Search

To evaluate the effects of wrapping the extremities of small dogs with table leg covers to prevent hypothermia during anesthesia. Randomized parallel-group study. A total of 60 adult dogs with a body mass <15 kg anesthetized for soft tissue surgery. Dogs were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The control group received routine intraoperative thermal support, while the limb-wrapping group had their peripheral limbs covered with table leg covers up to the mid-metacarpal/metatarsal region, in addition to routine thermal support. Rectal temperature during anesthesia was recorded and compared between the two groups. Data analyses were performed using Student's t -test for rectal temperature, Fisher's exact test for hypothermia incidence and analysis of covariance for the effect of limb-wrapping while taking other factors into account. Thirty dogs were included per group. Rectal temperature did not differ between the groups at the time of intubation, but it was significantly higher in the limb-wrapping group (36.7 ± 1.0 °C) than in the control group (35.9 ± 0.8 °C) at the end of surgery (p = 0.003). The mean difference was 0.81 °C (95% confidence interval of mean difference 0.33–1.29 °C). The incidence of hypothermia (<37.0 °C) was significantly lower in the limb-wrapping group than in the control group (19/30 versus 28/30 dogs, respectively; p = 0.010). For dogs with body masses <15 kg, limb-wrapping with table leg covers slowed the reduction in intraoperative rectal temperature. Limb-wrapping is inexpensive and easy to perform, making it a practical method for minimizing hypothermia during anesthesia in small dogs undergoing soft tissue surgery. Peripheral warming with table leg covers has the potential to reduce hypothermia during soft tissue surgery in small dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case report describes the diagnosis, management and the short‐ and long‐term outcomes of a dog with paraprostatic cysts and associated perineal herniation. A 9‐year‐old male entire Bearded Collie was referred for a caudal abdominal mass and right perineal hernia noted on routine examination. Computed Tomography (CT) imaging of the abdomen demonstrated a large bilobed fluid filled structure adjacent to the prostate, extending into the peritoneal cavity and the right perineal space, causing perineal herniation and partial obstruction of the right ureter. Surgical excision of the mass was performed and ureteroneocystostomy was required due to involvement of the right ureter. Excisional biopsy, omentalisation of the prostate and right‐sided herniorrhaphy utilising an internal obturator muscle flap was performed. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of paraprostatic cyst with extensive osseous metaplasia and multifocal chronic‐active interstitial prostatitis. The dog re‐presented 16 months later with a left‐sided perineal hernia and a left‐sided herniorrhaphy was performed. Twenty‐nine months after the initial surgery the dog presented with stranguria associated with recurrent bilateral perineal herniation and a retroflexed urinary bladder. Cystopexy and colopexy were performed. No sign of recurrence of the paraprostatic cysts was noted intraoperatively. This is the first reported case of surgical excision of paraprostatic cysts with concurrent ureteroneocystostomy. To the authors knowledge, this is also the longest reported case follow up (>4 years) of a dog following complete excision of paraprostatic cysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Doppler ultrasound is a commonly utilised non-invasive blood pressure measurement technique in dogs under general anaesthesia. This prospective clinical study compared the agreement of values obtained by audible return of pulsatile flow using Doppler ultrasound and visual sphygmomanometer needle oscillation with invasive arterial blood pressure in a clinical population of anaesthetised dogs. Visual sphygmomanometer needle oscillation (SNO) can occur before audible return of pulsatile flow (ARPF) when measuring blood pressure by Doppler ultrasound. The aim was to assess the agreement of SNO and ARPF with invasive blood pressure (iABP) in a clinical population of anaesthetised dogs. A total of 35 dogs undergoing surgery in dorsal recumbency necessitating arterial cannulation were included. Paired measurements of iABP and SNO, and iABP and ARPF, were collected. The agreement of non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) and iABP measurements was analysed with concordance correlation coefficients (CCCs) and Bland–Altman plots. The proportions of SNO and ARPF measurements between 10 and 20 mmHg of iABP were compared. Both SNO and ARPF demonstrated greater agreement with invasive systolic (iSAP) than invasive mean (iMAP) pressures, and SNO demonstrated greater agreement with iSAP than ARPF measurements. The mean differences (95% limits of agreement) for SNO and APRF were −9.7 mmHg (−51.3–31.9) and −13.1 mmHg (−62.2–35.9), respectively. The CCC (95% CI) for SNO was 0.5 (0.36–0.64) and ARPF was 0.4 (0.26–0.54). A significantly greater proportion of SNO measurements were within 20 mmHg of iSAP compared to ARPF. Both NIBP techniques performed more poorly than veterinary consensus recommendations for device validation. Caution should be used clinically when interpreting values obtained by Doppler ultrasound in anaesthetised dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To report a digital workflow for use and long-term outcome of cranioplasty with a 3D-printed patient-specific Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) implant in a 12-y-old German Shepherd dog after surgical removal of an extensive occipital bone multilobular osteochondrosarcoma (MLO). Study design: Retrospective case report. Animal: A 12-year-old neutered Female German Shepherd dog was presented with facial deformity, blindness, tetraparesis, and ataxia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) identified a large skull-based mass extending extra-and intracranially with severe compression of the cerebellum and occipital lobes of the cerebrum. Methods: One-stage decompressive craniectomy using virtual surgical planned 3D-printed craniotomy cutting guides and the Misonix BoneScalpel® and reconstruction with a patient-specific 3D-printed PEEK cranial implant. Results: 3D-printed craniectomy cutting guides allowed an adequate fit of the cranial implant to the original skull. Misonix BoneScalpel® allowed performing a safe and extensive craniectomy. Postoperative CT (8  weeks after surgery) confirmed the PEEK cranial implant to be in place and without implant rejection. Clinically, the neurological examination identified only a right-hind limb delay in proprioception 8  weeks postoperatively, which remained unchanged at 18  months after surgery. Adjunctive treatment included metronomic chemotherapy. Eighteen months after surgery the dog passed away for reasons unrelated to the MLO, no implant-related complications were reported. Conclusion: 3D-printed craniectomy cutting guides, patient-specific PEEK cranial implant, and metronomic chemotherapy can lead to a successful longterm outcome in dogs with extensive skull MLO. Clinical significance: PEEK is an alternative biomaterial that can be used successfully for skull reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Very few studies have proven chemotherapy efficacy against canine mammary carcinomas. As a result, we still lack efficient standardized protocols, which do exist in human cases, to treat these carcinomas or to adapt treatment according to the aggressiveness of the tumor in dogs. In this case report, we describe a highly aggressive mammary carcinoma; we applied an intensive treatment combining radical surgery and intensive adjuvant chemotherapy, which included metronomic and maximal-tolerated-dose chemotherapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and inhibitors of tyrosine kinase. We obtained the informed consent of the owner, who was aware of the poor prognosis without treatment and of the fact that this combinatorial treatment had not been published yet. The treatment enabled this one dog to live for 218 days with very good quality of life. A large-scale prospective study will be needed to confirm this result. Very few studies, often with very small cohorts, have proven chemotherapy efficacy against canine aggressive mammary carcinomas, either in terms of metastasis or median survival, in dogs after surgery and chemotherapy, with such outcomes not being confirmed by other studies. As a result, we lack efficient standardized protocols, which exist in human cases, according to the grade and stage of the tumor in dogs. In this case report, we describe a relapsing grade III solid mammary carcinoma evolving into prominent lymphatic intravascular invasion with multifocal nodal extension (stage IV); we applied an intensive treatment combining radical surgery and intensive adjuvant chemotherapy. The latter combined carboplatin maximal-tolerated-dose chemotherapy, with doses adjusted as necessary, and metronomic chemotherapy with firocoxib, toceranib and chloraminophene, progressively administered and carefully monitored. Adapting the doses prevented adverse events and resulted in 218 days of survival with good quality of life. To our knowledge, this is the first description of such a treatment combination. Our result should be confirmed with a large-scale prospective study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the complication rate, mortality rate and putative risk factors for cecal or colonic surgery in dogs. Materials and Methods: A multi‐institutional retrospective study including dogs that had undergone surgery that involved the cecum or the colon. Medical records from three referral hospitals were reviewed for patient demographics and clinical data. The association between putative risk factors and survival to discharge or complications was assessed using univariable and multivariable analysis. Results: Seventy‐nine dogs met the criteria to be included in this study. Fifty‐five dogs had full thickness incision surgeries, while 24 dogs had partial thickness surgeries. The complication and mortality rates for full thickness and partial thickness cecal/colonic surgeries were not statistically different. The dehiscence rate of colonic anastomosis in this study was four of 47 (8.5%). On univariate analysis, performing full thickness procedures out of hours had an association with increased complications and mortality. On multivariable analysis, no factors were associated with survival to discharge