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Nanocoating is a layer or coating on various drug delivery systems and medical devices within the nanometer range to improve the physicochemical properties, stability, compatibility and protect the materials from the external environment. The categories of materials used for the coating include polymers, metals, and carbon compounds. The technology is used for pharmaceutical as well as non-pharmaceutical areas. Nanocoating possesses some disadvantages and the need to use specialized instruments. Nanotechnology is beneficial from the developmental stages of the formulations to the finalized products and is one of the important methods to improve the efficiency of pharmaceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomimetic nanodrug delivery systems based on cell membranes have emerged as a promising approach for targeted cancer therapy due to their biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. Among them, platelet-mediated systems are particularly noteworthy for their innate tumor-homing and cancer cell interaction capabilities. These systems utilize nanoparticles shielded and directed by platelet membrane coatings for efficient drug delivery. This review highlights the role of platelets in cancer therapy, summarizes the advancements in platelet-based drug delivery systems, and discusses their integration with other cancer treatments. Additionally, it addresses the limitations and challenges of platelet-mediated drug delivery, offering insights into future developments in this innovative field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of biomedical technologies has introduced a promising approach for targeted drug delivery—utilizing nano and microscale systems. These compounds provide the potential for precise drug delivery to specific tissues, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic efficacy, thereby minimizing off-target effects and improving site-specific accumulation. They enable controlled release of therapeutic agents, reducing the systemic toxicity often associated with conventional drugs. This review particularly highlights the critical role of cell membrane-decorated nanocompounds (CDCs), which represent a significant innovation in this field. Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a pivotal role in enhancing the precision of CDCs, utilizing advanced algorithms to predict optimal delivery routes and release mechanisms. Moreover, AI-driven analytics are instrumental in the real-time monitoring and adjustment of drug release rates, ensuring maximum efficacy and patient safety. This review delves into the applications of CDCs, exploring their characterization, drug delivery potential, and future prospects, with a specific focus on how cell membrane coatings can revolutionize the landscape of drug delivery. Furthermore, the integration of AI in these processes is emphasized, particularly in how it can significantly impact future therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanoma is considered the deadliest skin cancer that can be treated with surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, etc. The use of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) in order to increase the effectiveness of electron beams and ultrasound beams by increasing the production of free radicals (ROS) and their ability to deliver chemotherapy drugs is under research. Cisplatin is one of the chemotherapy drugs based on platinum, whose ability to deal with melanoma has recently been clarified. In this study, we studied the synthesis of Fe2O3, Fe2O3@L-Aspartic and Fe2O3@L-Aspartic@Cisplatin nanoparticles and we managed to determine the characteristics of each of them using TEM, DLS, FTIR, UV–Vis tests; also, MTT and flow cytometry tests were performed for Fe2O3 and Fe2O3@L-Aspartic with the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, 80 and 100 μ g/mL and for Fe2O3@L-Aspartic@Cisplatin and cisplatin with concentrations of 0.6, 1.6, 5, 10 and 20 μ g/mL alone and in combination with electron beam with doses of 1 Gy, 2Gy and 3Gy and ultrasound beam with the intensities of 1W/cm2 and 2W/cm2. The results of the mining TEM test show the size of Fe2O3, Fe2O3@L-Aspartic and Fe2O3@L-Aspartic@Cisplatin to be 25nm, 35nm and 42nm, and the FTIR and UV–Vis tests also confirmed the nanoparticle coating and drug loading; also, the results of MTT and flow cytometry test showed the effectiveness of Fe2O3, Fe2O3@L-Aspartic and Fe2O3@L-Aspartic@Cisplatin in increasing the effectiveness of electron beam and ultrasound beam. The use of nanotechnology together with other treatment methods can shed light on a new way to overcome cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the evaluation and the drug release characteristics of a new coated matrix membrane (CMM) system, particularly emphasizing drug delivery from porous systems that offer more precise release control, especially for drugs with narrow therapeutic indexes (NTIs), such as theophylline. The parameters affecting the delivery of theophylline from the CMM were systematically studied. In the study, ethyl cellulose (ETC) served as the coating polymer, while poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) was selected as the pore-forming agent. Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was used as the base polymer in the preparation of matrix membranes, and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) was preferred as the hydrophilicity balancing guest polymer. The effects of matrix membrane (MM) thickness, heat treatment temperature (HTT), coating layer thickness, drug loading concentration and coating layer porosity on the release rate of theophylline from CMM systems were all investigated. Additionally, the impacts of pH and temperature on theophylline release from CMM systems were examined. All experiments were conducted in vitro. By the study, 150 °C was determined as optimal HTT temperature. At more acidic pH values greater release rates were obtained. The release mechanism consistent with the Case I (Fickian) diffusion model and the activation energy for the permeation of theophylline through CMM systems was found as 62.355 J mol−1. As a result of the study, it was determined that the optimized CMM system with improved release properties can control the released amount of theophylline and it was proposed as a promising material for the dermal delivery of theophylline in vivo. A new drug delivery coated matrix membrane system for theophylline delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balloon angioplasty achieves luminal enlargement by fracturing the atherosclerotic intima at its point of least resistance, thereby creating a dissection plane and space with dehiscence of the intima from the media. This barotraumatic dissection triggers an inflammatory and proliferative reaction, resulting in a restenosis process at medium-term. In the era of plain old balloon angioplasty, quantitative angiographic studies at follow-up demonstrated that - the greater the acute luminal gain was after balloon angioplasty, the greater the late luminal loss was at follow-up. The interventional cardiologists coined the following motto "the more you gain, the more you lose". However, in the current era of drug coated balloon (DCB), it appears that this vexing conundrum could have been abrogated. A recently published DCB study in small de novo vessel has demonstrated that there was a slightly negative correlation between the volume of dissection assessed by optical coherence tomography and the angiographic late luminal loss (now gain) after Paclitaxel coated balloon treatment. In other words, the barotraumatic dissection does not necessarily herald a restenosis process in the era of DCB. This article revisits the mechanism of balloon angioplasty and explores how DCB with Paclitaxel may change the paradigm of balloon angioplasty as default treatment in CAD percutaneous treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous progress of biomedical technology, biomaterial coatings play an important role in improving the performance of medical devices and promoting tissue repair and regeneration. The application of natural medicine to biological materials has become a hot topic due to its diverse biological activity, low toxicity, and wide range of sources. This article introduces the definition and classification of natural medicines, lists some common natural medicines, such as curcumin, allicin, chitosan, tea polyphenols, etc., and lists some biological activities of some common natural medicines, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor, and other properties. According to the different characteristics of natural medicines, physical adsorption, chemical grafting, layer-by-layer self-assembly, sol–gel and other methods are combined with biomaterials, which can be used for orthopedic implants, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular stents, wound dressings, drug delivery systems, etc., to exert their biological activity. For example, improving antibacterial properties, promoting tissue regeneration, and improving biocompatibility promote the development of medical health. Although the development of biomaterials has been greatly expanded, it still faces some major challenges, such as whether the combination between the coating and the substrate is firm, whether the drug load is released sustainably, whether the dynamic balance will be disrupted, and so on; a series of problems affects the application of natural drugs in biomaterial coatings. In view of these problems, this paper summarizes some suggestions by evaluating the literature, such as optimizing the binding method and release system; carrying out more clinical application research; carrying out multidisciplinary cooperation; broadening the application of natural medicine in biomaterial coatings; and developing safer, more effective and multi-functional natural medicine coatings through continuous research and innovation, so as to contribute to the development of the biomedical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study focused on the formulation and physical