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The study delves into the prevailing focal points and developmental trends within the international sphere of crop root research under drip irrigation. It leverages the Web of Science core database and employs VOSviewer for a systematic review of the literature spanning 2001 to 2022. The analysis encompasses publication counts, publishing journals, contributing authors, research institutions, and keywords. Findings indicate that research on root systems under drip irrigation has become a notable area of interest in the field of irrigation, attracting global scholarly attention. There is a marked upward trend in publication output, with institutions in China and the United States taking on central roles. Journals like Agricultural Water Management and Acta Horticulturae are key publication venues, with Vadose Zone Journal being notable for high-impact articles. The research primarily involves agronomy, water resources, and horticulture, focusing on yield enhancement through drip irrigation, root distribution under various techniques, crop quality in response to partial root-zone drying, and irrigation scheduling model development. Scholars like Jiri Simunek and Yaohu Kang have made substantial contributions. The field's established framework calls for continued international collaboration to drive further innovation. The identified trends and parameters can be a valuable reference for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners, guiding efforts to optimize agricultural productivity and resource use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the utilisation rate and productivity of saline-alkali land is critical in ensuring sufficient cultivated land resources and food security. Although drip irrigation technology maintains the crop yield in saline-alkali land, the irrigation water amount must be higher than the crop demand. To address this, the present study develops a novel variable discharge emitter (VDE), which consists of an upper cover, a bottom cover, and a diaphragm with a linear incision. The experimental results showed that the VDE achieved two rated discharge levels of 4.1 L h−1 and 9.7 L h−1 when the working water pressure was at 0.10 MPa and 0.16 MPa and when the length of the incision, the thickness of the diaphragm, and the hardness of diaphragm inside the VDE were 3.5 mm, 1.5 mm, and 55.0 HA, respectively. It suggests that VDE has two rated discharges for irrigation and salt-leaching based on two working water pressure ranges. • A variable discharge emitter (VDE) for irrigation and salt-leaching is developed. • Linear incision on diaphragm inside the emitter can achieve two discharge levels. • VDEs spacing in lateral of drip irrigation system should be no less than 1.0 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing water resources in urban areas is relatively expensive due to the costs of electricity and water distribution from wells and water companies. Therefore, water resource management for urban agricultural purposes needs to be made efficient, such as through smart irrigation technologies, one of which is the drip irrigation system that engages soil moisture sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT) to control the amount of distributed water. This study aims to apply and evaluate the performance of a drip irrigation system based on soil moisture sensors and IoT in urban agriculture. The results showed that the distribution uniformity in the system was identified at fair levels, with a Coefficient of Uniformity (CU) of 90.15% and 86.58%, respectively. Furthermore, our study also found that the IoT-assisted drip irrigation system that engaged a Deep Neural Networks (DNN) model to meet the water requirement led to better peanut yield than the irrigation system based on soil moisture as a control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field experiment was conducted during the years 2006-2008 on a very light soil in central Poland in an area particularly deficient in water. The key aim of the study was the reaction of 10 European asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) cultivars: Ravel, Rambo, Rally, Ramada, Rapsody, Cipres, Plaverd, Backlim, Grolim, Orane, grown for green spear production to surface drip irrigation. Drip irrigation of the asparagus plants had a positive effect both on summer stalks and green spears. A significant increase in the height, number and diameter of summer stalks, as well as an increase in the marketable yield, weight and number of green spears was observed for most of the cultivars. Both factors, the irrigation used and the asparagus cultivars, significantly modified the antioxidant content in asparagus spears. The Rapsody cultivar accumulated significantly more, and the Grolim cultivar significantly less, total polyphenols in asparagus spears at unirrigated plots. An inverse relationship was obtained in the Grolim cultivar with respect to the content of vitamin C, which accumulated the most of it under the irrigation conditions. The Ramada cultivar from irrigated plots contained significantly the highest amount of total carotenoids. In turn, the Cipres and Grolim cultivars from irrigated plots were characterized by the highest antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted to investigate suitable irrigation methods for cultivating four types of vegetable crops in sodic soil with alkaline irrigation water. The experiment employed a split-plot design, with drip, sprinkler, and furrow irrigation methods applied to main plots, while the cultivation of cluster beans, bhendi, vegetable cowpeas, and onions took place in subplots. Both drip and sprinkler irrigations proved more efficient than furrow irrigation, resulting in significant yield increases. Specifically, drip irrigation led to yields of 4120, 5160, 9264, and 4019 kg ha−1 for cluster beans, bhendi, vegetable cowpeas, and onions, respectively, in sodic soil with alkaline irrigation water. This represented a yield increase of 43%, 34%, 71%, and 49%, respectively, compared to furrow irrigation. Post-harvest soil samples were collected and analyzed to assess the impact of irrigation methods on soil sodicity, revealing substantial reductions in electrical conductivity and exchangeable sodium percentage with drip irrigation. Additionally, drip irrigation was found to be effective in mitigating soil sodicity compared to sprinkler and furrow irrigation methods. The study also identified sodicity build-up as a critical factor influencing soil microbial populations and enzyme activities in sodic soil and alkaline irrigation water environments. Consequently, based on these findings, drip irrigation is recommended as the preferred method for cultivating vegetable crops in such environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Magnetization constitutes an efficacious physical treatment technique applicable to saline water. The new spiral flow magnetizer, in conjunction with the cyclic magnetization process, has the effect of maximizing effective magnetization time and thereby achieving the optimal magnetization results. Based on this, saline water (0.27, 3, 6, and 10 g L−1) was treated with different levels of magnetization (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 T), and the effects of magnetized saline water (MSW) drip irrigation on loamy-sand soil moisture, soluble salt infiltration, and redistribution characteristics were studied through a vertical soil column simulation experiment. The results showed that the wetting front migration in MSW drip irrigation experiments exhibited minimal variation during soil water infiltration, and a notable change during redistribution with the experimental duration of 0.27 and 3g L−1 saline water treatments being significantly different (p < 0.05). Treating saline water with different mineralization levels with magnetization demonstrated water retention (0.27 g L−1 excluded) and salt drainage characteristics; calculated soil water storage increased by 1.58–14.19% and salt storage decreased by 0.22–7.66%. The optimal magnetization intensity for low-mineralization (0.27 and 3 g L−1) saline water was 0.2 T and for high-mineralization (6 and 10 g L−1) it was 0.6 T. The adsorption and exchange of cations (19.58–32.12%) by the optimum MSW treatments was greater than that of anions (9.46–14.15%); specifically, the relative exchange capacity of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in cations was more than K+ and Na+, while HCO3− and SO42− in anions was more than Cl−. This study provides theoretical and technical support for the irrigation of farmland with poor-quality water, as well as for the development of magnetized water irrigation technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To examine the impacts of varied water and nitroge combinations on wheat yield and quality under drip irrigation in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, a field experiment was conducted over two growing seasons of winter wheat from 2019 to 2021. Methods: Traditional irrigation and fertilization methods served as the control (CK), with two