or complications. There was no association of board‐certified surgeon presence in surgery with complications or mortality. Clinical Significance: The performance of full thickness cecal/colonic surgery is not associated with a statistically significant increased risk for complications or mortality compared to partial thickness procedures, with a possible increased risk of complications and mortality in full thickness procedures out of hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four dogs experienced intraoperative iatrogenic arterial injury during orthopaedic surgeries of the pelvic limb. After various haemostatic techniques failed, intraoperative haemostasis was achieved only by permanent ligation of the femoral artery. All dogs were re-examined clinically and radiographically between 6 and 26 weeks postoperatively (short-term follow-ups). For the purpose of this study, three dogs were contacted for a long-term re-examination (orthopaedic and neurological) more than 2 years postoperatively (24-39 months), and their owners completed the Liverpool osteoarthritis in dog questionnaire. Visual gait analysis was scored subjectively (n = 3), and was recorded objectively using a pressure-sensitive walkway (n = 2). No short- or long-term complications related to the permanent femoral artery ligation were encountered, and limb function was normal for the dogs rechecked long-term. Femoral artery ligation can be considered a last resort but safe salvage procedure in dogs with intraoperative arterial bleeding of the pelvic limb when standard haemostatic techniques have failed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Two of the most common errors in spine surgery in humans are performing wrong-level surgery (WLS) and/or performing wrong-sided surgery (WSS). In the present study, we identified the factors contributing to WLS and WSS in a population of eighty-five dogs. Whether the surgeon was able to preoperatively pinpoint the correct site for the surgery was assessed using two small Backhaus clamps moved until correct placement was radiologically confirmed. Utilizing this technique avoided operating on the wrong spine dog and performing the wrong procedure. To improve the accuracy of the incision site choice, the surgeon might use the method presented in this study to determine the exact lesion location prior to surgery. Careful recognition of the potential pitfalls contributing to WLS or WSS as presented in this study should better warn surgeons to limit such errors in spinal surgeries in dogs. Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is a very common cause of spinal cord compression in dogs. The errors of human surgeons operating on the wrong level or wrong side is a recognized problem and has been largely analyzed. To date, little information is available regarding these errors in dogs. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of disc localization prior to possible surgery for IVDD to ensure the surgeon begins their incision directly over the extruded disc. Eighty-five chondrodystrophic or brachycephalic dogs that presented with IVDD confirmed by CT or MRI scan were included in the study. Two small Backhaus clamps were placed cranial and caudal to the lesion site and a control clamp placed at the wing of the ilium. The main interest was whether the surgeon was able to preoperatively pinpoint the correct site for the surgery. Dorsoventral radiographs were taken to verify by another person if the clamps had been placed in the correct position. If the result was incorrect, the surgeon was asked to try again without knowing that the clamps were incorrect, and another radiograph was taken. This was repeated until the position was correct. The results were recorded as correct or incorrect and the number of attempts were registered. The results suggested no significant trend over time for any of the outcomes examined. There were some slight improvements over time, but none of the results was close to statistical significance. The findings of the study showed that in the thoracolumbar region the surgeon has a higher chance of incorrectly marking the exact site for surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of using the pleth variability index (PVi) to guide fluid therapy in dogs undergoing surgery under general anesthesia compared to conventional fixed-fluid-rate administration. Twenty-seven dogs meeting specific criteria were randomly assigned to either a conventional fluid management (CFM) group or a PVi-guided (PVi) group. The CFM group received a fixed rate of fluid, while the PVi group had their fluid rate adjusted based on their PVi values. Results showed that dogs in the PVi group received less total fluid and experienced fewer hypotensive episodes compared to the CFM group. In addition, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was significantly higher in the PVi group during surgery. These findings suggest that PVi-guided fluid therapy may result in more targeted fluid administration and improve the hemodynamic stability in anesthetized dogs. However, further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these results and explore the broader applicability of the PVi in veterinary anesthesia. The aim of this prospective, randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the use of the pleth variability index (PVi) to guide the rate of intraoperative fluid therapy compared to a traditional fixed-fluid-rate approach in ASA 1–2 dogs undergoing surgery. Twenty-seven dogs met the inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to the conventional fluid management group (CFM, n = 12) or the PVi-guided group (PVi, n = 15). The CFM group received a fixed rate of 5 mL kg−1 h−1 of crystalloid solution, while in the PVi group the rate was continuously adjusted based on the PVi: PVi < 14% = 3 mL kg−1 h−1; 14% ≤ PVi ≥ 20% = 10 mL kg−1 h−1; and PVi > 20% = 15 mL kg−1 h−1. Hypotension (MAP < 65 mmHg) in the CFM was treated with a maximum of two fluid boluses (5 mL kg−1 in 10 min) and in the case of no response, dobutamine (1–3 mcg kg−1 min−1) was administered. In the PVi group, the treatment of hypotension was similar, except when the PVi > 14%, when dobutamine was started directly. Total fluid volume was significantly lower in the PVI group (0.056 ± 0.027 mL kg−1 min−1) compared to the CFM group (0.132 ± 0.115 mL kg−1 min−1), and the incidence of hypotension was lower (p = 0.023) in the PVi group (0%) compared to the CFM group (41%). The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was significantly higher in the PVi group during surgery. Dobutamine was never administered in either group. Preliminary data suggest that the PVi may be considered as a potential target to guide fluid therapy in dogs; larger studies are needed, especially in cases of cardiovascular instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study investigates how the direction of wire placement affects the stability of combined tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and tibial tuberosity transposition surgery in miniature-breed dogs suffering from two common stifle problems: a torn cruciate ligament and patella luxation. Using the bones from 21 small dogs, we tested pin placement in two directions: proximal (proximal osteotomized segment) and distal. This study also tested different wire thicknesses and the use of tension bands. The results showed that distal pin placement provided better stability in the 0.56 mm tension band group. This finding is important because it offers a solution for cases where there is not enough space to place pins in the proximal direction. In situations where there is inadequate space for proximal pin placement, distal pin placement can achieve similar stability. This research provides valuable insights that can lead to better surgical outcomes for small animal surgeons. This study evaluates the impact of Kirschner wire (K-wire) insertion direction on the biomechanical properties of combined tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) and tibial tuberosity transposition (TTT) procedures in small-breed dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture and medial patella luxation. Twenty-one cadaveric tibiae were divided into two groups; the specimens were divided into two groups; one underwent TPLO-TTT with a proximal pin placement (Group TTP), and the other received TPLO-TTT with a distal pin placement (Group TTD). For both pin placements, two additional subgroups were formed: one with a 0.56 mm tension band (Groups TTP0.56 and TTD0.56) and the other with a 0.76 mm tension band (Groups TTP0.76 and TTD0.76). The tensile force was applied, and failure load and mode were recorded. The distal pin direction in Group TTD0.56 exhibited a significantly higher mean failure load (380.1 N) compared to the proximal pin direction in Group TTP0.56 (302.2 N, p = 0.028). No significant differences were observed among the other groups. This study concludes that distal pin placement can provide similar or improved mechanical stability in cases with limited space for proximal pin placement during combined TPLO and TTT procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In recent years, prices for veterinary care have received considerable attention in mainstream media, yet scientific literature has not delved into actual figures. This study aims to elucidate veterinary care costs for dogs, cats, and horses across five countries [Sweden (SE), Norway (NO), Denmark (DK), United Kingdom (UK), and Ireland (IR, with limited data)] through web searches. Methods: Utilising online business directories, we located URLs featuring veterinary care prices in autumn 2022, and repeated tri-monthly five times. Vetpris.se (VP), a price comparison site for SE, NO, and DK, emerged from the search. Additionally, we sought to compare price data from veterinary clinics (ranging from animal hospitals to small private clinics) using a similar approach to VP. We targeted elective procedures (e.g., gonadectomy, GDY) and common procedures (e.g., pyometra surgery in dogs). Results: Comparing data from the same clinics' websites and from VP within extraction from autumn 2022 to winter 2023/2024, median prices for dog and cat GDY were largely consistent. By October 2023, median prices for male cat GDY ranged from €72 (SE) to €230 (DK), and €130 (SE) to €361 (DK) for females; for dog GDY from €390 (SE) to €599 (DK) for males, and €461 (UK) to €1015 (DK) for females. Across sources, median prices for cat and dog GDY increased by 2-24% over a year for procedures with at least 10 clinics per extraction. Equine