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Justice and sustainability are the foundation of fair and equitable biofuel development. Policies and practices are consequently necessary to support a just transition towards a low-carbon economy. Therefore, this study aimed to understand multi-actor perspectives on policies and practices relevant to the just transition in biofuel development. Applying a socio-legal approach based on the JUST framework, this study focused on the Indonesian biofuel industry, which is primarily driven by crude palm oil (CPO) production. This study also added comparative perspectives from Thailand's biofuel industry. The primary data were gathered from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs), while the secondary data were from research, policy, and other government archives. Based on the results, oil palm plantations in Indonesia and Thailand are crucial for macroeconomic development. However, smallholder farmers in Indonesia, especially independent ones that do not join farmer groups, remain marginalised by the current regulations. In fact, many benefits from biofuel practices and policies accumulate disproportionately towards large corporations, while marginalised groups bear the costs. The Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) certification that should induce market accessibility and competitiveness has not fully reached most rural farmers. Furthermore, various overlapping regulations and perplexing data differences exist from multiple ministries and administrative levels. Thus, palm oil stakeholders in Indonesia demand a dedicated institution for integrated regulation and monitoring of the industry, similar to the National Palm Oil Policy Committee in Thailand. The myriad of legal, political, socio-economic, and justice issues thus necessitates all hands on deck to ensure a just transition for all stakeholders of the Indonesian biofuel industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In analyzing legal materials, one of the applied techniques as contained in the research method is reconstructive. Reconstructive analysis technique for legal materials comes from the term reconstruction. The meaning of reconstruction in the context of analysis is in term of the building of the material object under the study according to critical epistemology based on the value to be achieved, so that a new juridical construction is formed. The reconstruction of the meaning of a legal rule is carried out by initially understanding the meaning in a particular regulation or article in a law by being systematically connected based on philosophical and analytical approaches. In reconstructing laws and regulations regarding counter-terrorism, this research refers to several theories, including the rule of law theory, the theory of authority, and the theory of legislation. The content of the laws and regulations that need to be reconstructed is the title of the law that regulates the eradication of terrorism, and regulations related to authority between Indonesian National Police (POLRI) and Indonesian National Army (TNI), as well as the role of National Security Council (DKN) in the ideal laws and regulations, which if referring to the Law Number 5 of 2018, it seems to be played by the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) with all its special limitations related to the eradication of terrorism. With regard to regulatory reconstruction, that the title of the current legislation, namely the Law on the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism, should be revised to use a broader title, for instance into the Law on the Eradication of Terrorism, by omitting the phrase 'Criminal Acts' due to its use, the term 'Criminal Acts' seems to reflect to be only on the field of Criminal Justice System. Despite of that, the problems regulated in counter-terrorism are broader than that, because they involve TNI in overcoming acts of terrorism as part of TNI's duties from military operations other than war, and are carried out in accordance with the main duties and functions of the TNI. From the epistemological aspect, there are quite fundamental changes related to the aassignment of TNI and POLRI in dealing with terrorism. The regulation regarding TNI and POLRI certainly cannot be separated from the discussion on the authority of the two institutions, given the intersection of authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the crimes than can be committed by corporates is corruption. This is done to get greater convenience, profit, and benefits. So, it can make the costs and capital efficient for the labor, time, place, and funds. The ultimate goal is the corporates, groups or individuals will bet more income than those without committing the criminal act of corruption. Certainly, this will harm the country, the environment and society. This should not be allowed to happen so that it is appropriate that criminal acts should be given to the corporation that have committed these violations. Article 20 paragraph (1) of Corruption Crime Law states that in the case of criminal act of corruption by or on behalf of a corporation, the charges and convictions can be made against the corporation and/ or its management. Meanwhile, Article 20 Paragraph (2) states that a criminal act of corruption is committed by a corporation if the criminal act is committed by people, either on the basis of a work relationship or on the basis of other relationships, acting within the corporate environment either individually or collectively. This research is legal research, discussing on doctrines and principles in legal science. The main problem examined is the legal settlement and legal sanctions for corporate actions in committing corporate crimes, especially in state-owned enterprises. The purpose of this research is to analyse the laws and regulations on the settlement of criminal cases in the criminal justice system in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]