characterization of quercetin-loaded gelatin microspheres and their evaluation for potential use in drug delivery. For the experiment, gelatin microspheres (GM0—with gelatin alone, and GM1, GM2, and GM3—with different concentrations quercetin) were prepared. The physical characterization of microspheres was done using appropriate techniques. The suitability of a chosen formulation was adjudged by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), loose surface crystal study and equilibrium swelling study along with the in vitro drug delivery potential. The formulated microsphere sample, GM2 with an optimum quantity of the drug quercetin (380 mg per 1500 mg gelatin), showed comparable but slightly better physical and rheological properties than the other two samples facilitating better flow and packaging properties. FTIR analysis revealed the absence of interference between the drug and the gelatin coating matrix and exhibited minimum drug coating. Also, GM2 showed a more controlled drug release profile in the dissolution media (acidic and basic). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A pelletizer paired with hot-melt extrusion technology (HME) was used to develop colon-targeted pellets for ketoprofen (KTP). Thermal stability and side effects in the upper gastrointestinal tract made ketoprofen more suitable for this work. Methods: The pellets were prepared using the enzyme-triggered polymer Pectin LM in the presence of HPMC HME 4M, followed by pH-dependent Eudragit® S 100 coating to accommodate the maximum drug release in the colon by minimizing drug release in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Box–Behnken Design (BBD) was used for response surface optimization of the proportion of different independent variables like Pectin LM (A), HPMC HME 4M (B), and Eudragit® S 100 (C) required to lower the early drug release in upper GIT and to extend the drug release in the colon. Results: Solid-state characterization studies revealed that ketoprofen was present in a solid solution state in the hot-melt extruded polymer matrix. The desired responses of the prepared optimized KTP pellets obtained by considering the designed space showed 1.20% drug release in 2 h, 3.73% in the first 5 h of the lag period with the help of Eudragit® S 100 coating, and 93.96% in extended release up to 24 h in the colonic region. Conclusions: Hence, developing Eudragit-coated hot-melt extruded pellets could be a significant method for achieving the colon-specific release of ketoprofen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the recent wide investigation on active cancer drug delivery, there are still strong medical unmet needs for active tumor‐environment responsive cancer drug delivery in terms of spatiotemporal control. Herein, a biohybrid system of pH‐responsive peptide nanotubes (PNTs)‐coated microalgae for active cancer drug delivery in response to the tumor‐environment is developed. The amphiphilic PNTs are effectively used to encapsulate cancer drugs and coat the living microalgae of C. reinhardtii by electrostatic interactions. The drug‐loaded PNTs‐based biohybrid microalgae maintain agile movement with phototaxis behavior. After in vitro characterization and cytotoxicity assessment, it is shown that the biohybrid microalgae could be phototactically localized to the cancer cells and pH‐responsively disassembled to release cancer drugs in a controlled manner. Finally, with the encapsulation of paclitaxel, the statistically significant suppression of tumor growth in xenograft tumor model animals is successfully demonstrated. Taken together, the feasibility of the multifunctional microrobotic platform for advanced cancer therapy is confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute basilar artery occlusion (ABAO) accounts for 1% of all ischemic stroke cases, but has a high rate of severe complications and mortality (75-91%). Intracranial atherosclerosis is an significant cause of ischemic stroke. Revascularization using stents has shown good efficacy. However, intra-stent thrombosis and in-stent restenosis (ISR) are significant complications following stent placement. Drug-coated balloons (DCB), coated with the anti-proliferative drug paclitaxel (an inhibitor of endothelial proliferation), can prevent in-stent restenosis. Successful use of DCB dilation in the coronary and lower extremity vasculature has been reported. In our case, a 68-year-old Chinese male with ABAO was successfully revascularized by DCB dilation and showed dramatic improvement in stroke symptoms. This report may inform future treatment of patients with ABAO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several challenges in ophthalmology due to the complex physiological structure of eye. In recent years, the field of ophthalmology has witnessed a surge in research exploring the potential of nanomaterials. Nanomaterials are preferred for their biocompatibility and soluble nature, making them ideal for ophthalmic use. These properties aim to enhance the bioavailability of drugs in this system. We pooled data from various