GDY (per sedation and local analgaesia) in SE saw a 64% increase by year-end, with a median price of €492. Emergency surgeries during regular-hours (e.g., pyometra and caesarean section) in SE were approximately €2,300 at the last extraction, marking a 27% increase for pyometra surgery during regular-hours and 15% after-hours compared to the previous year. Variability existed within and across countries and diagnoses/procedures. Discussion: Cross-validation suggested VP generally provided reliable information, though data points for emergencies were limited. Our web searching tool necessitated extensive manual verification, indicating room for further development. We recommend enhancing price transparency for animal owners to become better informed about the cost of veterinary care and be able to make informed choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical site infections (SSIs) cause significant complications in the postoperative period in veterinary surgeries. Determining the aetiology of infections is crucial for increasing treatment success rates. This study aims to assess treatment processes by identifying the bacterial agents responsible for infections occurring in cats and dogs after orthopaedic operations and to determine the antimicrobial resistance profiles of these agents. Strains isolated from SSIs were retrospectively analysed in patients brought to the Surgical Clinic of Siirt University Animal Health Application and Research Hospital between 2021 and 2023. The isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF MS. The disc diffusion method was applied to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. A high isolation rate was detected in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae. According to the antimicrobial susceptibility results, cephalosporin treatment was continued in only one of the cases in which prophylactic treatment with cephalosporin group antibiotics was applied. Consequently, this study revealed that preoperative prophylactic antibiotic administration may not be sufficient in preventing surgical site infections. Diagnosis of aetiological agents and evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility are essential in preventing surgical site infections and determining effective treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the number of homologous blood transfusions received by canine surgical patients after introducing a cell salvage device (CSD), trends in surgeries requiring blood transfusion, and the incidence of transfusion reactions. Study Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Single referral hospital. Animals: All dogs having surgery at a single center (November 2015 to February 2021). Interventions: Medical records of dogs having surgical treatment, including those that received either an autologous or homologous blood transfusion, were reviewed. The surgical patients were the baseline population, and the 2 transfusion groups were compared within this population to analyze the trends. Main Results: A total of 37 and 86 dogs received autologous and homologous blood transfusions, respectively. There was an upward trend in the number of total monthly blood transfusions. No significant increase in the monthly number of homologous transfusions was observed before or after acquisition of the CSD. There was also an upward trend in total monthly surgeries, including those with higher risks of hemorrhage. Dogs receiving homologous blood transfusions had a higher incidence of clinical signs consistent with transfusion reactions (6.98%). Conclusions: An upward trend in autologous blood transfusions was seen with the introduction of a CSD. Hospitals with large surgical caseloads at high risk of hemorrhage may see a decreased need for outsourced blood products with the use of the CSD. The device can lead to a more responsible use of an increasingly scarce resource and decrease the risk of a blood transfusion reaction in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: This case report presents the successful surgical removal of a pheochromocytoma in a dog using indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging. Case Presentation: A 10-year-old, 6.87 kg, spayed female poodle was referred for an abdominal mass and eight episodes of vomiting. Computed tomography revealed masses in the spleen and left adrenal gland. Based on the plasma normetanephrine levels, the patient was diagnosed with pheochromocytoma. Subsequently, a total splenectomy and left adrenalectomy were performed. A dose of 5 mg/kg ICG was administered intravenously 24 h prior to surgery. Using ICG allowed visualization of tumor margins, aiding in complete resection and minimizing anesthesia-related risks. Conclusions and Relevance: No evidence of recurrence or metastasis has been observed for 12 months. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the surgical removal of a pheochromocytoma using intraoperative ICG imaging in veterinary medicine. This case highlights the efficacy of ICG fluorescence imaging as a valuable tool for the surgical management of adrenal tumors in veterinary medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared cardiovascular and respiratory effects of dexmedetomidine and xylazine in total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, ketamine, and lidocaine. Twenty-one female dogs were submitted to ovariohysterectomy, premedicated with acepromazine and anesthetized with propofol at a variable rate. The dogs were intubated and supplemented with 100% oxygen in a circuit without rebreathing gases in spontaneous ventilation. They were divided into three groups (n=21) after induction: control (CON) with ketamine (2 mg/kg + 0.6 mg/kg/h) and lidocaine (2 mg/kg + 3 mg/kg/h), DEX and XIL with the same drugs as CON, associated with dexmedetomidine (2 µg/kg + 1 µg/kg/h) or xylazine (0.2 mg/kg + 0.1 mg/kg/h). Propofol consumption, fentanyl analgesic rescue, and cardiorespiratory and blood gas parameters were evaluated during anesthesia. The DEX group had a lower consumption of propofol (0.16 ± 0.09 mg/kg/min) compared to CON (0.24 ± 0.09 mg/kg/min), both not differing from XIL (0.23 ± 0.09 mg/kg/min). The mean arterial pressure was higher after the initial bolus in DEX (107 ± 8 mmHg) and XIL (96 ± 11 mmHg) compared to the CON group (80 ± 10 mmHg). Higher accumulation of arterial carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH were observed in the CON group. The total number of fentanyl rescues did not differ between DEX (7) and XIL (6) and were lower than CON (16). Therefore, dexmedetomidine and xylazine reduced intraoperative fentanyl consumption compared to ketamine and lidocaine infusion alone. However, only dexmedetomidine promoted lower propofol consumption and higher blood pressure values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mini-hemilaminectomy is a frequently used surgical technique for decompressive disk surgery on dogs. The aim of the study was to assess landmarks in the canine thoracolumbar spine to perform a mini-hemilaminectomy, with the aim of achieving optimal exposure of the ventral aspect of the vertebral canal. We hypothesized that the accessory process is a useful landmark for the identification of the level of the vertebral canal floor (VCF) and for decreasing surgical time. To define the level of the VCF, different landmarks and their distance to the VCF from computed tomography images of 40 mature chondrodystrophic dogs were evaluated in the first part of the study. To test the predefined landmarks, a cadaveric experiment was subsequently performed in the second part of the study. An experienced surgeon and a second-year surgical resident performed minihemilaminectomies as precisely as possible, with and without using the landmark values. Surgery time, precision of the mini-hemilaminectomy, and iatrogenic damage of the spinal nerve roots were compared between the two groups. Based on the results in the first part of the study, the distance from the dorsal border of the accessory process to the VCF (DBAP-VCF) was chosen as a landmark due to the good intra-(0.96) and interobserver (0.83) agreement. However, the distance is highly variable between breeds. In the second part of the study, using the DBAPVCF landmark value did not influence the surgery time in both surgeons (p = 0.467, p > 0.99). An improved accuracy of the VCF was seen for the surgical resident with limited experience (p = 0.014), but not for the experienced surgeon (p = 0.926). For both surgeons, the spinal nerve roots were injured in 20% of the cases unrelated to the use of landmark values. In conclusion, this study suggests that the DBAPVCF has been described as a breed-specific landmark that can be determined in CT with good agreement. Using the previously evaluated landmark values can help improve precision in decompressive spinal surgery for a surgeon with limited experience without prolonging surgical time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8-year-old male intact mixed breed dog was treated for a 3.7×3×3.6 cm grade 1 multilobular osteochondrosarcoma (MLO) arising from the dorsal aspect of the right coronoid process with a coronoidectomy, a zygomectomy, and a caudal maxillectomy. Ten months later, the dog presented for a swelling near the right angular process, which was presumed to be a locoregional recurrence. Blood work and initial staging tests (abdominal ultrasound) had mild abnormalities of no clinical concern/significance. The dog was hospitalized with a plan for computed tomographic (CT) scan of skull and chest the following day. Overnight, the swelling rapidly increased, and the dog became laterally recumbent, febrile, and hypotensive. Laboratory evaluation revealed hypoglycemia, elevated lactate, and elevated band neutrophils with moderate toxicity, most consistent with sepsis. The dog was stabilized with fluid resuscitation, intravenous (IV) antibiotics, IV dextrose, and pressor support. Once stabilized, a contrast CT scan was performed, which revealed evidence of an infected parotid gland sialocele. To our knowledge, this is the first veterinary case that describes sepsis secondary to an infected protracted parotid sialocele. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the breed‐characteristic features of cervical intervertebral disc disease (C‐IVDD) and associated vertebral instability in small‐breed dogs and to present the concept of intervertebral disc degeneration and associated instability stage, method of diagnosis, treatment and outcomes. Animals: In total, 307 client‐owned dogs with C‐IVDD treated with spinal cord decompression with or without vertebral stabilization (2000–2021). Methods: Information on age, sex, affected sites, stabilized sites, diagnostic methods for vertebral instability and outcomes were retrieved. The patient's age, affected sites (cranial vs caudal discs), and frequency of vertebral stabilization were compared in six CD and five NCD breed. Multivariable analyses of the chondrodystrophic (CD) vs non‐CD (NCD) groups, and vertebral stabilization (dogs stabilized vs dogs not stabilized) were performed. Results: In total, 222 (72.3%) and 77 (25.1%) were CD and NCD breeds, respectively. Vertebral instabilities were diagnosed based on the survey radiographs with computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (n = 2), dynamic myelography (n = 29), intraoperative spinal manipulation (n = 11) or second surgery in dogs with persistent postoperative paraspinal pain (n = 3). Of these dogs, 295 (96.1%) recovered (median follow‐up: 8.5 [range, 1–119] months). Significant differences in age, affected sites and frequency of stabilization were noted among the breeds. Older age and frequent vertebral stabilization were the associated factors for the NCD breed dogs. Male dogs, caudal discs affected (C5–T1) and the NCD breed dogs were risk factors for the dogs with vertebral stabilization. Conclusion: Vertebral stabilization is indicated for small‐breed dogs with cervical disc‐associated vertebral instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To assess the characteristics of blebs formed after Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) surgery in dogs using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and to analyze their correlation with postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP). ANIMALS 16 eyes (13 dogs) were diagnosed with primary angle-closure glaucoma and were followed up after AGV surgery from June 2021 to September 2023. METHODS In this prospective study, UBM examinations were performed to assess bleb characteristics, including bleb wall thickness and reflectivity. IOP at the time of UBM imaging and the duration from AGV surgery to UBM imaging were recorded. Histological examination of an enucleated eye removed due to uncontrolled IOP leading to blindness was also conducted. RESULTS A significant correlation was observed between IOP and relative reflectivity (Pearson r = 0.60; P = .01), and a negative correlation was observed between bleb wall thickness and relative reflectivity (Pearson r = −0.72; P = .002). No significant correlation was observed between the duration from AGV surgery to UBM imaging and either bleb wall thickness or relative reflectivity, respectively. Histological examination of the enucleated eye revealed collagenrich fibrous encapsulation of the bleb wall, including myofibroblasts that exhibited positive α-smooth muscle actin immunostaining. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In dogs that underwent AGV surgery, less dense, thick-walled blebs on UBM tended to maintain IOP within the normal range. However, denser, thinner-walled blebs showed IOP levels above the normal range despite the use of antiglaucoma medications. UBM is a useful tool for evaluating bleb characteristics and their influence on IOP regulation after AGV surgery in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Mitral valve repair (MVR) has been a common treatment option for myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). MVR is performed under the cardiopulmonary bypass using cardioplegic solution to prevent myocardial injury. St. Thomas II (ST) fluid that is used to perform myocardial protection and cardiac arrest has been used from the earliest procedures of cardiac surgery. However, this fluid must be administered repeatedly at short intervals, which interrupts the surgical process. Del Nido cardioplegia was developed for the immature myocardium that is weak against reperfusion injury. Del Nido cardioplegia can provide longer arresting time upon each administration, which reduces the number of the doses of cardioplegia. Therefore, the surgical procedure becomes simpler and cardiac arrest time or total operation time is shortened in human medicine. These benefits of DN cardioplegia may contribute to an improved outcome of heart surgery in dogs. However, to the author's knowledge, no studies to date have reported comparisons with traditional cardioplegia fluid (ST fluid). The present study aimed to compare the use of both ST cardioplegia fluid and DN cardioplegia fluid in dogs with MMVD that underwent MVR. Myocardial protection has become an essential adjunctive procedure in veterinary cardiac surgery. Del Nido cardioplegia is a good alternative to the traditional St. Thomas II (ST) cardioplegia in open heart surgery in humans. This study aims to compare intra- and postoperative results between ST cardioplegia and modified del Nido (mDN) cardioplegia in mitral valve surgery in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). This retrospective study was conducted using clinical records of 16 MMVD dogs that underwent either ST or mDN cardioplegia. We measured cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time, aortic cross-clamp (ACC) time, total operation time, the number of cardioplegia doses, total amount of cardioplegia, required defibrillations, in-hospital mortality and pre- and one-month postoperative echocardiographic variables. CPB (159.4 ± 16.1 vs. 210.1 ± 34.0 min), ACC (101.4 ± 7.0 vs. 136.0 ± 24.8 min) and total operation time (262.3 ± 13.1 vs. 327.0 ± 45.4 min) were significantly shorter in the mDN group (p < 0.05). The number of cardioplegia doses (3.25 ± 0.4 vs. 6.25 ± 1.2) and total amount of cardioplegia (161.3 ± 51.5 vs. 405.0 ± 185.9 mL) in the mDN group were also significantly smaller than the ST group (p < 0.05). No difference was observed in the requirement of defibrillation, in-hospital mortality and pre- and postoperative echocardiographic variables. The utilization of mDN cardioplegia was associated with shorter operative time in mitral valve surgery in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Veterinary Journal / Revue Vétérinaire Canadienne is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nasal mucosa tumors are an uncommon process and very dificult to work on with surgery. Radiotherapy associated or not with chemotherapy is the standard method to treat the disease. However, its access it is in the majority of the case not possible, making the surgery the best choice to try to achieve the patient's control. The anatomy of the region makes the complete surgical resection very difficult to achieve using the common and conventional blade scalpel surgery. The study features the advantages of using a CO2 laser to perform nasal mucosa carcinoma surgery in 6 dogs (N = 6). For the work we used an Aesculigth CO2 surgical laser model -Vetscalpel®, with the settings of 12Watts in a Superpulse mode, and a 0.25–0.4 mm focus to dissect the nasal mucosa, and a 1.5 mm focus for vaporization of the area. All the masses were histopathologically characterized as squamous cells carcinoma. The CO2 surgical laser allow us to work in a bloodless region promoting a more accurate dissection of the nasal mucosa sparing therefore the underlying and adjacent tissues and being less invasive. Also, it was possible to do the vaporization of the entire surgical area interviened. None of the patients presented relapse of clinical signs. Only 2 individuals were alive at the end of the study, presenting a survival rate of 420 and 514 days, which is in the same line of literature results of the treatment with radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy wich shows a median of 474–580 days. The study demonstrates successful outcomes with CO2 laser surgery in treating nasal mucosa SCC in dogs, with patients experiencing improved survival rates compared to traditional treatment methods. This highlights the efficacy and potential of CO2 laser surgery as a valuable tool in managing aggressive nasal tumors in veterinary oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Surgical wound management may represent a challenge due to possible complications and drug consumption. The present paper explores a novel fluorescence-based photobiomodulation (FLE) device as a wound management option in female dogs undergoing surgery for mammary cancer. Nine bitches received unilateral or bilateral mastectomy, and half of the wound was managed with FLE (a blue LED device that illuminates a roughly 2 mm layer of fluorescence-producing gel), while the remain part of the wound received no FLE. The illumination was repeated twice in the same session (one minute apart) and five days apart. Neither antimicrobials nor other drugs were administered to the dogs. All wound portions managed with fluorescent photobiomodulation showed a notably better quality of wound healing in terms of having fewer step-off borders, negligeable contour irregularities, and an absence of scar distortion. Moreover, when taking into account inflammatory indexes such as erythema, edema, and serous discharge, these were registered as being significantly lower for those wound portions illuminated with fluorescent photobiomodulation. The outcomes of this preliminary study underscore the positive impact of fluorescent photobiomodulation on the healing of post-mastectomy wounds in female dogs, with the chance to potentially replace certain topical treatments and improve the overall compliance of owners. Mammary gland tumors represent the most frequently diagnosed malignant neoplasm in intact female dogs, and surgical removal represents the current gold standard treatment. To promote wound healing and prevent possible bacterial contamination, perioperative antimicrobials are commonly used in clinical practice, even though there are no publications establishing guidelines for the use of such drugs in canine mastectomy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ameliorative effect of fluorescent light energy on the quality of the healing process after mastectomy surgery in female dogs, in the absence of perioperative antimicrobial administration. Nine female dogs received a multiple-gland mastectomy due to gland tumors and received FLE application immediately after surgery and then five days after. The surgical incisions were evaluated by a blind investigator over time using the Modified Hollander Cosmesis and Modified Draize Wound Healing Score systems. Statistical analysis revealed a significant ameliorative effect of FLE in the control of step-off borders, contour irregularities, and