nitrogen application rates set: N1 (180 kg/ha) and N2 (210 kg/ha). The irrigation schedules were differentiated by growth stages: jointing, anthesis (S2); jointing, anthesis, and filling (S3); and jointing, booting, anthesis, and filling (S4), at soil depths of 0-10 cm (M1) and 0-20 cm (M2). Results: Results indicated that compared toCK, the 3 and 4 times irrigation treatments comprehensively improved grain yield (GY) by 8.0% and 13.6% respectively, increased the average plant partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFPN) and irrigation use efficiency (IUE) by 57.5% and 38.2%, and 62.2% and 35.8%, respectively. The gluten content (GC) of 3 irrigationswas 1.6% higher than CK, and othermetrics such as dough tenacity (DT), softness (ST), water absorption (WAS), and gluten hardness (GH) also showed improvements. Furthermore, the contents of amylose, amylopectin, and total starch under 3 irrigations significantly increased by 9.4%, 11.4%, and 9.8%, respectively, with higher than 4 irrigations. The crude protein content and soluble sugar content in 3 irrigations rose by 6.5% and 9.8% respectively over two years. These irrigation treatments also optimized gelatinization characteristics of grains, such as breakdown viscosity (BDV), consistency peak viscosity (CPV), consistency setback viscosity (CSV), pasting temperature (PeT), and pasting time (PaT). Discussion: The study demonstrated that appropriate drip irrigation can effectively synchronize water and nitrogen supply during critical growth stages in winter wheat, ensuring robust late-stage development and efficient transfer of photosynthetic products into the grains, thus enhancing grain mass and yield. This also led to improved utilization of water and fertilizer and enhanced the nutritional and processing quality of the grain. However, excessive irrigation did not further improve grain quality. In conclusion, given the goals of saving water and fertilizer, achieving excellent yield, and ensuring high quality, the N1S3M1 treatment is recommended as an effective production management strategy in the Huang-Huai Hai area; N1S3M2 could be considered in years of water scarcity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than one-third of the global population relies on wheat as a staple food. To ultimately reduce inorganic nitrogen (N) usage through applying an organic fertilizer under drip irrigation and evaluate its effect on the yield, quality, and N utilization efficiency of winter wheat (variety Jimai 22) under various irrigation systems, an experiment was established and conducted in Yanghe Town, Jiaozhou City, from October 2020 to June 2022. The trial was designed with seven treatments, including a control (CK), to achieve a 25% total nitrogen reduction in all treatments except for CK. These treatments included drip irrigation with urea as CK, one-time application of urea through drip irrigation (FU1), one-time application of organic water-soluble fertilizer through furrow irrigation (FO1), one-time application of organic water-soluble fertilizer through drip irrigation (DO1), two-time application of organic water-soluble fertilizer through drip irrigation (DO2), one-time application of urea through drip irrigation (DU1), and two-time application of urea through drip irrigation (DU2). The results indicated that the application of a reduced N fertilizer plus an organic fertilizer significantly improved the dry matter accumulation (DMA) and the efficiency of N absorption and thus increased the grain yield. The DO2 treatment significantly exhibited a 15.5% and 16.9% increase in the DMA and the grain DMA in post-anthesis, respectively, compared to those of CK in the season of 2020–2021. Overall, the apparent nitrogen use efficiency with the drip irrigation topdressing treatments (DO1, DO2, DU1, DU2) increased significantly over two years in comparison with the urea fertilization through traditional furrow irrigation (CK), while the DO2 and DU2 treatments improved most significantly in the N use efficiency and N agronomic efficiency. Therefore, a reduced use of the inorganic N fertilizer with some organic fertilizers significantly increased the weight of thousand-grains and the yield of winter wheat, especially in the DO2 treatment, with an 11.7 t/ha and 10.9 t/ha increase, respectively, in both growing seasons of two years, while the DO2 treatment also improved the extensibility of wheat flour dough from grains harvested in both rainy (2020–2021) and less rainy (2021–2022) growing seasons. Therefore, we strongly recommend that two-time application of an organic water-soluble fertilizer through drip irrigation be the option to reduce the use of inorganic N fertilizers and increase the yield and quality of winter wheat under the conditions of this experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Farm, Palli Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, West Bengal, India during summer season (February-June), 2022 and 2023, respectively to investigate the effects of drip irrigation and nano zinc oxide biofortification on maize. In the main plot, four drip irrigations scheduling treatments viz., once-in-2 days, once-in-3 days, once-in-4 days and Irrigation by surface flooding method were accommodated. The sub-plot treatments consisted of five methods of zinc applications viz., control, soil application of ZnSO4 at 20 kg ha-1, foliar application of ZnO NP at 40 ppm, seed priming of ZnO NP (NP:Nano Particles) at 40 ppm, and seed coating of ZnO NP at 40 ppm. Growth parameter like plant height and number of leaves were highest with application water through drip irrigation once-in-3 days and seed coating of ZnO NP at 40 ppm at 30 DAS for both the years but at 90 DAS, drip irrigation once-in-2 days and seed coating of ZnO NP recorded highest growth parameters. Aerial dry matter accumulation in unit area recorded maximum in drip irrigation oncein-3 days and seed coating of ZnO NP at 40 ppm at 30 DAS but at 90 DAS drip irrigation once-in-2 days and seed coating of ZnO NP recorded highest. Cob girth, number of grains cob-1, seed index, grain yield and biological yield was observed highest with drip irrigation once-in-2 days and seed coating of ZnO NP in zinc treatment for both the years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil salinization is a critical issue impacting agriculture, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different drip irrigation and fertilization treatments on soil water and salt dynamics, maize water use efficiency, and crop yield in the saline–alkali soils of northern Ningxia, China. Over three years, four irrigation treatments were tested: CK (flood irrigation, 810 mm), W1 (low-volume drip irrigation, 360 mm), W2 (medium-volume drip irrigation, 450 mm), and W3 (high-volume drip irrigation, 540 mm). The results demonstrate that treatments W2 and W3 significantly increased soil moisture content at depths of 0–20 cm and 60–100 cm compared to CK, facilitating uniform salt leaching in the 0–40 cm soil layer. However, in the 40–100 cm layer, decreased porosity and upward moisture movement hindered salt migration, resulting in subsurface salt accumulation. Furthermore, drip irrigation combined with fertilization significantly reduced phosphorus fixation and nitrogen leaching, enhancing nutrient availability. This led to a reduction in underground leakage and surface evaporation by up to 39.63%, while water use efficiency improved by 18.97% to 55.13%. By the third year, grain yields under drip irrigation treatments increased significantly compared to CK, with W3 showing the highest gains (up to 21.90%). This study highlights the potential of integrating drip irrigation and fertilization as an effective strategy for managing saline–alkali soils, improving water use, and increasing crop productivity, providing valuable insights for sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crop coefficient (Kc) values given in FAO-56 report need to corrected for local conditions due to differences in climate, soil types, and water management practices. Therefore, present study was undertaken to develop growth-stage-specific Kc values of wheat grown under drip irrigated conditions for two years (2022-23 and 2023-24) at Jalandhar, Punjab. The developed Kc values are 0.36, 0.77, 1.05, 0.69, and 0.25 during initial, development, mid, late, and end growth stages, respectively. These average Kc values can be effectively utilized to schedule irrigation for drip-irrigated wheat crops in the Jalandhar region of Punjab. Irrigating wheat crop under drip irrigation with developed Kc values not only enhances grain yield by 36% but also improves IWUE by three times and saves 61% use of irrigation water as compared to conventional irrigation practices (flood irrigation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of studies conducted in 2020–2023 in Astrakhan oblast on the basis of the Caspian Agrarian Federal Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, are presented. The purpose of these experiments is to develop the most environmentally friendly and resource-saving method of growing planting material of the leafless juzgun (Calligonum