studies using nanotechnology-based formulations to evaluate their influence on ocular drug bioavailability, focusing on AUC as a key metric. A total of 21 studies conducted in different regions of the world were investigated. The investigation determined that nanotechnology-based formulations has a significant potential for improving ocular medications bioavailability. The meta-analysis results indicate that drugs coated with chitosan, chitosan-coated polylactic acid, and lipid carriers exhibit more significant improvement than the drugs without nano carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microneedle (MN) technology offers a powerful approach for transdermal delivery enabling painless injection and facilitating self‐administration without the need for professional assistance. However, the weak mechanical strength of MNs can lead to inefficient drug delivery and serious skin irritation if the MNs fracture during administration and leave fragments under the skin. Thus, the MNs need to be mechanically robust to avoid fracture during penetration through the skin while maintaining efficient drug delivery. Herein, the polymer‐based MNs with layer‐by‐layer (LbL) films of silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) and a polycation (poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC)) followed by hydrothermal calcination are reinforced. The mechanical strength of the MNs is significantly improved after LbL assembly and shows lower threshold pressure to penetrate skins. Moreover, their drug loading and releasing properties are significantly enhanced due to an increase in the surface area and interfacial interaction. These SiO2 nanoparticle‐containing LbL thin films have great potential for the surface modification of 3D microstructured devices such as MNs, as evidenced by their enhanced mechanical strength and drug coating efficiency that result in a promising MN drug delivery model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES Our objective was to explore the safety and efficacy of a graphene oxide-loaded rapamycin-coated self-expandable metallic airway stent (GO@RAPA-SEMS) in a rabbit model. METHODS The dip coating method was used to develop a GO@RAPA-SEMS and a poly(lactic-co-glycolic)-acid loaded rapamycin-coated self-expandable metallic airway stent (PLGA@RAPA-SEMS). The surface structure was evaluated using a scanning electronic microscope. The in vitro drug-release profiles of the 2 stents were explored and compared. In the animal study, a total of 45 rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups and underwent 3 kinds of stent placements. Computed tomography was performed to evaluate the degree of stenosis at 1, 2 and 3 months after the stent operation. Five rabbits in each group were sacrificed after the computed tomography scan. The stented trachea and blood were collected for further pathological analysis and laboratory testing. RESULTS The in vitro drug-release study revealed that GO@RAPA-SEMS exhibited a sudden release on the first day and maintained a certain release rate on the 14th day. The PLGA@RAPA-SEMS exhibited a longer sustained release time. All 45 rabbits underwent successful stent placement. Pathological results indicated that the granulation tissue thickness in the GO@RAPA-SEMS group was less than that in the PLGA@RAPA-SEMS group. The TUNEL and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α staining results support the fact that the granulation inhibition effect in the GO@RAPA-SEMS group was greater than that in the PLGA@RAPA-SEMS group. CONCLUSIONS GO@RAPA-SEMS effectively inhibited stent-related granulation tissue hyperplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical device-related infections (DRIs), especially prevalent among critically ill patients, impose significant health and economic burdens and are mainly caused by bacteria. Severe infections often necessitate device removal when antibiotic therapy is inefficient, delaying recovery. To tackle this issue, PCL drug-eluting coated meshes were explored, and they were printed via melt electrowriting (MEW). These meshes were coated with gentamicin sulfate (GS) and tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) and underwent FTIR analysis to confirm drug integration. Antimicrobial activity was assessed via agar diffusion assays and biofilm formation assays against bacterial strains: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984. FTIR analysis evidenced the presence of the drugs in the meshes. TCH displayed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against all strains, whereas GS was effective against all except S. aureus. These findings indicate the potential of cost-effective ultra-fine drug coating fibers for medical device applications, offering infection prevention during implantation. This preliminary study demonstrates the feasibility of producing drug-eluting fibers for DRI prevention through a non-toxic, fast, and cost-efficient technique, paving the way for enhanced patient care and reduced healthcare costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present