excessive distortion. In addition, erythema, edema, and serous discharge were lower for those wounds managed with FLE. These results underscore the advantageous impact of FLE on the healing of post-mastectomy wounds in female dogs, offering the dual benefits of reducing potential infection risks and lessening the home care burden for pet owners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the clinical manifestations and outcomes in canines presenting with ankyloglossia pre- and post-surgical intervention. The study sample comprised 6 canines of varied ages, breeds, and genders admitted to the veterinary hospital. Following standard clinical and oral evaluations, congenital complete ventral ankyloglossia was confirmed. Surgical intervention entailed the utilization of the lingual frenuloplasty technique. During the postoperative phase, it was noted that sutures positioned on the tongue's ventral aspect self-dissolved within an average span of 4.6 days (ranging between 3 to 7 days), accompanied by minor wound line separation. Full recovery was evident within an approximate duration of 18 days. Post-recovery assessments revealed unhindered tongue mobility in the subjects, facilitating effortless consumption of solids and liquids. The findings from this study underscore the efficacy of the frenuloplasty technique in addressing pronounced adhesions. No post-surgical complications emerged that could detrimentally impact the canines' recuperation trajectory. The immediate alleviation of consumption challenges post-surgery, coupled with the rapid acclimatization to tongue mobility and enhanced bodily health, underscores the clinical significance and appropriateness of surgical intervention in afflicted canines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital malformations are structural defects that occur in all species during fetal development. Pygomelia is a type of polymelia in which the redundant legs are joined to the pelvis. This abnormality is observed in both human beings and animals. A mixed female (Shih Tzu) puppy with a rigid mass resembling two pelvic hindlimbs was referred to a pet clinic in Mashhad City, Iran. In radiographic assessments, two extra hindlimbs stemmed from malformed pelvic bones and were shorter than normal limbs. Both extra acetabula were detected on the hemipelvis, with two extra coxofemoral joints perpendicular to the regular hip joints in the caudal direction. Also, two vulvas and two anuses were seen, but only one vulva and anus were functional. The additional limbs were amputated by surgery. This case is the first report of a dog with incomplete caudal duplication and successful correction of pygomelia in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Sepsis is a widespread concern in human and veterinary medicine. Over the past several years, numerous strategies have been implemented to try to combat it; however, mortality remains high in all species. The use of dexmedetomidine, an alpha-two agonist drug with sedative and analgesic properties, is gaining popularity as a synergistic treatment strategy in the management of sepsis, thanks to its anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective properties and its ability to preserve hemodynamic function. We therefore hypothesized that a continuous rate infusion of dexmedetomidine in septic patients, undergoing emergency surgery, could decrease the requirement for vasopressors. The results of this study show that an infusion of 1 mcg/kg/h of dexmedetomidine decreases intraoperative vasopressor use and improves 28-day mortality. However, given the small sample size, a larger prospective study should be undertaken to confirm these findings. The purpose of this study was to determine if a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of dexmedetomidine decreases vasopressor requirements in septic dogs undergoing surgery. Vital parameters, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, vasopressor requirement, and 28-day mortality were recorded. Dogs were randomly divided into two groups: a dexmedetomidine (DEX) (1 mcg/kg/h) group and a control group (NaCl), which received an equivalent CRI of NaCl. Dogs were premedicated with fentanyl 5 mcg/kg IV, induced with propofol, and maintained with sevoflurane and a variable rate fentanyl infusion. DEX or NaCl infusions were started 10 min prior to induction. Fluid-responsive hypotensive patients received repeated Ringer's lactate boluses (2 mL/kg) until stable or they were no longer fluid-responsive. Patients that remained hypotensive following fluid boluses received norepinephrine at a starting dose of 0.05 mcg/kg/min, with increases of 0.05 mcg/kg/min. Rescue adrenaline boluses were administered (0.001 mg/kg) if normotension was not achieved within 30 min of starting norepinephrine. The NaCl group received a significantly higher dose of norepinephrine (0.8, 0.4–2 mcg/kg/min) than the DEX group (0.12, 0–0.86 mcg/kg/min). Mortality was statistically lower in the DEX group (1/10) vs. the NaCl group (5/6). Results of this study suggest that a 1 mcg/kg/h CRI of dexmedetomidine decreases the demand for intraoperative vasopressors and may improve survival in septic dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Pain in animals is assessed by behavioral alterations presented on scales. We aimed to validate the CMPS-SF according to the COSMIN and GRADE guidelines, used to assess the validity and reliability of health instruments. Four trained evaluators assessed 208 videos in four periods (pre-operative, peak of pain, 1 h after peak of pain and analgesia, and 24 h after surgery) of 52 dogs, divided into negative control (animals without pain), soft tissue surgeries, and orthopedic surgeries. The videos were evaluated in two stages, with intervals of 21 days. The CMPS-SF is a unidimensional scale with good reliability both intra-observer and between different observers, and it showed a strong correlation with other scales. Pain scores were higher after than before surgery, reduced after analgesia, and reduced even further after 24 h, which demonstrates its responsiveness. Postoperative pain scores were higher in dogs undergoing surgery versus controls. The scale is homogeneous, and there is a good interrelationship between its items. The detection values for dogs truly with and without pain were 74–83% and 78–87%, respectively. The score for indicating analgesia was ≥5 and the GRADE classification was high, confirming the validity of the scale. We aimed to validate the CMPS-SF according to COSMIN and GRADE guidelines. Four trained evaluators assessed 208 videos (pre-operative-M1, peak of pain-M2, 1 h after the peak of pain and analgesia (rescue)-M3, and 24 h post-extubation-M4) of 52 dogs, divided into negative controls (n = 10), soft tissue surgeries (n = 22), and orthopedic surgeries (n = 20). The videos were randomized and blinded as to when they were filmed, and were evaluated in two stages, 21 days apart. According to confirmatory analysis, the CMPS-SF is a unidimensional scale. Intra-observer reliability was between 0.80 and 0.99 and inter-observer reliability between 0.73 and 0.86. Criterion validity was confirmed by the correlation between the CMPS-SF and other unidimensional scales (≥0.7). The differences between the scores were M2 ≥ M3 > M4 > M1 (responsiveness), and the scale presented construct validity (higher postoperative pain scores in dogs undergoing surgery versus control). Internal consistency was 0.7 (Cronbach's α) and 0.77 (McDonald's ω), and the item-total correlation was between 0.3 and 0.7, except for "A(ii)—Attention to wound". Specificity and sensitivity were 78–87% and 74–83%, respectively. The cut-off point for rescue analgesia was ≥5 or ≥4 excluding item B(iii) mobility, and the GRADE classification was high, confirming the validity of the scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, many studies have focused their attention on the dog as a proper animal model for human cancer. In dogs, mammary tumors develop spontaneously, involving a complex interplay between tumor cells and the immune system and revealing several molecular and clinical similarities to human breast cancer. In this review, we summarized the major features of canine mammary tumor, risk factors, and the most important biomarkers used for diagnosis and treatment. Traditional therapy of mammary tumors in dogs includes surgery, which is the first choice, followed by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or hormonal therapy. However, these therapeutic strategies may not always be sufficient on their own; advancements in understanding cancer mechanisms and the development of innovative treatments offer hope for improved outcomes for oncologic patients. There is still a growing interest in the use of personalized medicine, which should play an irreplaceable role in the research not only in human cancer therapy, but also in veterinary oncology. Moreover, immunotherapy may represent a novel and promising therapeutic option in canine mammary cancers. The study of novel therapeutic approaches is essential for future research in both human and veterinary oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 2‐year‐old Pomeranian‐Spitz dog (5.8 kg) was admitted with symptoms of uterine prolapse and lethargy 1 day after whelping three puppies. The prolapsed uterus was corrected, but the next day, prolapse reoccurred. To fix the cervix to the abdominal wall, the dog underwent a surgery operation where intussusception in the left horn of the uterus was found. Ovariohysterectomy was performed as the treatment of choice. The diagnosis of intussusception is challenging, and exploratory laparotomy is the reliable diagnostic approach. Although uterine intussusception is rare, it should be one of the important considerations in dogs within the post‐partum period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firocoxib is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It provides control of postoperative pain and inflammation associated with soft tissue and orthopedic surgery in dogs, and control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in horses. A high-speed stability-indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed to determine firocoxib and its related substances in bulk batches of firocoxib drug substance. Firocoxib was dissolved in neat acetonitrile (ACN) and analyzed on a short HALO (fused-core) biphenyl column (30 × 4.6 mm i.d. 2.7-μm particle size) at flow rate of 2.5 mL/min. Column temperature was maintained at 50°C. Mobile phase A is composed of 0.1% of H3PO4 in water and mobile phase B is composed of ACN. Analytes were detected with UV detection at 240 nm and quantitated against an external reference standard. Firocoxib and its related compounds were adequately separated within 4 min by a gradient elution. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness according to method validation guidelines described in The International Conference on Harmonization. The validation data demonstrated that this method is sensitive, accurate, robust, specific and stability-indicating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Locoregional anaesthesia plays a fundamental role in the correct management of surgical interventions. Veterinary ultrasound-guided techniques are in continuous evolution to obtain adequate analgesia with minimal motor impact. We hypothesized that the block of the obturator nerve in the inguinal compartment, combined with the block of the saphenous and the sciatic nerves, without the block of the femoral nerve, could produce analgesia with less motor function impairment for tibial-plateau-levelling-osteotomy (TPLO) surgery. Having easily identified a window during the anatomical study that included an inguinal approach, we could correctly perform this new ultrasound-guided obturator-nerve-block technique. Patients that received three blocks with ropivacaine had statistically significantly less need for rescue analgesia during surgery than those that received saline solution at the level of the obturator nerve. In the group that did not receive ropivacaine for the obturator nerve block, nociception occurred in almost all patients at the time of incision of the joint capsule, showing the obturator nerve role in the innervation of the knee joint. The use of this new technique in association with the block of the sciatic and saphenous nerves represents an improvement in locoregional techniques in knee surgery, as the patient not only has a reduction in intraoperative nociception but also has better postoperative mobility, resulting from the fact that the femoral nerve, which is responsible for the innervation of the quadriceps muscles, was not blocked. The objective of our study was to compare the efficacy of sciatic and saphenous ultrasound nerve blocks with and without US-guided obturator nerve block in dogs undergoing tibial-plateau-levelling-osteotomy (TPLO) surgery. This study was developed in two phases: identification of an ultrasound window in the inguinal region for obturator nerve block and utilization of it in dogs undergoing TPLO. Dogs were assigned randomly to one of two groups: one received the three blocks with 0.5% ropivacaine (ON group) and the second one (NoON group) with NaCl instead of ropivacaine for the obturator block. In phase 1, the obturator nerve was visible between the pectineus and the abductor muscles and was approached using an in-plane technique. It was possible to use the ultrasound window for phase two. The number of dogs that received at least one bolus of intraoperative rescue analgesia in the NoON group (12/15 dogs) was significantly higher (p = 0.003) in comparison with the ON group (4/15). An ultrasound window to block the obturator nerve in the inguinal compartment with an in-plane technique was found. The use of this approach could produce adequate analgesia with less motor function impairment in dogs for TPLO surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is a cause of decreased vision after canine cataract surgery. PCO can appear in the months following surgery but can also be present at the time of surgery. Aims: To describe the intraoperative management of marked axial PCO during canine cataract surgery through a retrospective case series study of six cases. Methods: Six dogs (six eyes) with cataracts were included in this study. A complete ophthalmologic examination including electroretinography and ocular ultrasound was performed. After conventional phacoemulsification, a marked PCO obstructing the visual axis was found in five cases, previously diagnosed by ultrasound in the sixth. An axial posterior capsulorhexis (APC) was performed in all cases, before or after implantation of the intraocular lens (IOL). For the four cases implanted before APC, the posterior capsule (PC) was visualized either by positioning the IOL laterally in the bag with viscoelastic or through the optic of the implant. After perforation of the PC with a 30-Gauge needle, APC was initiated with Vannas curved scissors, then finalized with Utrata forceps to obtain a circular axial opening (3 mm diameter). In each case, a moderate anterior vitrectomy was performed through the APC (under the IOL when initially placed), then the IOL centered and the viscoelastic was removed. Results: Six dogs (Beagle, German Shepherd, Cavalier King Carles, French pointing dog, American bully, Beagle Harrier) aged 11 to 94 months (mean 51.8) were included. The mean follow-up period was 15.5 months (range 10-22). Visual function with capsular axial transparency and well-centered IOL, without complications during the follow-up period, was preserved for each eye. Conclusion: APC combined with moderate anterior vitrectomy appears to be effective in the treatment of marked axial PCO obstructing the visual axis during canine cataract surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The most common haemostatic abnormality in dogs with cancer is hypercoagulability. A transient hypercoagulability has been documented in people with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that resolves within weeks following hepatic tumour resection. Objective: The objective was to compare the haemostatic status of dogs with liver tumours and healthy control dogs, by comparing coagulation and thromboelastography (TEG) measurements at three time points. Methods: Liver tumour and healthy control dogs receiving surgery for liver lobectomy and ovariohysterectomy, respectively, were prospectively enrolled. All dogs had blood collected at three time points: pre‐operative, 24 h post‐operative and ~2 weeks post‐operative. Haematological and haemostatic values were compared across time points in each group using repeated measures ANOVA tests. Results: Ten and eight dogs were enrolled for the liver and control groups, respectively. Platelet count was significantly higher in the liver group than the control group at all time points, but within the normal range (pre‐operative: 438.7 vs. 300.9 × 109/L, p =.0078; 24 h post‐operative: 416.2 vs. 283.9 × 109/L, p =.0123; 10–14 days post‐operative: 524.6 vs. 317.3 × 109/L, p =.0072). The measure of the overall coagulant state (G‐value) was significantly increased for the liver group compared to the control group at all time points (pre‐operative: 15.6 vs. 8.6 d/sc, p =.0003; 24 h post‐operative: 18.3 vs. 11.2 d/sc, p =.039; 10–14 days post‐operative: 15.1 vs. 9.6 d/sc, p =.015). Conclusion: The liver group was hypercoagulable based on elevated G‐values at all time points compared to the control group. This hypercoagulability was attributed to the effect of hepatic tumours alone, and not secondary to surgery and anaesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrahepatic splenosis is the heterotopic autotransplantation of splenic tissue secondary to splenic trauma or splenectomy. A 12‐year‐old Cairn terrier was referred due to lethargy, collapse and abdominal discomfort. Abdominal ultrasound and a computed tomography scan (CT) revealed an intrahepatic mass in the left medial liver lobe. The dog underwent surgery for liver lobectomy, and subsequent histopathology revealed intrahepatic splenosis. The dog had undergone splenectomy 3 years previously due to splenic rupture following an abdominal trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy can be used in canine mast cell tumours (MCTs) to optimise surgical margins or to enable marginal excision in challenging locations. The objective of this study was to describe the outcome of dogs with cutaneous and subcutaneous MCTs treated with neoadjuvant vinblastine‐prednisolone (NA‐VP). Records of treatment‐naïve dogs with cutaneous/subcutaneous MCT that received NA‐VP were reviewed including signalment, indication for NA‐VP, staging results, clinical response, surgical data and histopathology reports. For dogs with post‐operative follow‐up ≥365 days, predictive factors for local recurrence (LR) were evaluated. Forty‐four dogs were included. NA‐VP was indicated to optimise surgical margins (group MARG) in 19 dogs (43.2%) and to enable surgery (group MORB) in 25 dogs (56.8%). Complete and partial response were documented in 40.9% of dogs and 30 dogs (68.2%) underwent surgery. The indication for NA‐VP was significantly associated with undergoing surgery (p <.001) on multivariable analysis. Twelve (48%) and 18 dogs (94.7%) underwent surgery in the group MORB and MARG, respectively. Five dogs (16.7%) experienced wound dehiscence. Complete excision was achieved in 14 dogs (46.7%). In dogs undergoing surgery with ≥365 days of follow‐up, LR was documented in five cases (20.8%). None of the factors analysed including mitotic count, completeness of excision and response to NA‐VP were associated with LR; notably, LR occurred in 3/11 (27.2%) completely excised MCTs. In a pre‐operative setting, NA‐VP appears safe and could be beneficial in selected cases. Prognostic factors such as clinical response, mitotic count and completeness of excision should be interpreted with caution following NA‐VP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subcutaneous mast cell tumours (SC MCTs) can display a different biological behaviour in dogs when compared to their cutaneous counterpart. There is a paucity of information with regards to the outcome of dogs with SC MCTs treated with surgery and/or receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to retrospectively review the outcome of dogs with surgically excised SC MCTs undergoing adjuvant treatment or not. A secondary aim was to assess prognostic factors in the same group. Fifty‐two cases were included. Recurrence rate was 15% and 63% of evaluated lymph nodes were consistent with early or overt metastasis. Median survival time (range 83–1357 days) and median time to progression (range 14–1357 days) were not reached. Factors predictive of shorter overall survival time included increasing age (HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.06–1.55, p =.0092), presence of clinical signs at presentation (HR 10.44, 95% CI 2.69–40.52, p =.0007), mitotic count >4 (HR 8.69, 95% CI 2.55–29.55, p = 0.0005), presence of multinucleation (HR 4.21, 95% CI 1.35–13.18, p =.0135), use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy (HR 7.16, 95% CI 1.26–40.73, p =.0266). The same factors, together with increasing tumour dimensions, were predictive for shorter progression‐free survival (PFS), including increasing age (p =.0012), presence of clinical signs at presentation (p =.0045), increasing tumour dimensions (p =.0004), MC > 4 (p =.0004), presence of multinucleation (p =.0282), use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy (p =.0485). No variables remained significant for overall survival using multivariate analysis. There was a longer survival in cases where chemotherapy was not required (HR 0.14, 95% CI 0.03–0.68, p =.0148), and this variable remained significant for PFS on multivariate analysis (HR 0.13, 95% CI 0.02–0.76, p =.02). In conclusion, our study suggests that dogs with SC MCTs, in the absence of negative prognostic factors, may have a prolonged survival when treated with surgery alone. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of adjuvant treatment for biologically aggressive SC MCTs in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical records of two veterinary hospitals in Canada were reviewed to identify cases of dogs that underwent liver lobectomy via open laparotomy using the Endo GIA surgical stapling device with a vascular cartridge (height of open and closed staples: 2.5 and 1.0 mm, respectively) between January 2016 and June 2018. Mean age at the time of surgery of the dogs (n = 13) included in the study was 10.4 (SD 1.5; min 7.9, max 12.8) years and mean body weight was 14 (min 3.9, max 37.8) kg. Liver masses requiring hepatic lobectomy were identified in 12 dogs by abdominal ultrasound examination. The remaining dog required a lobectomy of the right medial liver lobe to address leakage from the right medial lobe hepatic duct that occurred as a complication of cholecystectomy to treat a ruptured gallbladder mucocoele. Complete liver lobectomy of 14 lobes (11 from the left hepatic division) in 12 dogs and partial lobectomy of one lobe in one dog was performed via open laparotomy using the Endo GIA device. The mean surgical time, including concurrent procedures, was 50 (SD 17; median 45, min 28, max 91) minutes. The most common intra-operative complication was oozing from the transected liver parenchyma in 6/13 dogs, which was mild in all cases. Five dogs experienced minor post-operative complications. No major peri- or post-operative complications occurred, and no patients required surgical re-exploration. All patients survived until discharge and were alive at the 2-week follow-up for suture removal. Use of the Endo GIA stapling device with a vascular cartridge is feasible for liver lobectomy of the left hepatic division and in this study had low rates of intra-operative and post-operative complications. The Endo GIA stapling device is a viable option for this type of liver lobectomy in dogs. Though successful, the small number of central (two lobes) and right (one lobe) hepatic division lobectomies in this study precludes us from drawing definitive conclusions about the feasibility of this technique on these divisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 1 yr old castrated male shih tzu was referred for recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI), prostatitis, and urine dribbling that was not responsive to medical management. Physical examination and computed tomography scan revealed a micropenis with a disproportionately high prepuce-to-penis ratio. Preputial shortening with a hexagonal, full thickness preputial resection followed by preputial anastomosis was performed. The dog recovered from surgery with no complications. Urine dribbling persisted in the short-term postoperative period, but the patient achieved significant clinical improvement and resolution of his urine dribbling and recurrent UTIs at the 1 yr follow-up. In conclusion, this surgical technique was able to successfully restore quality of life in a dog with a micropenis, and preputial shortening should be considered in cases of recurrent UTIs where there is significant disparity between the size of the penis and the prepuce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study evaluated success rates of surgical treatment of head and neck abscesses and draining tracts for suspected migrating vegetal foreign body and oropharyngeal penetrating injuries, and compared the outcomes according to whether a vegetal foreign body was identified in preoperative computed tomography (CT) examination. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study involved 39 dogs that underwent CT and subsequent surgical exploration of abscesses and/or draining tracts in the head and neck, in a single institution between 2010 and 2021. Recorded data included signalment, history, physical examination, CT and surgical findings. The postoperative follow‐up period was at least 8 months. Cases were classified according to whether a foreign body was identified on CT or was only suspected because of the presence of cavities and/or draining tracts on CT. Results: A vegetal foreign body was identified on CT in 11 of 39 cases and later confirmed at surgery in 10 cases. In 28 of 39 cases, a vegetal foreign body was not identified on CT, but in seven of these 28 cases it was found at surgery. Resolution of clinical signs was achieved in 11 of 11 cases when a vegetal foreign body was identified on CT and in 26 of 28 cases without a foreign body identified on CT. Two cases of recurrence were observed in animals in which no foreign body was detected. Clinical Significance: In this population of dogs undergoing surgery after preoperative CT scan, we observed resolution of clinical signs after a single surgical procedure in 95% of the cases. All animals in which a foreign body was identified were cured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Chylothorax is a life-threatening disease resulting in accumulation of chyle in the thoracic cavity due to thoracic duct leakage. In many cases, the only treatment is surgical tying of the damaged duct with a thread or by placing a ligation clip. However, such an operation is technically demanding as it requires suitable exposure of the lymphatic system structures. Stay sutures and/or classical (metal) tissue retractors, as used so far, provide sufficient exposure of the thoracic duct only after several manipulations during the surgery, which prolongs the operation and increases infection risk. In this communication, we present our impressions of using o-ring elastic wound retractors (O-WRs) instead of classical retraction in three large breed dogs. We conclude that the O-WRs provide a static circumferential vision of the operation field and good access to the thoracic duct. The usage of other surgical instruments is not hampered by the O-WRs. In turn, the elastic rings are not damaged by the metal instruments. In addition to classical retraction, the O-WRs, once placed in the diaphragmatic area, do not require further manual retraction. A suitable wound retraction is crucial for open surgical treatment of chylothorax in dogs. A single paracostal approach for transabdominal/transdiaphragmatic thoracic duct ligation and cisterna chyli ablation is an effective procedure. For the procedure, the use of stay sutures and handheld or automatic soft tissue retractors is recommended. However, it is often necessary to adjust the retractors several times during the surgery to provide sufficient exposure of the thoracic duct. This prolongs the operation and increases infection risk. In this report, we describe the modified application of two o-ring elastic wound retractors (O-WRs) in three large breed dogs with idiopathic chylothorax. We conclude that the O-WRs provide a static circumferential vision of the operation field and good access to the cisterna chyli, especially to the thoracic duct. The usage of other surgical instruments is not hampered by the O-WRs, and the elastic rings are not damaged by the metal instruments. Once placed in the diaphragmatic area, indeed, they do not require further manual retraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastro-intestinal anastomosis is mostly performed to correct the gastro-intestinal surgical disorders like gastro-intestinal obstruction, abdominal trauma, perforated bowel, intussusception and intestinal neoplasia etc. In early periods conventional intestinal anastomosis was followed which evolved into a seromuscular pattern of suture technique in recent years. Stapled anastomosis have a higher tensile strength than sutured anastomosis, since they heal by primary intention with minimal inflammation. Taking above facts into consideration, this study was undertaken to compare the conventional suture with stapler anastomosis of gastro-intestinal surgery in dogs. Methods: Clinical cases of dogs which were reported to Small Animal Out-Patient (Surgery Unit) of Madras Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Chennai, with the symptoms of gastro-intestinal obstruction due to multifactorial causes formed the study material that were randomly divided into two groups of 6 dogs each. Group I Cases were treated with conventional suture, Group II were treated with gastrointestional anastomosis staplers. Plain and contrast radiography, ultrasonography, intestional anastomosis time, resumption of oral feeding, matrix metalloproteinase were performed. Result: Stapler technique was found to be superior, accurate and most effective than the conventional technique in terms of anastomotic constructing time, less bowel manipulation, tissue trauma, anaesthetic exposure, risk of peritoneal contamination, early resumption of gastro-intestinal motility and oral feeding, rapid healing at the anastomotic site and reduced hospital stay. Moreover the procedure was easy to perform and simple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the statistical association of severe intraoperative hypoxemia in thoracic surgery with mortality, postoperative hospitalization times and cost of care. Retrospective study. Dogs that underwent thoracic surgery in three veterinary hospitals between October 1, 2018 and October 1, 2020. Anesthesia and hospitalization records from 112 dogs were reviewed and 94 cases met inclusion criteria. Recorded data included signalment, disease etiology, pulmonary or extrapulmonary nature of disease, surgical procedure performed, episodes of severe intraoperative hypoxemia defined as a pulse oximetry reading (SpO 2) <90% of 5 minutes or longer duration, survival to discharge, time from extubation to hospital discharge and total invoice cost for clinical