aphyllum (Pall.) Gürke) for use in phytomelioration of arid degraded pasture ecosystems and the creation of protective forest plantations in the arid zone of the Northern Caspian Sea. The objectives of this research were to study various methods of planting leafless juzgun (seedlings, cuttings, and seeds) and to identify a more effective one for light chestnut soils of Astrakhan oblast; to determine the optimal seeding rate and soil moisture (% of the lowest moisture capacity) for growing juzgun planting material; and to conduct an assessment of planting material during the growing season, including susceptibility to pests and diseases, crop condition (visual assessment), and biometric indicators according to experimental options. The studies carried out used the methodology of B.A. Dospehov (2011); Technical Specifications OST 56-98-93 (1994) were used to determine the compliance of planting material with the standard. Based on the results of our research, we found that the optimal way to plant leafless juzgun on the light chestnut soils of Astrakhan oblast is to plant seedlings. In addition, in these soil and climatic conditions, elements of the technology for growing leafless juzgun seedlings were developed, including the seeding rate of 250 kg/ha, soil moisture during the sowing–germination growing season at 60–70% of the lowest moisture capacity, and maintaining soil moisture during the growing season at 20–25% of the lowest moisture capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Water shortage and the need for its optimal use in arid and semi-arid regions, including Iran, has led water officials and farmers to use modern irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation with the aim of making optimal use of water resources. Drip irrigation has been welcomed in most parts of the world due to its high efficiency and the possibility of irrigation in different environmental conditions. The most important reason for the superiority of drip irrigation over other irrigation methods is the controllable amount of water for each plant. Drip irrigation is a method in which water is poured out of the net at low pressure through an orifice or device called an emitter and dripped into the bottom of the plant. This irrigation system, like other methods, requires accurate knowledge of the parameters affecting it to achieve the desired efficiency. One of the most important parameters for the irrigation system is the distribution of moisture in the soil and in fact the shape of the moist bulb. Therefore, knowledge of how to distribute water in the soil is essential for the proper design and management of subsurface drip irrigation systems. Since testing is very difficult and time consuming to detect the shape of moisture distribution in the soil, the use of numerical and analytical simulation can be an effective and efficient way to design these systems. Methodology In order to determine the progress of the moisture front in drip irrigation, first the soil texture type and physical properties of the soil were determined. It should be noted that the emitter flow rate was measured and adjusted in volume at the beginning of the test to minimize the difference between the emitter flows along the three side tubes. Evaluation experiments were performed with three outflows of 2, 4 and 6 liters per hour. With the start of the system, the progress of the moisture front at different times was measured by digging a trench using a scale. Numerical simulation of moisture front progress was performed using HYDRUS model based on Richard equation and analytical simulation was performed using Moment Analysis. HYDRUS software was used to numerically simulate the progress of the moisture front. The simulation range was considered to be 100 cm by 100 cm on the two-dimensional plane. In these simulations, 3956 nodes are used to represent the entire simulation range and also, relevant equations were used to calculate the two-dimensional spatial Moment of the wetting pattern . Findings The simulations show that the initial volumetric moisture content is 0.11 and the saturation volumetric moisture content is 0.380 and the water dispersion rate increases over time on the x and z axes. With increasing flow, the maximum dispersion is in the x-axis, which occurs in flow of 6 liters per hour. The result for flow of 6 liters per hour based on the data used is slightly higher than the desired value. The reason why the value of M00 in the flow rate of 6 liters per hour is higher than expected, is that in the simulation flow rate of 6 liters per hour change in the size of the inlet diameter and the amount of flux changes the amount of water entering the soil and moistens a large volume of soil. Due to the different amount of moisture applied to the area at different times, the value of 𝑧𝑐, 𝜎𝑥 2, 𝜎𝑧 2 is different and has caused a change in the size of the oval in different flows. The increase in the size of the ovals indicates the high dispersion of water in that area. The results showed that the Moment analysis was able to express the position of the center of mass of water distributed in the soil with correlation coefficient of 0.986 in linear mode and 0.982 in logarithmic mode. By comparing the values of diameter and depth obtained from the HYDRUS and the drawn ovals, it can be concluded that both methods provide close results. The accuracy of the Moment analysis method in simulating different types of moisture patterns resulting from drip irrigation under different flows with the use of different volumes of water is similar to the HYDRUS model and therefore it is possible to use this feature to predict the pattern of moisture from a certain flow using a specific volume of water . Conclusion In this study, the accuracy of Moment analysis in simulating various moisture patterns resulting from drip irrigation under different flows with the use of different volumes of water was investigated and the possibility of using this feature to predict the pattern of moisture from a given flow using a specific volume of water checked. In order to investigate the Moment of the amount of water distributed in the soil by subsurface drip irrigation, simulation was performed by two-dimensional HYDRUS software for three discharges of 2, 4 and 6 liters per hour with an inlet water volume of 12 liters. Then, using the results of simulation of moisture distribution range by a programming language including MATLAB software, and by calculating the Moments, it was determined that the Moments are able to express the position of the center of mass of water distributed in the soil and how it is distributed relative to x and z axes. The increase in the size of the ovals indicates that more water is distributed in that area. Comparing the diameters and depths of the moisture front between the simulated HYDRUS model and the Moment analysis model, it was found that the Moment analysis is an efficient way to study the distribution of water moisture by drip irrigation and this method can be used as an alternative input to estimate parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 Subsurface drip fertigation is an irrigation technique to simultaneously deliver water and dissolved nutrients into the root zone. Its efficacy depends on many factors. In this paper, we investigate the combined effect of phosphate fertilizer types and dripline depth on distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil and grain yield of maize. 【Method】 The experiments were conducted in tanks grown with maize in a rain shelter, using two types of fertilizers: ammonium polyphosphate (APP, P1) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP, P2). The control is no fertilization (CK). The driplines were buried at the depths of 0 cm (D1) and 15 cm (D2). In each treatment, we measured the spatial variation of nitrogen and phosphate, as well as grain yield. 【Result】 Nitrogen applied in the drip fertigation can move to the edge of the maize roots and accumulate there, while the phosphorus was absorbed by soil. The polymerized phosphate fertilizer (P1) weakened soil adsorption and fixation compared to the normal phosphate fertilizer (P2). Soil available phosphorus content in the APP was 15% higher than that in MAP. Irrigation facilitated phosphorus movement in soil and improved uniformity of its distribution, with the bioavailable phosphorus in D2 being 17% higher than in D1. Phosphorus application significantly promoted root growth, with the root length density at the jointing stage being 35% and 19% higher in P1 and P2 than in CK, respectively. It was also found that D2 increased root length density by 12%, compared to D1. Phosphorus application increased bioavailable phosphorus and root length density. This in turn enhanced dry matter accumulation and root uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus, thereby increasing the final grain yield. P1 increased the grain yield by 3% compared to P2, and 21% compared to CK. 【Conclusion】 Our results showed that subsurface fertigation using APP reduced soil phosphorus adsorption, which in turn promoted maize growth and increased the final grain yield.