research, an attempt was made to optimize the blends of different carriers Neusiln US2, Avicel PH101, and Fujicalin SG by individually blending with each of coating materials Aerosil 200 and Syloid 244 FP that were proposed to contribute to a modified drug dissolution rates of Doxazosin mesylate (DX) through a liquisolid polymer matrix system. The liquisolid formulations were prepared using selected solvent, carriers, and coats by varying drug to polymer ratios. Further formulations were investigated for pre-compression processability by Heckel plot analysis, elastic recovery studies, and post-compression characteristics. In case of carriers, compared to Avicel PH101 highest flowable values (ф) were observed for Neusilin US2 and Fujicalin SG whereas, for coat these values were highest for Aerosil 200 than Sylloid 244 FP. Liquisolid compact with Fujicalin SG and Aerosil 200 exhibited fast release (FR) of 78% in 20 minutes. The liquisolid compact with Neusilin US2 and Syloid 244 FP exhibited prolonged release (PR) of 60% in 240 minutes. DSC and XRD analysis showed loss of DX crystallinity which was confirmed by SEM analysis indicating DX detention within the liquisolid system, in a molecularly dispersed solubilized form. The in vivo studies of DX liquisolid FR formulation exhibited 1.89 fold increase in the oral bioavailability which was 1.69 fold for DX PR formulation compared to pure DX which demonstrated a promising tailored hypertension treatment approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most frequent cause of blindness in developed countries. The replacement of dysfunctional human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) cells by the transplantation of in vitro-cultivated hRPE cells to the affected area emerges as a feasible strategy for regenerative therapy. Synthetic biomimetic membranes arise as powerful hRPE cell carriers, but as biodegradability is a requirement, it also poses a challenge due to its limited durability. hRPE cells exhibit several characteristics that putatively respond to the type of membrane carrier, and they can be used as biomarkers to evaluate and further optimize such membranes. Here, we analyze the pigmentation, transepithelial resistance, genome integrity, and maturation markers of hRPE cells plated on commercial polycarbonate (PC) versus in-house electrospun polylactide-based (PLA) membranes, both enabling separate apical/basolateral compartments. Our results show that PLA is superior to PC-based membranes for the cultivation of hRPEs, and the BEST1/RPE65 maturation markers emerge as the best biomarkers for addressing the quality of hRPE cultivated in vitro. The stability of the cultures was observed to be affected by PLA aging, which is an effect that could be partially palliated by the coating of the PLA membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer ranks among the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide and bears the highest mortality rate. As an integral component of cancer treatment, mastectomy entails the complete removal of the affected breast. Typically, breast reconstruction, involving the use of silicone implants (augmentation mammaplasty), is employed to address the aftermath of mastectomy. To mitigate postoperative risks associated with mammaplasty, such as capsular contracture or bacterial infections, the functionalization of breast implants with coatings of cyclodextrin polymers as drug delivery systems represents an excellent alternative. In this context, our work focuses on the application of a mathematical model for simulating drug release from breast implants coated with cyclodextrin polymers. The proposed model considers a unidirectional diffusion process following Fick's second law, which was solved using the orthogonal collocation method, a numerical technique employed to approximate solutions for ordinary and partial differential equations. We conducted simulations to obtain release profiles for three therapeutic molecules: pirfenidone, used for preventing capsular contracture; rose Bengal, an anticancer agent; and the antimicrobial peptide KR-12. Furthermore, we calculated the diffusion profiles of these drugs through the cyclodextrin polymers, determining parameters related to diffusivity, solute solid–liquid partition coefficients, and the Sherwood number. Finally, integrating these parameters in COMSOL multiphysics simulations, the unidirectional diffusion mathematical model was validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Colorectal cancer is the second deadly cancer for men and women worldwide. Depending on the pathological attributes of the tumor, there are numerous therapeutic options for colorectal cancer treatment. Chemotherapy is one of the main methods, however, due to the low solubility and short half-life of chemotherapy drugs, this treatment method has limitations. 