visit. Dogs were divided into two groups, those that experienced severe hypoxemia (group A) and those in which SpO 2 reading <90% was not observed throughout the procedure (group B). Group A had a greater risk of mortality (odds ratio 10.6, 95% confidence interval 1.9–106.7; p = 0.002), prolonged hospitalization (median 62 hours versus 46 hours; p = 0.035) and more expensive cost of care (median US$10,287 versus $8506; p = 0.056) than group B. No significant difference was found for the type of surgical procedure or pulmonary versus extrapulmonary nature of disease. Severe intraoperative hypoxemia was statistically associated with an increased risk of mortality and longer postoperative hospitalization times. Although not achieving statistical significance, there was a trend toward increased costs to the client for animals with intraoperative hypoxemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Harran University Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine / Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Harran University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: Patnaik grade 2/Kiupel low-grade (G2/LG) represent the majority of diagnosed canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (cMCTs), with a reported incidence of 53.6–57.6%. It has been reported that a variable percentage of dogs (3–17%) with G2/LG die from tumor-related causes; therefore, it could be hypothesized that a subset of G2/LG tumors could manifest an aggressive behavior. Ki67 and mitotic count (MC) are the two most investigated proliferation markers in cMCTs. However, different Ki67 cut-offs have been proposed by previous studies, and have always been assessed in cMCTs of different histological grade in heterogeneous canine populations; moreover, the lymph nodes' (LNs) metastatic status has never been included. This retrospective study investigated the usefulness of the Ki67 index in predicting cMCT behavior in a homogeneous cohort of G2/LG with HN2 LNs. Thirty-nine dogs with primary G2/LG cMCTs and HN2 LNs treated with surgery alone were enrolled. The results of the present study report that all dogs treated with surgery alone had a good prognosis; no local, nodal or distant metastasis occurred in the timespan considered, and the Ki67 index did not have prognostic impact. Several studies evaluating Ki67 in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (cMCTs) have reported its prognostic value when tumors of all histological grades are included. This study aims to evaluate whether the Ki67 index has a predictive value in a homogeneous cohort of G2/LG cMCTs with HN2 lymph nodes (LNs) and to describe the clinical outcome. The second goal was to explore the correlation between the Ki67 index and MC. The medical databases of three institutions were retrospectively searched for dogs undergoing surgical treatment for cMCT and LN extirpation, with a histological diagnosis of G2/LG with HN2 LNs. Information about histological margins, MC, Ki67 index, local recurrence, nodal relapse, distant metastasis, de novo cMCT occurrence and date and cause of death were included. A total of 39 cases were identified. None of these developed local and nodal relapse or metastatic distant disease. Median MC was 1 (0–2). Median Ki67 index was 3.5 (0.7–14.3). Ki67 and MC were not significantly correlated. At the end of the study, 32 (82%) dogs were alive, 7 (18%) dogs were dead from unrelated causes and 4 (10.2%) dogs were lost to follow-up. The median ST was not reached, and the mean was 893 days (104–2241 days). Considering the strict inclusion criteria, dogs affected by G2/LG with HN2 LNs treated with surgery alone may have a good oncologic outcome; the Ki67 index does not have prognostic impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Flat-faced (brachycephalic) dogs have increased in popularity despite growing awareness that extreme facial conformation with very bulging eyes compromises their health. Medial canthoplasty (MC) is a commonly performed surgical procedure in flat-faced dogs to improve their facial anatomy with the aim of decreasing eye irritation and discharge and reducing the likelihood of painful ulceration on the surface of the eye (cornea). This study analysed data from flat-faced dogs that were recommended and/or underwent MC. In addition, a questionnaire of owners' perceptions, including eye problems before and after the surgery, and overall satisfaction were collected. Nearly three-quarters of the dogs recommended surgery had a history of, or actively had, corneal ulceration. Under half of the dogs recommended MC went on to have surgery and three quarters of these were Pugs. MC significantly reduced eye discharge, frequency of owners cleaning around their dog's eyes, eye irritation and corneal ulceration with minimal complications and high owner satisfaction. These results demonstrate the value of MC surgery to improve the quality of life of flat-faced animals. Brachycephalic breeds have increased in popularity despite growing awareness of their predisposition to a wide range of conformation-related diseases. The extreme facial conformation of many popular brachycephalic breeds compromises their ocular surface health, increasing the risk of painful corneal ulceration. Medial canthoplasty (MC) is a surgical procedure to address ocular abnormalities in brachycephalic dogs, which are collectively referred to as brachycephalic ocular syndrome (BOS). This study retrospectively reviewed the records of dogs recommended MC at a referral hospital between 2016 and 2021. A questionnaire was designed to identify owners' perceptions pre- and post-operatively. From 271 brachycephalic dogs recommended MC, 43.5% (118/271) underwent surgery and 72.0% (85/118) were Pugs. The majority of dogs (73.7%, 87/118) that underwent surgery had current or historical corneal ulceration. Follow-up was available in 104 dogs, of which 5.7% (6/104) had corneal ulceration post-operatively. Sixty-four owners completed the questionnaire and reported post-operative corneal ulceration in 12.5% of dogs (8/64), reduced ocular discharge (70.8%, 34/48), reduced ocular irritation (67.7%, 21/31) and less periocular cleaning (52.5%, 32/61). Owners were satisfied with the clinical (85.9%, 55/64) and cosmetic (87.5%, 56/64) outcome. In conclusion, MC has high clinical relevance for the surgical management of BOS, restoring functional conformation and improving the quality of life of affected dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Hydrocephalus is the excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricular brain. Surgical management is recommended for progressive neurological signs or unsuccessful medications. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) is an option for improving clinical signs and long-term survival in dogs. This study compared the efficacy and postoperative overshunting between the low-pressure valve and medium-pressure valve VPS in dogs with severe hydrocephalus. The results showed overshunting in four dogs who received low-pressure valve placement, although there was still evidence of improved cognitive function and learning ability. Hydrocephalus is a neurological disorder characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricular system of the brain, leading to cerebral ventricular dilation, brain parenchyma compression, and neuronal cell loss. Surgery is an effective method of draining excessive amounts of CSF. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) allows excess CSF to divert into the abdomen; this device is the most commonly used in the treatment of hydrocephalus both in veterinary and human patients. This study aims to describe the application of two types of VPS, low-pressure valve and medium-pressure valve, using a frameless stereotactic neuronavigational system in eight severe hydrocephalus in dogs and, in particular, analyze the prevalence of postoperative overshunting. Non-communicating hydrocephalus was found in seven dogs, whereas the rest of them had communicating hydrocephalus caused by traumatic brain injury with a skull fracture. The criteria for pressure valve selection depended on the intraoperative intraventricular pressure (IVP) that was determined by the adaptive manometer, according to the human protocol. Low-pressure valve placement was performed in five dogs, and the others received medium-pressure valve placement. The follow-up period was 2 weeks, 4–12 weeks, and 12 weeks to 12 months. Pre- and postoperative information including neurological signs, CT-Scan or MRI, medical treatment, complications, and ventricular volume were compared in all dogs. Seven dogs showed neurological improvement within 2 weeks after surgery. Overshunting was seen in four dogs who received low-pressure valve placement. Three of them had shunt infections within 4 to 6 weeks after surgery. One dog underwent shunt revision from a low-pressure valve to a medium-pressure valve caused by severe overshunting and progressive neurological signs. In addition, cognitive and learning improvements were evaluated based on the owners' feedback, and neurological signs were examined during the follow-up period in two dogs that received low-pressure valve placement. We conclude that a medium-pressure valve is recommended for overshunting prevention. However, low-pressure valve placement seems to improve cognitive function and learning ability, which is related to an increase in the brain parenchyma observed during long-term monitoring. Moreover, we also report our experience and surgical procedure for frameless stereotactic ventricular shunt placement (FSVSP) in VPS surgery in dogs affected by hydrocephalus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There were described in veterinary literature, the possibility of pneumothorax as a complication of laparoscopic surgery in dogs undergoing laparoscopic ovariectomy associated with total laparoscopic gastropexy. Aim: To assess if spontaneous pneumothorax secondary to pneumoperitoneum is a real risk in dogs undergoing total laparoscopic gastropexy. Methods: Dogs undergoing totally laparoscopic gastropexy received chest X-rays (CXR) in lateral (left and right) and ventro-dorsal projection before and after the surgery. Two veterinary radiologists reported the x-rays and indicated the presence or not of pneumothorax. Results: Postoperative pneumothorax was not detected on postoperative CXR in the total of 76 dogs of the study. Conclusion: The odds risk of pneumothorax after total laparoscopic gastropexy surgical procedure is low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]