The objective of this study was to verify the response of 10 European asparagus cultivars grown for green spear production using post-harvest drip irrigation. Irrigation, used to compensate for periodic deficiencies in precipitation, allows for high and good quality crops for many species, and also keeps soil in good condition. The field experiment was carried out in 2006–2008 on a very light sandy soil in central Poland. Irrigation treatments were applied using the tensiometer indications. Water needs of asparagus were calculated on the base of reference evapotranspiration and crop coefficients. The following evaluations were made: height, diameter and number of summer stalks, as well marketable yield, weight and number of green spears. Drip irrigation applied for two years in the post-harvest period, had a positive effect on all studied traits, both summer stalks and green spears in 2007–2008. A significant increase in the height, number and diameter of summer stalks, as well as an increase in the marketable yield, weight and number of green spears was observed for most of the cultivars. Both factors, the irrigation used and the asparagus cultivars significantly modified the antioxidant content in asparagus spears. The Rapsody cultivar accumulated significantly more, and the Grolim cultivar significantly less, total polyphenols in asparagus spears at unirrigated plots. An inverse relationship was obtained in the Grolim cultivar with respect to the content of vitamin C, which accumulated the most of it under the irrigation conditions. The Ramada cultivar from irrigated plots contained significantly the highest amount of total carotenoids. In turn, the Cipres and Grolim cultivars from irrigated plots were characterized by the highest antioxidant activity.

Plant growth monitoring techniques are of great interest to agricultural engineering. The interaction between root and soil water is one important plant response to environmental variations. This paper aims to develop a new method to estimate plant biological response using root-soil water interaction. It provides a case study on moisture transfer at the boundary area of a soil water retention zone (SWRZ). We produced a SWRZ around growing roots of a cultivated tomato plant in homogenous dried soil using water-saving drip irrigation. The irrigation was designed to supply moisture only in the root zone to meet the minimum need of plant growth. High-resolution soil moisture sensors were used to detect moisture transfer at the boundary area of the SWRZ. We applied frequency analysis to the acquired vibration spectrum using filtering and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) in order to investigate the frequency content at each sensor location. Distinct frequencies of moisture vibration were identified at the boundary area of the SWRZ which indicated water transfer to the roots caused by plant water absorption. A mechanical vibration model was proposed to describe this phenomenon. The pinpoint irrigation to the root zone in the water-saving cultivation method enabled a well-structured spherical root system to form via hydrotropism. This enabled a simple method to analyze moisture transfer based on a mechanical vibration model. The results suggest a new method to estimate plant biological response by studying root-soil water interaction.

Soil evaporation (SE) is a key component of regional hydrological balance, especially in arid areas. China has the largest area of apple orchards in the world, but the effects of mulching practices on SE dynamics and their controlling factors remain poorly understood in orchards using drip irrigation (DI). This study was conducted to address these issues by measuring SE, meteorological factors, soil temperature (ST), and soil water content (SWC) in young apple orchard under two mulching treatments during the growing season. Field experiments, which included three treatments--film mulching (FM) and maize straw mulching (SM), and clean tillage (TL) as a comparator--were conducted in 3-year-old apple orchard with DI in arid northwestern China. The results revealed that mulching significantly affected the daily SE dynamics of the young orchard (p < 0.05), and the daily mean SE under FM, SM, and TL treatments was about 1.3 ± 0.5, 1.3 ± 0.4, and 1.7 ± 0.4 mm·d-1, respectively. No significant differences were detected in the daily SE between FM and SM treatments (p > 0.05), whereas the daily SWC in the four soil layers to 120 cm were consistently greater under SM treatment than under FM and TL treatments (p < 0.05). Compared to the TL treatment, the daily SE under FM and SM treatments was more susceptible to meteorological factors. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the daily SE of the young orchard was mainly controlled by the vapor pressure deficit, reference evapotranspiration and solar radiation, regardless of the treatment. However, there was no significant relationship between the daily SE and wind speed under TL treatment (p > 0.05). This study highlighted the significant differences in SE losses and SWC dynamics of the mulching treatments. Overall, SM is considered to be a more effective mulching practice for reducing unproductive SE and improving SWC status in young apple orchards with DI in arid and similar climatic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: to study the features of humic fertilizer impact on water consumption, yield and quality of onions under drip irrigation in the dry-steppe zone of Saratov Trans-Volga region. Materials and methods. Field studies were carried out on dark chestnut soils in 2019–2022. The objects of the study were the zoned Chalcedony variety and fertilizers based on humic acids. Related observations and studies of water consumption, productivity formation and yield quality were carried out using generally accepted methods. Results. Research has shown that when maintaining a drip irrigation regime, which involves watering when soil moisture is reduced to 80 % of the lowest moisture capacity in the 0–30 cm layer, the total water consumption of onions on average over the years of the study amounted to 4102 cub. m/ha, average daily – 31 cub. m/ha. The humic fertilizer application contributed to a more economical use of moisture and irrigation water, as evidenced by a decrease in the water consumption coefficient by 7.1–23.3 %, and the cost of irrigation water to form a unit of marketable output by 15.9–24.0 %. Humic fertilizers also provided a significant yield increase – 4.9–15.31 t/ha (10–31 % higher than the control – without fertilizers). Conclusions: the humic fertilizer application, which have stimulating and adaptogenic features, when growing onions under the arid conditions of the Saratov Trans-Volga region with drip irrigation, is an effective technique that ensures more economical use of water resources and increases the yield of one of the leading vegetable crops – onions.

【Objective】 Fragrant pear is a cash crop in Northwestern China and its growth relies on irrigation. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of drip irrigation amount on water consumption of the pear as well as water distribution in soil. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted from 2021 to 2023 in a pear orchard in Korla in Xinjiang. It consisted of four irrigation amount treatments: 3 750 (W0), 5 250 (W1), 6 750 (W2) and 8 250 m3/hm2 (W3). The control is surface flooding irrigation with an irrigation amount of 10 000 m3/hm2 (CK). For each treatment, we measured the change in soil water content and water consumption of the pears. 【Result】 Increasing irrigation amount led to an increase in soil water content. With the increase in irrigation amount, the variation coefficient of soil water content and fruit yield of the pear both increased first followed by a decline. The W2 treatment gave the highest fruit yield (7 285.91 kg/hm2), 1.4% to 20.89% higher than that in other treatments. The water use efficiency and irrigation water use coefficient both decreased as the irrigation amount increased. Throughout the entire growth period, water consumption of the pear varied from 444.83 to 695.27 mm. Water consumption during the rapid fruit expansion period of the pear, especially in the early stage, was the highest, varying from 3.77 to 6.16 mm/d. From 2021 to 2023, water consumption of the pear in W3 was 10.11% to 36.02% more than that in other treatments. In 2023, the water consumption of the pear in W2 was 3.74% to 7.15% higher than that in 2021 and 2022, in which the water consumption during rapid fruit expansion period of the pear varied from 4.71 to 5.48 mm/d. The crop coefficient of the pear during its entire growing period varied from 0.48 to 0.84. During the budburst and flowering stages, and the early stage in the rapid fruit expansion period, the crop coefficient of the pear was lower than that estimated from the FAO standard, while during the entire rapid fruit expansion and harvesting stage, the crop coefficient of the pear varied from 0.7 to 1.07 and 0.72 to 1.21, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The optimal drip irrigation amount for fragrant pear in Korla region should be not less than 6 750 m3/hm2.

