty, sour, and bitter tastes among the five basic taste sensations (i.e., salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami). This approach deserves future investigation as the reported sensations show subjective results on a few occasions and to further study the evidence of actuating sweet taste through thermal stimulation. The novelty of this work primarily has three aspects: 1) studying the simulation and control of taste sensations achievable through the Virtual Taste Interface against the properties of electric current and change in temperature, 2) the methods of actuating taste sensations by electrical and thermal stimulation methods, either individually or in combination, and 3) the aim of introducing the human sense of taste as a digitally controllable media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the propagation of electromagnetic rays in a tropospheric waveguide and spatial processing using digital antenna arrays are studied. The beam traveling through the layers of the atmosphere depends on the refractive index and its vertical change. In this regard, conditions may arise when radio rays propagate in a waveguide manner at low altitudes. In this case, attenuation takes place, and the effect of multipath fading may also occur, when several rays reflected from different layers of the troposphere and with various spatial coordinates in elevation arrive at the receiver. It is proposed to apply digital antenna arrays to increase the range and reliability of radio communication through the tropospheric waveguide. Parabolic equations are utilized to estimate the path loses of radio waves of the centimeter wavelength. A ray-tracing algorithm via a tropospheric waveguide is used to estimate the mutual phases in the aperture of the receiving array. Bit error rate curves were obtained depending on the geometry of the antenna arrays after the signal passed through the tropospheric waveguide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An aero engine, as the core power equipment of the aircraft, enables safe and stable operation with a very high reliability index, and is an important guarantee in flight. The open rotor turbine engines (contra-rotating propeller) have stood out as a research hotspot for aviation power equipment in recent years due to their outstanding advantages of low fuel consumption, high airspeed, and strong propulsion efficiency. Aiming at the problems of vibration exceeding the standard generated by imbalance during the operation of the dual-rotor system of aircraft development, the difficulty of identifying the coupled vibration under the micro-differential speed condition, and the complexity of the dynamic characteristic law, a kind of numerical simulation of the dynamics based on the finite element technology is proposed, together with an experimental research method for the fast and accurate identification of the coupled vibration of the dual-rotor system. Based on the existing open rotor engine structure design to build a simulation test bed, establish a double rotor finite element simulation digital twin model, and analyze and calculate the typical working conditions of the dynamic characteristics of parameters. The advanced algorithm of double rotor coupling vibration signal identification is utilized to carry out decoupling and dynamic balancing experimental tests, comparing the simulation results with the measured data to verify the accuracy of the technical means. The results of the study show that the vibration suppression rate of the finite element calculation simulation test carried out for the simulated double rotor is 98%, and the average vibration reduction ratio of the actual field test at 850 rpm, 1000 rpm, and 3000 rpm is over 50%, which achieves a good dynamic balancing effect, and has the merit of practical engineering application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development in industrial companies aims to digitize processes, ensure traceability and advance automation. Systems with automated guided vehicles (AGVs) can help meet these objectives. A core element of these systems is the higher-level system controller. When an AGV system is operated, some dynamic aspects appear. It is then to identify, that the previous specified rules for scheduling and routing of vehicles are not always proper and practical, which may result in waiting time of AGVs. That means the static performance requirements and the specifications based on them often lead to suboptimal results. A methodical problem-solving approach is to develop a digital twin as a reflection of reality and to carry out strategy analyses using simulation. For this purpose, a digital twin of the concerned AGV system with five vehicles and its technological environment is created using software of plant simulation. Various simulation scenarios are developed to simulate material flows by using different routing and scheduling rules and strategies. Drawing from the insights gained through the digital twin and simulation analyses, this study identifies novel scheduling and routing rules for the AGV system. These rules improve the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the system operations by easing traffic congestion, reducing transit time, and minimizing production downtime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation Neoantigen vaccines make use of tumor-specific mutations to enable the patient's immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer. Selecting vaccine elements, however, is a complex task which needs to take into account not only the underlying antigen