5-Fu and curcumin are important drugs for the treatment of colorectal cancer. One of the primary resolutions is the application of bioanalytical techniques, which involve the utilization of chemotherapy agents in conjunction with nanoparticles, thereby facilitating the directed transportation of the therapeutic substance to malignant cells. Materials and Methods: In this study, Polycaprolactone-Polyethylene glycol-Hyaluronic acid (PCL-PEGHA) copolymers and magnetic nanoparticle iron-cobalt (FeCo) were synthesized to deliver Curcumin (CU), 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) and the combination to HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. To control the release of CU and 5-FU and in vivo tumor targeting, PCL-PEG-HA/FeCo were synthesized and then characterized for the morphological characteristics, shape, and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles, drug retention efficiency, and release pattern in two acidic and neutral environments. Results: Our results demonstrated that the release profile of CU and 5-FU from the nanoparticles in acidic conditions was more than the drug release in neutral conditions. In acidic conditions, due to faster degradation of nanoparticles, drugs are released faster. Moreover, these nanoparticles have high biocompatibility and potential in transporting CU and 5-FU drugs to HCT116 cells. The IC50 of co-delivery of CU and 5-FU was 65.42 mg/L, while, the IC50 value of drugs coated with nanoparticles (PCL-PEG-HA/FeCo/5-FU/Curcumin) was 72.26. Otherwise, utilizing nanoparticles can increase the amount of apoptosis compared to control and free 5-Fu and Curcumin. Conclusion: In conclusion, PCL-PEG-HA/FeCo/5-FU/Curcumin nanoparticles can be an efficient solution in targeted drug delivery to colorectal cancer cells and reducing the side effects of these drugs on normal cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endothelialization of drug-eluting stents is delayed after implantation in patients with diabetes. Although numerous factors were implicated in hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction, the effects of stent drug coating degradation on endothelial dysfunction remains unclear. We hypothesized that diabetic conditions promote drugcoating degradation and enhance antiproliferative agent release, but that the rapid release of these antiproliferative agents inhibits endothelial cell proliferation leading to poor reendothelialization post-stenting. To verify this hypothesis, a dynamic hyperglycemic circulation system was introduced to measure the profile of drugcoating degradation in vitro. Flow cytometry and RNA sequencing were performed to evaluate endothelial cell proliferation. Moreover, a Type 1 diabetic rabbit model was generated and a rescue experiment conducted to evaluate the effects of rapid drugcoating elution on endothelial coverage in vivo. The main findings were as follows: 1) diabetic conditions promoted drugcoating degradation and increased antiproliferative agent release; 2) this increase in antiproliferative agent release inhibited endothelial cell proliferation and delayed endothelial coverage; and 3) strict glycemic control attenuated drugcoating degradation and promoted endothelial coverage post-stenting. This is the first study to illustrate rapid drugcoating degradation and its potential effects on endothelial recovery under diabetic conditions, highlighting the importance of strict glycemic management in patients with diabetes after drug-eluting stent implantation. Diabetic conditions promote drug coating degradation and increase the release of antiproliferative agents. Rapid drug coating degradation under diabetic conditions inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and delays endothelialization. Strict glycemic control attenuates drug coating degradation and promotes endothelialization. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stenosis due to neointimal hyperplasia is the main reason of failing arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Percutaneous endovascular procedures are widely applied for treatment of failing dialysis circuit. Both drug-coated balloon (DCB) and non-compliant balloon (NCD) angioplasty can be employed to treat hemodialysis access dysfunction. Aim of the work: The goal of this trial is to assess the additional value of using DCB over NCB for the management of failing native AVF. Methods: This is a single-centre randomized clinical study, 53 patients presented with failing dialysis access are assessed for eligibility. The study was conducted at Vascular Surgery Department, Zagazig University Hospitals-Egypt from January 2017 to December 2020. A total of 27 patients presented with failing AVF, are randomized to 13 patients are treated with DCB and 14 patient are treated with NCB angioplasty. The primary endpoint of the study is anatomical success (less than 30% residual stenosis of the target lesion). Secondary endpoints include duplex assessment of dialysis circuit flow rate, complications (minor and major), target lesion primary patency (TLPP), target lesion assisted primary patency (TLAPP), target lesion secondary patency (TLSP), cumulative primary and assisted primary patency, as well as intervention free survival during 12 months follow up. Results: In DCB