Effects of different concentrations of biogas slurry (BS) were evaluated relative to vegetable cultivation. Five concentration levels of BS were used as organic fertilizer to grow Chinese cabbages (CA) by drip irrigation to study the effect of BS on the yield and quality. Each level was replicated three times and BS was used seven times. Results showed that the average plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, and soluble sugars and protein contents of Chinese cabbage under the T1 (BS 25%) treatment were optimal. Among them, dry weight per plant (3.53g), soluble sugar content (0.41%), and soluble protein content (0.0039%) were 1.74 times, 1.41 times, and 1.14 times more than under the CK treatment, respectively. In addition, the application of biogas slurry improved the physical and chemical properties of soil. Soil total nitrogen (TN) and available phosphorus (AP) content increased after the use of biogas slurry, and the soil total nitrogen and available phosphorus content increased with the increase in the concentration of the applied biogas slurry. The available potassium (AK) content of soil fluctuated with the concentration of biogas slurry. In addition, biogas slurry can properly improve soil pH. In conclusion, BS 25% was the best for the growth of CA and its quality, which provided scientific basis for biogas slurry as fertilizer.

This field experiment aimed to evaluate the impact of two distinct levels of irrigation, specifically drip irrigation, on a pear orchard to conserve water without compromising production. Kosovo boasts conducive conditions for tree cultivation; however, water scarcity, particularly during the vegetation period, necessitates supplementary irrigation. The study was carried out in the Dukagjini plain on a 10-hectare pear orchard, using a nested experimental design.. Per two levels of irrigation, for 13 rows with tress were used with 100% of evapotranspiration as control and 13 rows with 50% of deficit irrigation. One row were length 90 m and width 40 cm, in total area where applied irrigation were 936 m2. Using ANOVA, we detected significant fluctuations in total yield, the number of fruits, and fruit weight.. With this technology in 100% irrigation have been achieved a total 7497 kg / 900 trees or an average of 8.33 kg / tree while in 50% irrigation have been achieved 4590 kg / 900 trees or 5.10 kg / tree. In classification of fruits 85.41% (100% irrigation) were extra class while 92.30% in 50% of irrigation. Our results confirmed that drip irrigation combined with a moderate water stress increase all productive parameters especiallity in total yield, too with significant water saving.

Paper is devoted to development and research of the fifth generation greenhouse climate automatic control system. This system is based on fuzzy logic toolbox and it allows to automate control processes using the latest developments in this field. In the work the concept of «microclimate of greenhouse complex» for the region of the risky agricultural zone when growing large strawberries in a closed ground.

Abstract Enhancing wheat productivity by implementing a comprehensive approach that combines irrigation, nutrition, and organic amendments shows potential for collectively enhancing crop performance. This study examined the individual and combined effects of using irrigation systems (IS), foliar potassium bicarbonate (PBR) application, and compost application methods (CM) on nine traits related to the growth, physiology, and yield of the Giza-171 wheat cultivar. Analysis of variance revealed significant (P ≤ 0.05) main effects of IS, PBR, and CM on wheat growth, physiology, and yield traits over the two growing seasons of the study. Drip irrigation resulted in a 16% increase in plant height, leaf area index, crop growth rate, yield components, and grain yield compared to spray irrigation. Additionally, the application of foliar PBR at a concentration of 0.08 g/L boosted these parameters by up to 22% compared to the control. Furthermore, the application of compost using the role method resulted in enhanced wheat performance compared to the treatment including mix application. Importantly, the combined analysis revealed that the three-way interaction between the three factors had a significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) on all the studied traits, with drip irrigation at 0.08 g PBR rate and role compost application method (referred as Drip_0.08g_Role) resulting in the best performance across all traits, while sprinkle irrigation without PBR and conventional mixed compost method (referred as sprinkle_CK_Mix) produced the poorest results. This highlights the potential to synergistically improve wheat performance through optimized agronomic inputs.

Organic farming methods, including the use of organic substrates, fertilizers, pesticides, and biological control, are gaining popularity in controlled environment agriculture (CEA) due to economic benefits and environmental sustainability. However, despite several studies focusing on the preparation and evaluation of liquid organic fertilizers, none have explored the compatibility of these fertilizers with different hydroponic systems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate lettuce production using a liquid organic fertilizer under different hydroponic systems. Four distinct hydroponic methods were selected: nutrient film technique (NFT), deep water culture (DWC) (liquid culture systems), and Dutch bucket (DB), regular plastic container (RPC) (substratebased systems). 'Green Butter' lettuce was grown using a liquid organic fertilizer (Espartan) for four weeks. Shoot growth parameters (e.g., shoot width, number of leaves, leaf area, foliar chlorophyll content, fresh weight, and dry weight) and root growth parameters (e.g., root length, fresh weight, and dry weight) were measured. The growth difference of lettuce under the DB and RPC systems was negligible, but the growth in RPC was 29% to 60% and 15% to 44% higher than the NFT and DWC systems, respectively, for shoot width, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot fresh weight and dry weight. Root parameters were nearly identical for the NFT and DWC systems but significantly lower (21% to 94%) than the substrate-based DB and RPC systems. Although lettuce grown in the NFT system showed the least growth, its mineral content in the leaf tissue was comparable or sometimes higher than that of substrate-based hydroponic systems. In conclusion, the tested liquid organic fertilizer is suitable for substrate-based hydroponic systems; however, further evaluation of different liquid organic fertilizers, and crop species is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pigeonpea is second most important pulse crop grown after chickpea in India. Pigeonpea is versatile crop can be grown in vast agro climatic condition with low inputs. However, the yield is very low as compared to the potential yield as grown in rainfed condition, the drip fertigation and mulching can increase resource use efficiency. Both these techniques are resource saving and realized maximum yield by reducing the nutrient and water losses as compared to conventional practices. Methods: The experiment was laid out in factorial complete randomized block design and replicated thrice. The experiment consisted of two levels of irrigation (0.50 CPE and 0.75 CPE) as one factor and three fertility levels (100% RDF, 75% RDF and 50% RDF) as second factor and two levels of mulching (without mulching and with plastic mulching 25 micron) as third factor. Result: The results revealed that higher level of irrigation (0.75 CPE) with 100 per cent RDF and with plastic mulching recorded significantly higher growth rate, seed yield and uptake of nutrients by the pigeonpea crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water footprint is an increasingly demanded environmental sustainability indicator for certifications and labels in agricultural production. Processing tomatoes are highly water-intensive, and existing studies on water footprint have uncertainties and do not consider the impact of different irrigation configurations (e.g., surface drip irrigation (SDI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI)) and irrigation strategies. This study presents a two-year experimental investigation to determine the water footprint of processing tomatoes grown in southern Spain (Andalusia) and the impact of SSDI and deficit irrigation. Five irrigation treatments were established: SDI1 (surface drip irrigation without water limitation), SDI2 (surface drip irrigation without water limitation adjusted by soil moisture readings), SSDI1 (subsurface drip irrigation without water limitation and a dripline depth of 15 cm), SSDI2 (similar to SSDI1 but with mild/moderate water deficit during the fruit ripening stage), and SSDI3 (subsurface drip irrigation without water limitation and a dripline depth of 35 cm (first year) and 25 cm (second year)). Measurements included crop vegetative growth, leaf water potential, leaf gas exchange, nitrate concentration in soil solution, and crop yield and quality. The soil water balance components (actual evaporation, actual transpiration, deep drainage), necessary for determining the total crop water footprint, were simulated on a daily scale using Hydrus 2D software. Results indicated that SSDI makes more efficient use of irrigation water than SDI. The water footprint of SSDI1 was 20–35% lower than that of SDI1. SSDI2 showed similar water footprint values to SDI1 under highly demanding environmental conditions and significantly lower values (≈40%) in a year with lower evaporative demand. The dripline depth in SSDI was critical to the water footprint. With a 35 cm installation depth, SSDI3 had a significantly higher water footprint than the other treatments, while the values were similar to SSDI1 when the depth was reduced to 25 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the uncertainty of rainfall and prolonged droughts in semiarid regions, optimizing water management through techniques like partial root-zone drying (PRD) is crucial for sustainable banana production. This study aimed to evaluate the 'Prata-Anã Gorutuba' banana under irrigation by PRD. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five irrigation strategies (PRD7 50%–50% ETc and 7-day frequency of alternation of the irrigated side—FA, PRD14 50%–50% ETc and 14-day FA, PRD21 50%–50% ETc and 21-day FA, FX 50%–50% ETc and fixed irrigation, and irrigation with 100% ETc on both sides of the plant—FULL) with five replicates. Soil water content, physiological, vegetative, yield characteristics, and water productivity were assessed over two production cycles. PRD on the dry side lowered soil water content below optimal levels for banana cultivation, increased transpiration, and decreased photosynthesis and instantaneous water use efficiency with rising temperatures, while photosynthesis increased with stomatal conductance. PRD reduced plant vigor and delayed flowering in the first cycle. Compared to full and fixed irrigation, PRD conserves water while maintaining crop yields. Water productivity was higher under PRD, with PRD14 (50% ETc and 14-day alternation) offering the best water use efficiency while maintaining yield, making it suitable for 'Prata-Anã Gorutuba' banana cultivation. The study recommends PRD for sustainable banana farming in regions with limited water resources, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices and better water management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drip irrigation using a high-performance pressure-compensating (PC) emitter is one of the essential components for precision agriculture, and it is necessary to accurately predict its performance prior to design. In this study, an efficient two-way fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulation model was developed and verified through an enlarged model experiment. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and computational solid mechanics (CSM) models of the FSI simulation were systematically verified, and a calibration method for the overestimated flow rate in the re-rising range was applied. The CFD model was determined to be the shear stress transport turbulence model, and the CSM model was determined to be the Ogden hyperelastic model for the PC emitter. The minimum prediction error for the flow rate was 7.93%, which was within 10% for all cases. The simulation model demonstrated its efficiency by analysing the performance of a single PC emitter with an average total analysis time of 18.6 h. In addition, by comparing various cases according to the design parameters, it is considered that the hardness of the diaphragm has a significant impact on the design of low-pressure PC emitters. The simulation model of this study can accurately predict the performance of PC emitter under specific conditions, yet improvement of simulation model is required to be applied in design optimisation. Future studies may benefit from combining an improved FSI simulation with a surrogate model to further enhance optimisation efforts. • The performance experiment of a pressure-compensating (PC) emitter was modelled. • The accuracy of two-way FSI simulation suggested was within 10% in all the cases. • Hardness of diaphragm was considered as design parameter along with groove size. • Hardness of a diaphragm played a key role in the design of low-pressure PC emitters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbon source/sink nature and the water balance of a drip-irrigated and mulched watermelon cultivated under a semi-arid climate were investigated. Biodegradable films, plants and some fruits were left on the soil as green manure. The study spanned from watermelon planting to the subsequent crop (June–November 2023). The eddy covariance technique was employed to monitor water vapor (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes, which were partitioned into transpiration, evaporation, photosynthesis and respiration, respectively, using the flux variance similarity method.This method utilizesthe Monin–Obukhov similarity theory to separate stomatal (photosynthesis and transpiration) from non-stomatal (respiration and evaporation) processes. The results indicate that mulching films contribute to carbon sequestration in the soil (+19.3 g C m−2). However, the mulched watermelon crop presented in this study functions as a net carbon source, with a net biome exchange, representing the net rate of C accumulation in or loss from ecosystems, equal to +230 g C m−2. This is primarily due to the substantial amount of carbon exported through marketable fruits. Fixed water scheduling led to water waste through deep percolation (approximately 1/6 of the water supplied), which also contributed to the loss of organic carbon via leaching (−4.3 g C m−2). These findings recommend further research to enhance the sustainability of this crop in terms of both water and carbon balances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Precision farming drip irrigation is an emerging technology with substantial promise to aid both farmers and society is an important criterion to adopt a technology in their farming activity. Tamil Nadu Irrigated Agriculture ModernisationProject (TN-IAMP) is a World Bank supported project implemented by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University at various districts of Tamil Nadu state, India in different phases of the project. The sub-basins Aliyar, Lower Vellar, Uppar, Sirumalaiyar, Sathiyar, Cauvery Delta Zone- Nagapattinam, Lower ColeroonAduthurai, Vridhachalam sub basins of Tamil Nadu state were selected for the study. These sub basins of Tamil Nadu covering major area under drip irrigation in vegetable crops. A Sample of 559 of precision farming beneficiaries were taken for the study. A well structured interview schedule was used for data collection and collected data were analyzed by using appropriate statistical tools. The salient findings are majority of respondents were old age, educated up to secondary school level followed by middle school level, more than 10 years farming experience, marginal size of landholding, medium annual income, medium economic motivation, medium social participation, high extension contact, medium risk orientation, and most of respondents had used medium information seeking behavior. About three fourth (71.19%) of respondents had medium level of knowledge about drip irrigation system and had medium level (76.56%) of adoption in drip irrigation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The substantial depletion of freshwater reserves in many pivotal agricultural regions, attributable to the dual pressures of global climate change and the excessive extraction of water resources, has sparked considerable apprehension regarding the sustainability of future food and water security. Drip irrigation, as an efficient and precise irrigation method, reduces water loss caused by deep percolation, soil evaporation, and runoff by controlling the irrigation dosage and frequency, thus improving the efficiency of water resource utilization. Studies have shown that compared with traditional irrigation methods, drip irrigation can significantly decrease water consumption, optimize the water–energy relationship by reducing soil evaporation, increase the leaf area index, and promote crop growth, thereby enhancing plant transpiration. Although more wet and dry soil cycles from drip irrigation may increase soil CO2 emissions, it also enhances crop photosynthesis and improves crop net ecosystem productivity (NEP) by creating more favorable soil moisture conditions, indicating greater carbon sequestration potential. The advantages of drip irrigation, such as a short irrigation cycle, moderate soil moisture, and obvious dry