presentation pathway but also tumor heterogeneity. Results Here, we present NeoAgDT, a two-step approach consisting of: (i) simulating individual cancer cells to create a digital twin of the patient's tumor cell population and (ii) optimizing the vaccine composition by integer linear programming based on this digital twin. NeoAgDT shows improved selection of experimentally validated neoantigens over ranking-based approaches in a study of seven patients. Availability and implementation The NeoAgDT code is published on Github: https://github.com/nec-research/neoagdt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emerging technology of rotating synthetic aperture (RSA) presents a promising solution for the development of lightweight, large-aperture, and high-resolution optical remote sensing systems in geostationary orbit. However, the rectangular shape of the primary mirror and the distinctive imaging mechanism involving the continuous rotation of the mirror lead to a pronounced decline in image resolution along the shorter side of the rectangle compared to the longer side. The resolution also exhibits periodic time-varying characteristics. To address these limitations and enhance image quality, we begin by analyzing the imaging mechanism of the RSA system. Subsequently, we propose a single-image super-resolution method that utilizes a rotated varied-size window attention mechanism instead of full attention, based on the Vision Transformer architecture. We employ a two-stage training methodology for the network, where we pre-train it on images masked with stripe-shaped masks along the shorter side of the rectangular pupil. Following that, we fine-tune the network using unmasked images. Through the strip-wise mask sampling strategy, this two-stage training approach effectively circumvents the interference of lower confidence (clarity) information and outperforms training the network from scratch using the unmasked degraded images. Our digital simulation and semi-physical imaging experiments demonstrate that the proposed method achieves satisfactory performance. This work establishes a valuable reference for future space applications of the RSA system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a technique capable of replacing laboratory experiments, a large number of digital rock simulations have been widely used for the characterization of reservoir petrophysical parameters. For conditions with less coring data, rapid reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) digital rocks using two-dimensional (2D) pore structure images is an important prerequisite for the accurate calculation of petrophysical parameters. However, the conventional digital rock rapid reconstruction method with poor pore connectivity leads to the erroneous evaluation of key reservoir rock parameters (e.g., permeability and resistivity). In this study, we used the sequential indicator simulation method as the base data and combined the erosion operation and expansion operation in mathematical morphology to realize the rapid construction of 3D digital rock models with strong pore connectivity. The accuracy of the digital rock model reconstructed by the new method was verified by comparing with the permeability and electrical properties obtained by the CT-based method, sequential indicator simulation method, multi-point statistical method, process-based method, and deep leaning method. This study overcomes the shortcomings of the sequential indicator simulation digital rock reconstruction method in terms of small pore radius and poor pore connectivity, improves the permeability of constructing 3D digital rocks, and lays the foundation for accurate and rapid analysis of petrophysical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gate location (GL) is one of the most important criteria in the injection molding technology to produce a good quality product. The best GL will bring many benefits to the manufacturing process such as reducing cycle time, minimizing defects of the product, and decreasing capital cost. In this study, an automatic gate location analysis tool (AGLA) is introduced to investigate the best gate location for designing the injection mold. EasyFill Advanced software was used to conduct experiments on analyzing the filling process of melting plastic material into the mold cavity. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is the polymer material that is used in the study to produce the plastic product. The gate locations are located in different positions to analyze the product characteristics that will occur during the injection molding process such as weld lines, short shot, warpage, shrinkage, and air traps. Three simulation cases were set up and conducted including case 1 with the suggestion from EasyFill software, case 2 with the gate location located on the middle point of the long edge side, and case 3 with the gate location located on the middle point of the short edge side. The warpage defects are recorded with a minimum value of 0.464 mm belonging to case 1 smaller than that of 0.481 mm in case 2 and 0.482 mm in case 3, respectively. The method is a good solution for engineers in designing and developing a new mold for injection molding manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study proposes a method for the trajectory tracking control of a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based on the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG). First, the problem of controlling the trajectory of a fixed-wing UAV is combined with the reinforcement learning framework and transformed into a Markov decision process, and a DDPG agent is established in the framework of TensorFlow. Second, we conducted simulations to train and optimize the model in a 3D environment of trajectory tracking control and obtained an integrated DDPG-based trajectory tracking controller that can regulate functions ranging from the state of flight of the UAV to rudder control. Third, we constructed a digital simulation system to verify the proposed method while considering the influence of parametric uncertainties, measurement-induced noise, and delays in the response of the control system. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed DDPG controller were verified by comparing its performance with that of traditional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control. Unmanned aerial vehicles have gained widespread use across numerous sectors of society. However, the control process for fixed-wing UAVs is more intricate and challenging than that for rotor type UAVs due to the coupled and nonlinear nature of their dynamic models. To address this issue, decoupling and splitting hierarchical control methods are commonly employed. However, these methods can introduce errors and affect flight performance. In contrast, artificial intelligence, particularly deep learning and reinforcement learning, has made significant advancements and found successful applications in areas such as robot control and gaming. To address the challenges posed by complex forms, excessive measurement information, and manual parameter tuning associated with traditional control approaches for fixed-wing UAVs, this paper introduces a deep reinforcement learning algorithm, i.e., the deep deterministic policy gradient, into the control process of fixed-wing UAVs. The paper presents a trajectory tracking control policy for UAVs, which efficiently achieves the task of tracking a desired trajectory without the need for selecting multiple working state nodes or designing linear control laws. Further, through simulation verification, the proposed policy demonstrates adaptability to interference caused by parameter bias, measurement noise, and control system response delays while achieving control accuracy comparable with classical control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud computing has become a major component of the modern IT ecosystem. A key contributor to this has been the development of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) architecture, in which users' virtual machines (VMs) are run on the service provider's physical infrastructure, making it possible to become independent of the need to purchase one's own physical machines (PMs). One of the main aspects to consider when designing such systems is achieving the optimal utilization of individual resources, such as processor, RAM, disk, and available bandwidth. In response to these challenges, the authors developed an analytical model (the ARU method) to determine the average utilization levels of the aforementioned resources. The effectiveness of the proposed analytical model was evaluated by comparing the results obtained by utilizing the model with those obtained by conducting a digital simulation of the operation of a cloud system according to the IaaS paradigm. The results show the effectiveness of the model regardless of the structure of the emerging requests, the variability of the capacity of individual resources, and the number of physical machines in the system. This translates into the applicability of the model in the design process of cloud systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We showcase the digital quantum simulation of the action of a Hamiltonian that governs the interaction between a quantum mechanical oscillator and an optical field, generating quantum entanglement between them via gravitational effects. This is achieved by making use of a boson-qubit mapping protocol and a digital gate decomposition that allow us to run the simulations in the quantum computers available in the IBM Quantum platform. We present the obtained results for the fidelity of the experiment in two different quantum computers, after applying error mitigation and post-selection techniques. The achieved results correspond to fidelities over 90%, which indicates that we were able to perform a faithful digital quantum simulation of the interaction and therefore of the generation of quantum entanglement by gravitational means in optomechanical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The smart transformer (ST) is a multiport and multi-stage converter that allows for the formation of meshed hybrid microgrids (MHMs) by enabling AC-DC ports in medium and low voltage. This type of microgrid has advantages over the performance of conventional hybrid AC-DC microgrids (HMGs); however, the number of degrees of freedom of the ST increases the complexity of the energy management systems (EMSs), which require adequate and accurate modeling of the power flow of the converters and the MG to find the feasible solution of optimal power flow (OPF) problems in the MHM. An ST's equivalent power flow model is proposed for formulating the MHM OPF problem and developing low-frequency equivalent models integrated with a decoupled hierarchical control architecture under a real-time simulation approach to the ST-based MHM. A simulation model of the MHM in the Simulink® environment of Matlab® 9.12 is developed and implemented under a digital real-time simulation (DRTS) approach on the OPAL-RT® platform. This model allows for determining the accuracy of the developed