and wet interfaces, can improve a crop's leaf area index and biomass accumulation, improve root dynamics, promote the distribution of photosynthetic products to the aboveground parts, and thus enhance crop yields. This study highlights the potential for the application of drip irrigation in arid regions where resource optimization is sought, providing strong technical support for the achievement of sustainable agricultural development. Future research needs to consider specific agricultural practices, soil types, and environmental conditions to further optimize the implementation and effectiveness of drip irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To explore the effects of different irrigation approaches, mulching, and their interaction on greenhouse melon (Cucumis melo L.) production and water use, a field experiment was conducted in Northern China using four treatments: mulching drip irrigation (MDI), mulching furrow irrigation (MFI), drip irrigation (DI), and furrow irrigation (FI; CK). The plant biomass, yield, water consumption, and water use efficiency (WUE) of melons were measured at different growth stages. The results showed that mulching has significant positive impacts on the growth as well as the fruit yield of melons. However, the water use characteristics of the plant were more greatly determined by the various irrigation approaches, and there was a significant interaction between the irrigation approach and mulching for both the total water consumption and WUE of the greenhouse melon. Of these treatments, MDI resulted in the highest yield of 38.49 t/hm2, which was significantly higher than the yields obtained with DI (32.36 t·hm−2) and FI (CK, 30.34 t·hm−2). In addition, the water consumption under MDI was 45.80% lower than FI (CK), which resulted in the promotion of WUE under MDI. The WUE range of the greenhouse melon is as follows: MDI (334.77 kg·mm−1·hm−2) > DI (244.84 kg·mm−1·hm−2) > MFI (189.78 kg·mm−1·hm−2) > FI (CK; 142.94 kg·mm−1·hm−2). The findings of this study indicate that mulching can boost melon yield, and drip irrigation can limit water consumption. This study provides a reference point for policymakers, indicating that drip irrigation with plastic mulching could be a feasible adaptation strategy for increasing greenhouse melon production in Northern China, as well as other agriculture regions that suffer from water shortages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity inhibits plant growth, especially in arid regions. Traditional irrigation methods often lack efficiency and sustainability. This study investigates AquaTrap, a biomimetic design, as a potential solution. The study highlights AquaTrap's advantages by analyzing its design and previous research on bioinspired water harvesting. It highlights its ability to increase water efficiency and support sustainable plant growth in dry areas. Biomimicry inspires AquaTrap's design, which mimics natural systems to capture and deliver water to plant roots. To collect condensation while repelling water, the stack uses superhydrophobic materials. Plant roots then receive this accumulated water for growth. Compared to traditional methods, AquaTrap offers many advantages. Its stand-alone design eliminates complex infrastructure and minimizes evaporation. Additionally, delivering water directly to the roots reduces waste and increases water efficiency. This technology holds promise for introducing new vegetation, restoring plant life, and promoting sustainable agriculture in arid regions. Further research is needed to explore the potential of AquaTrap in a variety of field conditions, optimize it for different plants and environments, and evaluate its economic feasibility for widespread use. AquaTrap also has significant potential for sustainable forestry, as it can significantly increase the survival and growth of trees in water-scarce environments. System solution opportunities and modular structure provide crucial support during the most critical adaptation period of afforestation. By reducing water consumption and increasing efficiency, it supports the establishment and maintenance of healthy forests, which are vital for ecosystem resilience and biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In areas with restriction of water resource access for agricultural activities, one of the most challenging issues is determining irrigation depth in such a way that gets high efficiency. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate three different irrigation scenarios; in which irrigation depth was determined by WASH_1D/2D model and FAO method; as well as rainfed (no irrigation) treatment, in the fine textured soil under potato cultivation. The results showed that simulating method could optimize water use with considering weather forecast data as 6 irrigation events and 12.6 mm depth, compared to 10 irrigation events and 37.3 mm depth for FAO method. A significant difference was observed among gained yield under irrigated and rainfed plots that implied irrigation importance even in rainy season. The applied water efficiency values for simulated and FAO methods was gained as 198 and 70 g/mm, respectively; which indicate the WASH_1D/2D model may be an appropriate choice to determine irrigation depth considering water use optimizing in regions with water supply problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In micro-irrigation systems, distinct media filters and filtering materials are employed to remove suspended solids from irrigation water and thereby avoid emitter obstruction. Turbidity is related to suspended solids and dissolved oxygen depends on organic matter load. At this time, no models exist that are trustworthy enough to forecast the dissolved oxygen and turbidity at the outlet when utilising various media configurations and filter types. The objective of this investigation was to construct a model that can identify turbidity and dissolved oxygen at the filter outlet in advance. This study presents an algorithm for meta-heuristic optimisation inspired by populations termed Differential Evolution (DE) in conjunction with Support Vector Regression (SVR) (DE /SVR-relied model). This is an effective machine learning method, with seven kernel types for calculating the output turbidity (Turb o) and the output dissolved oxygen (DO o) from a dataset comprising 1,016 samples of various reclaimed water-using filter types. The type of media and filter, the height of the filter bed, the cycle duration, and the filtration velocity, as well as the electrical conductivity at the filter inlet, pH, inlet dissolved oxygen, water temperature, and the input turbidity are all tracked and analysed in order to achieve this. The best-fitted DE/SVR-relied model was constructed to predict the Turb o and DO o as well as the input variables' relative importance. Determination coefficients for the best-fitted DE/SVR-relied model for the testing dataset were 0.89 and 0.92 for outlet turbidity (Turb o) and outlet dissolved oxygen (DO o), respectively, showing a good predictive performance which are of great importance for the management of drip irrigation systems. [Display omitted] • Predictive DE/SVR models of the Turb o and DO o in granular filters are built. • The relative importance of the input variables in this process are determined. • The DE/SVR results for the Turb o and DO o are compared with the experimental values. • The correlation coefficients of the best SVR model are 0.95 and 0.96, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This field experiment aimed to evaluate the impact of two distinct levels of irrigation, specifically drip irrigation, on a pear orchard to conserve water without compromising production. Kosovo boasts conducive conditions for tree cultivation; however, water scarcity, particularly during the vegetation period, necessitates supplementary irrigation. The study was carried out in the Dukagjini plain on a 10-hectare pear orchard, using a nested experimental design.. Per two levels of irrigation, for 13 rows with tress were used with 100% of evapotranspiration as control and 13 rows with 50% of deficit irrigation. One row were length 90 m and width 40 cm, in total area where applied irrigation were 936 m². Using ANOVA, we detected significant fluctuations in total yield, the number of fruits, and fruit weight. With this technology in 100% irrigation have been achieved a total 7497 kg/900 trees or an average of 8.33 kg/tree while in 50% irrigation have been achieved 4590 kg/900 trees or 5.10 kg/tree. In classification of fruits 85.41% (100% irrigation) were extra class while 92.30% in 50% of irrigation. Our results confirmed that drip irrigation combined with a moderate water stress increase all productive parameters especiallity in total yield, too with significant water saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Soil Sciences & Agricultural Engineering