equivalent models, both low-frequency and power flow, and determining the MHM performance based on optimal day-ahead scheduling. Simulation test results demonstrated the ST equivalent model's accuracy and the MHM's accuracy for OPF problems with an optimal day-ahead scheduling horizon based on the model-in-the-loop (MIL) and DRTS approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermometer digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is a distinctive architecture that plays a vital role in converting digital data into corresponding analog signals, the thermometer DAC employs a resistor network where each bit of the digital input corresponds to a unique resistor. It has notable drawbacks that need careful consideration. As the resolution of the DAC increases, the number of required current sources grows exponentially, leading to complex and demanding circuitry. This can escalate power consumption and occupy significant chip area, which is a critical concern in integrated circuit design. Furthermore, the current mismatch between the multiple current sources. Therefore, integrating memristors into DACs paves the way for more compact and efficient designs, reducing system complexity and enhancing reliability. The Voltage ThrEshold Adaptive Memristor (VTEAM) model of memristor is validated by using Virtuoso. In addition, a digital-to-analog converter based on memristor technology is implemented, taking advantage of the memristor's compact size, minimal power usage, and a voltage threshold that is relatively low. The DAC design being proposed is based on a core DAC cell that consists of two memristors connected in opposing orientations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of fashion industry, the requirements for the design and manufacture of clothing fabrics are getting higher and higher. The traditional fabric design method has the problems of long time consumption, high cost and difficult evaluation, so it is necessary to introduce new technologies to improve the fabric design process. Based on optical imaging technology and big data intelligence, this study aims to develop a new method to realize 3D digital design of clothing fabrics, so as to improve design efficiency and quality. In this paper, optical imaging technology is used to scan and measure different types of fabrics with high precision, and the texture and color information of fabrics are obtained. Then the obtained data are processed and analyzed, and combined with big data technology, a three-dimensional digital model of fabric is established. Finally, computer-aided design software is used for simulation and adjustment to further improve the design effect of fabrics. The experimental results show that this method can effectively transform the physical characteristics of fabrics into digital models and realize the personalized design of fabrics. This method can also significantly improve the design efficiency and quality, making the fabric design process faster and more accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Congenital femoral deficiency is characterized by limb length discrepancy and genu valgum. Lengthening of the femur along its anatomic axis increases valgus alignment by medial knee translation. Pairing limb lengthening with simultaneous medial distal femoral hemiepiphysiodesis can simultaneously correct two limb deformities. Methods: All skeletally immature patients with congenital femoral deficiency who underwent antegrade femoral lengthening and concomitant guided growth over a 4-year period were reviewed. Length and alignment data were quantified during lengthening, consolidation, and for 1 year after guided growth implants were removed or the patient reached skeletal maturity. Digital simulation was performed for all lengthenings to assess the mechanical alignment that would have been achieved had lengthening been performed without medial distal femoral hemiepiphysiodesis. Results: Nine patients (five males, four females, mean age = 12.3 ± 1.9 years) underwent 10 antegrade intramedullary femoral lengthenings with simultaneous medial distal femoral hemiepiphysiodesis. All had improvement in valgus alignment (average improvement in mechanical axis deviation was 18 ± 11 mm, average change in limb alignment was 6 ± 5°). In simulated lengthenings without guided growth, all limbs would have experienced increased lateral mechanical axis deviation of 5 ± 3 mm. The hemiepiphysiodesis implant and lengthening device were explanted simultaneously in 7 of 10 lengthenings. Conclusion: Simultaneous medial distal femoral hemiepiphysiodesis with antegrade femoral lengthening for ongenital femoral deficiency can minimize the number of surgical episodes for the skeletally immature patient. The lengthening device and guided growth construct can be removed simultaneously in a majority of cases, saving children one or two additional surgical treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the acceleration of the global warming process, the clean energy crisis is becoming serious; conventional energy is unlikely to solve the current crisis, so people pay attention to new energy. As wave energy is widely distributed, renewable, and clean, hundreds of wave energy converters emerge. In order to understand the research progress of wave energy converters better, this paper divides wave energy converters into overtopping type, oscillating water column type, and oscillating body type according to the working principle and divides the oscillating body type into oscillating float type and oscillating pendulum type by different ways of energy