is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Enhancing wheat productivity by implementing a comprehensive approach that combines irrigation, nutrition, and organic amendments shows potential for collectively enhancing crop performance. This study examined the individual and combined effects of using irrigation systems (IS), foliar potassium bicarbonate (PBR) application, and compost application methods (CM) on nine traits related to the growth, physiology, and yield of the Giza-171 wheat cultivar. Analysis of variance revealed significant (P ≤ 0.05) main effects of IS, PBR, and CM on wheat growth, physiology, and yield traits over the two growing seasons of the study. Drip irrigation resulted in a 16% increase in plant height, leaf area index, crop growth rate, yield components, and grain yield compared to spray irrigation. Additionally, the application of foliar PBR at a concentration of 0.08 g/L boosted these parameters by up to 22% compared to the control. Furthermore, the application of compost using the role method resulted in enhanced wheat performance compared to the treatment including mix application. Importantly, the combined analysis revealed that the three-way interaction between the three factors had a significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) on all the studied traits, with drip irrigation at 0.08 g PBR rate and role compost application method (referred as Drip_0.08g_Role) resulting in the best performance across all traits, while sprinkle irrigation without PBR and conventional mixed compost method (referred as sprinkle_CK_Mix) produced the poorest results. This highlights the potential to synergistically improve wheat performance through optimized agronomic inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out at Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, during the rabi seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 to investigate the effects of irrigation levels, crop geometry, and mulch on yield parameters, yield, economics, and water use efficiency of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Findings showed that the irrigation level of 0.8 ETc considerably increased the yield parameters of fennel, including seed (1684 kg ha-1) and stover yield (3110 kg ha-1), net return (103149 ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (2.58). At 0.6 ETc, a maximum water use efficiency of 5.48 kg ha-1 mm-1 was observed. 40 cm x 60 cm paired row planting produced significantly superior yield parameters, seed yield, and water use efficiency. Results further revealed that the application of plastic mulch considerably improved yield parameters, yield, net return, and benefit: cost ratio as compared to no mulch treatment. However, test weight and harvest index were not influenced by plastic mulch. Thus, in arid and semi-arid parts of Rajasthan, integrated use of drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc and plastic mulch under paired row sowing of 40 cm x 60 cm proved more viable for ensuring higher productivity of rabi fennel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt accumulation in bare strips under film-mulched drip irrigation is a global concern as it adversely affects soil quality and hinders sustainable agricultural development in arid and semi-arid regions. This study aims to investigate the spatial distribution of soil moisture and salt under various planting patterns and assess the lateral salt accumulation effect in bare strips. Seven treatments were implemented based on the local cotton planting pattern, including the local classical planting pattern (LTP), mulch width of 220 cm (WFM-220), spacing of 90 cm (SFM-90), mulch width of 40 cm (WFM-40), spacing of 10 cm (SFM-10), ridge tillage (TFM-RT), and ditching (TFM-D), varying in mulch width, spacing, and tillage method in bare strips. Additionally, the performance of the HYDRUS-2D model was evaluated by comparing simulated and observed values using field data. The results revealed that (I) the WFM-220 cm treatment exhibited the best water content retention under mulched film, with lower salt accumulation in the surface bare strip (0–20 cm soil layer); (II) all treatments with narrow rows showed desalination effects in the 0–40 cm soil layer, with salt content reductions ranging from approximately 13% to 38% compared to the initial values; (III) under the LTP treatment, the lateral salt discharge effect in the bare strip of the 0–40 cm soil layer was the best, regardless of mulch width and spacing, with a salt accumulation rate up to three times higher than the initial value, and even up to four times higher in the 0–10 cm layer; (IV) the TFM-RT treatment exhibited the best salt accumulation ability on the surface bare strip; and (V) the HYDRUS-2D model proved to be an effective tool for studying the dynamic regulation mechanism of water and salt with root mean square error values ranging from 0.079 to 0.106 cm3·cm−3 for soil water content and from 0.044 to 0.079 dS·m−1 for electrical conductivity, indicating good agreement between simulations and observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microplastics (MPs) formed by broken plastic film may migrate in the soil under drip irrigation. To investigate the migration distribution of MPs in desert farmland soil under drip irrigation conditions, our study was conducted on farmland in Xinjiang (China). A MP drip irrigation penetration migration testing device was set up in combination with Xinjiang farmland irrigation methods to conduct a migration simulation experiment. The results showed that the migration amount of MPs in soil was significantly positively correlated with the amount of drip irrigation, and significantly negatively correlated with the soil depth; in addition, the relationship between the migration amount of MPs in different types of soil was: clay < sandy loam < sandy soil. Under drip irrigation conditions, the migration rates of MPs were 30.51%, 19.41%, and 10.29% in sandy soil, sandy loam soil, and clay, respectively. The migration ability of these three particle sizes of polyethylene MPs in soil was ranked as follows: 25 to 147 μm > 0 to 25 μm > 147 to 250 μm. When the drip irrigation volume was 2.6 to 3.2 L, horizontal migration distances of MPs exceeded 5 cm, and vertical migration distances reached more than 30 cm. Our findings provide reference data for the study of soil MP migration. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1250–1259. © 2024 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to explore the changes of root morphology, configuration, and nitrogen use efficiency of rice under mulched drip irrigation and their relationship with fractal dimension. From 2021 to 2022, a pot experiment was conducted with two irrigation methods of drip irrigation (DI) and flooding irrigation (FI) and four nitrogen (N) application levels (0, 150, 300 and 450 kg hm-2) using high nitrogen efficient (high-NUE) cultivar (T-43) and low-NUE cultivar (Ken-26) as the experimental materials. Based on the box-counting method combined with the root image fractal analysis program, the fractal dimension and fractal abundance of root morphology were calculated, and the effects of drip irrigation and nitrogen application on rice yield, nitrogen use efficiency, root morphology, configuration, fractal dimension, and fractal abundance were studied. The results showed as follows: (1) under the same N application level, compared with FI, the fine root percentage, root length density (RLD) β-value, and N agronomic efficiency (NAE) of the two varieties under DI were significantly increased (6.8%-14.5% and 9.9%-17.2%, 0.65%-5.45% and 0.32%-3.43%, 12.1%-22.4% and 12.2%-20.5%); >0.5 mm RLD, surface area density (SAD) and root bulk density (RLD), fractal dimension (FD), fractal abundance (FA) were significantly lower in the 0-40 cm soil layer, resulting in lower yields (3.8%-37.4% and 7.6%-48.3%). (2) Under DI, nitrogen application significantly increased FD and FA of rice roots. T-43 had the highest FD and FA when the nitrogen application rate was 300 kg hm-2 (1.55 and 14.07), and Ken-26 had the highest FD and FA when the nitrogen application rate was 450 kg hm-2 (1.62 and 14.78). (3) Correlation analysis showed that FD and FA were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with RLD of 0.1-0.3 mm in diameter, root length, and root mass density, yield and N grain production efficiency in 0-10 cm soil layer, and significantly negatively correlated with the surface area density in 30-40 cm soil layer. Therefore, under drip irrigation, the high-NUE cultivar "T-43" with N fertilizer of 300 kg hm-2 can increase the proportion of fine root length density, optimize the distribution of surface root morphology, and increase the fractal dimension and abundance of the root system, thus achieving a synergistic increase in the yield of drip-irrigated rice and the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)