capture. Based on the classification, various types of engineering cases, physical tests and digital simulation, and other academic research results are summarized, especially the generation power and energy conversion efficiency of various devices, and some shortcomings and suggestions are put forward, hoping to provide help for readers to study wave energy generation converters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A profound shift is occurring in the way many decisions are made, with machines taking greater roles in the decision-making process. Two arguments are often advanced to justify the increasing use of automation and algorithms in decisions. The "Awful Human Argument" asserts that human decision-making is often awful and that machines can decide better than humans. Another argument, the "Better Together Argument," posits that machines can augment and improve human decision-making. These arguments exert a powerful influence on law and policy. In this Essay, we contend that in the context of making decisions about humans, these arguments are far too optimistic. We argue that machine and human decision-making are not readily compatible, making the integration of human and machine decision-making extremely complicated. It is wrong to view machines as deciding like humans do, except better because they are supposedly cleansed of bias. Machines decide fundamentally differently, and bias often persists. These differences are especially pronounced when decisions require a moral or value judgment or involve human lives and behavior. Making decisions about humans involves special emotional and moral considerations that algorithms are not yet prepared to make--and might never be able to make. Automated decisions often rely too much on quantifiable data to the exclusion of qualitative data, resulting in a change to the nature of the decision itself. Whereas certain matters might be readily reducible to quantifiable data, such as the weather, human lives are far more complex. Human and machine decision-making often do not mix well. Humans often perform badly when reviewing algorithmic output. We contend that algorithmic decision-making is being relied upon too eagerly and with insufficient skepticism. For decisions about humans, there are important considerations that must be better appreciated before these decisions are delegated in whole or in part to machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goal: This research aimed to simulate a ship-from-store operation process from an omnichannel retailer. Based on this we proposed a conceptual model orchestrated through a 4PL. Through the results evaluated by performance indicators in the simulation, computational results of using the approach in a real case can be added to decision-making and the literature. Design / Methodology / Approach: This paper comprises the collection of sales and logistics data from a retailer for developing a computer simulation using R programming language, so that the ship-from-store strategy is evaluated. Data from an omnichannel retailer supported the development of two scenarios: the first represent retailer's current praxis; in the second, the logistics orchestration model is applied. The analysis considers two performance indicators: freight price and freight time. Results: The results demonstrate that after adopting the ship-from-store strategy the omnichannel retailer can reduce the freight price by up to 60%. Regarding the delivery time, a reduction of up to 8 days is envisioned. These reductions positively impact the customer experience in the online channel, increasing its attractiveness. Limitations of the investigation: The limitations of the research are based on a logistics orchestration model for a retailer that is omnichannel and has several stores within its national territory with stock. This stock is sufficient to implement a ship-from-store process in this retailer. Practical implications: This retailer, by applying the method, is able to achieve better customer rewards. In the same way, it manages to make the online channel more attractive at the lowest cost and in the shortest time. This retailer is also able to use new technological resources through a 4PL. This serves as a technological tool for the logistics orchestration operation. Originality / Value: An original computer simulation for a 4PL digital platform orchestrating the ship-from-store strategy in omnichannel retailing is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Due to the inherent challenges in meeting the comprehensive training requirements of combat scenarios within a digital environment, this paper proposes innovative solutions. Firstly, a parametric scene training method is introduced, aiming to enhance the adaptability of the training process. Secondly, the utilization of the digital environment as a test environment is suggested, which can significantly improve the efficiency of iterative virtual-to-real conversion. Additionally, employing digital simulation as a pre-test environment for the physical setting can effectively reduce deployment costs and enhance the safety of virtual reality migration experiments. The proposed approach involves constructing a training model based on the parameterized environment and implementing a feedback loop utilizing the digital environment agent model. This framework enables continuous verification of the environment's parameters, ensuring the accuracy of decision-making strategies and evaluating the transferability of the decision-making model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]