group, the mean age of 55.1 years; while the mean age in NCB group is 54.6 years. There are no preoperative differences in patient risk factors between both groups. Anatomical success rate is achieved in 100% of both groups. TLPP between DCB and NCB groups at 12 months (61.5% vs 57.1%) are comparable (P = 0.81), as well as TLAPP at 12 months (61.5% vs 64.3%; P = 0.88). TLSP between DCB and NCB at 12 months (69.2% vs 64.3%) are also comparable (P = 0.78). Successful endovascular angioplasty for all circuit restenosis are performed in one DCB patient and three NCB patients. Rates of overall fistula restenosis are higher in NCB than DCB group without significance difference. Conclusion: DCB is promising alternative for failing AVF treatment, as it clinically improves short term access patency, and reduces target lesion restenosis rate but this remains statistically insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triggerable coatings, such as pH-responsive polymethacrylate copolymers, can be used to protect the active pharmaceutical ingredients contained within oral solid dosage forms from the acidic gastric environment and to facilitate drug delivery directly to the intestine. However, gastrointestinal pH can be highly variable, which can reduce delivery efficiency when using pH-responsive drug delivery technologies. We hypothesized that biomaterials susceptible to proteolysis could be used in combination with other triggerable polymers to develop novel enteric coatings. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that silk fibroin is selectively degradable by enzymes in the small intestine, including chymotrypsin, but resilient to gastric pepsin. Based on the analysis, we developed a silk fibroin-polymethacrylate copolymer coating for oral dosage forms. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that capsules coated with this novel silk fibroin formulation enable pancreatin-dependent drug release. We believe that this novel formulation and extensions thereof have the potential to produce more effective and personalized oral drug delivery systems for vulnerable populations including patients that have impaired and highly variable intestinal physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there are no ex vivo systems that can model the motion of peripheral arteries and allow for the evaluation of pharmacokinetics (PK) of endovascular devices. The objective of this study was to develop a novel peripheral simulating bioreactor system to evaluate drug pharmacokinetics of stents. We utilized 3D-printed and off-the-shelf components to construct a peripheral-simulating bioreactor system capable of mimicking the motion of peripheral arteries. Servo motors were primarily used to shorten/elongate, twist, and bend explanted porcine carotid arteries. To evaluate the pharmacokinetics in the bioreactor, drug-eluting stents were deployed within explanted arteries and subjected to vascular motion along with pulsatile flow conditions. Following 30 min and 24 h, the arteries were removed, and paclitaxel levels were measured. Scanning electron microscopy was also performed to evaluate the stent surface. Arterial paclitaxel levels of the stent-treated arteries were found to be higher at 30 min than at 24 h following pulsatile and no vascular motion and even higher at 24 h following pulsatile flow and vascular motion. The residual drug on the stent significantly decreased from 30 min to 24 h. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the loss of paclitaxel coating at 24 h and greater disturbance in stents under peripheral motion versus pulsatile only. This system represents the first ex vivo system to determine the PK of drug-eluting stents under physiological flow and vascular motion conditions. This work provides a novel system for a quick and inexpensive preclinical tool to study acute drug tissue concentration kinetics of drug-releasing interventional vascular devices designed for peripheral applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adapting modern methods of quantitative analysis of active substances in their joint content in the dosage form and validating them is an integral process of pharmaceutical development. We have developed a drug in the form of coated tablets for the treatment of helminthiases of the digestive system in adults. A feature of this drug is the composition of the API of albendazole and praziquantel in a ratio of 1:4. The aim of this research is to develop methodology for quantitative analysis of both substances by the method of liquid chromatography, determination of their possible mutual influence on the process, as well as validation of the proposed methods. Materials and methods. To meet the research's set purpose, the following tasks were identified: choosing the most rational method for the quantitative determination of albendazole and praziquantel; confirming the absence of the mutual influence of APIs on the results obtained; and validating the selected methods of albendazole and praziquantel analysis. Object of the research conducted included coated tablets "AP-helmin", series 1-5.2021; pharmacopoeial standard sample (PSS) of albendazole, and PSS praziquantel. Quantitative determination of albendazole and praziquantel was conducted according to SPU, method 2.2.29. Results. The article describes the conditions and stages of the quantitative determination of albendazole and praziquantel and the main indicators of method validation. Conclusions. It was proven that quantification with the liquid chromatography method of both substances is validated, and the substances do not affect each other's analysis in the coated tablets "AP-helmin" following the project of QCM for this drug. All calculated parameters meet the required validation criteria [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim and objective of this investigation focus on the formulation of mouth-dissolving tablets of Fenoprofen calcium dihydrate spray dried solid dispersions. Materials and methods. Spray drying is a well-recognized manufacturing technique that can be used to create amorphous solid dispersions, which are an effective delivery method for poorly water-soluble pharmaceuticals such as Fenoprofen calcium dihydrate (FCD). In addition to skimmed milk powder (SMP) and FCD, the carrier β-cyclodextrin was used to produce solid dispersions. Results and discussion. The production of solid dispersions yielded reproducible results. Solid dispersion with β-cyclodextrin and skimmed milk powder is one way to increase disintegration time by increasing the water solubility of inadequately water-soluble FCD. In-vitro dissolution experiments of FCD mouth-dissolving tablets revealed significant differences. Stability studies should evaluate drug product characteristics that are susceptible to change during storage and are anticipated to impact quality, safety, and efficacy to demonstrate that the optimal formulations remain stable over the course of the study. The results of stability experiments were statistically significant at p<0.05 using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnet's test. During in-vivo anti-inflammatory experiments, the formulation SDC6 demonstrated a greater percentage of inhibition than the purified drug and super disintegrant, and the results were statistically significant using one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test. Conclusions. The solid dispersions were prepared with β-cyclodextrin, and skimmed milk powder improved the solubility of the poorly water-soluble fenoprofen calcium dihydrate. In vitro dissolution experiments of fenoprofen calcium dihydrate mouth dissolving tablets and controlled tablets revealed significant differences [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the work was to develop two simple, rapid, economic, alternative spectrophotometric methods for the determination of ramipril in tablets based on the reaction with sulfonephthalein dyes (bromphenol blue (BPB) and cresol red (CR)). Materials and methods. Analytical instrumentation: Shimadzu UV-1800 double beam UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Japan) with attached UV-Probe ver. 2.62 software, RAD WAG AS 200/C precise analytical balance (Poland). Ramipril (purity ≥98 % (HPLC)) was purchased from AARTI Industries Limited (India). Ramipril tablets 5 mg and 10 mg were purchased from a local pharmacy. Results and discussion. Two spectrophotometric methods for the determination of ramipril in tablets have been developed. We have tested various sulfophthalein dyes (BPB, bromocresol green, bromthymol blue, thymol blue, CR) in order to choose the optimal for the method development. According to the results of the experimental studies, we chose BPB and CR as reagents, and the solvent was acetonitrile for both methods. The optimal conditions for the quantitative determination of ramipril in tablets by using BPB were established: dye concentration -- 2.35×10-4 mol/L, volume of BPB solution -- 1.0 ml, without heating, wavelength -- 598 nm, reaction time -- 5 min, temperature of the solution -- 25 °C. The optimal conditions for the quantitative determination of ramipril in tablets by using CR were established: dye concentration -- 1.33×10-4 mol/L, volume of CR solution -- 1.0 ml, without heating, wavelength -- 395 nm, reaction time -- 5 min, temperature of the solution -- 25 °C. The spectrophotometric method by using BPB was linear in the concentration range of 1.99--5.96 µg/mL, LOD -- 0.20 µg/mL, LOQ -- 0.60 µg/mL. The spectrophotometric method using CR was linear in the concentration range of 0.42--5.44 µg/mL, LOD -- 0.10 µg/mL, and LOQ -- 0.36 µg/mL. The results of the study on robustness, accuracy, and precision were within the acceptance criteria. The results of studying the «greenness» of both methods indicate an excellent «green» analysis. Conclusions. Developed methods can be used as an alternative method for the routine analysis of ramipril tablets [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CNPs) are a promising tool for addressing biomedical challenges. CNPs use natural cell membranes to cloak synthetic nanoparticle cores, creating a biomimetic platform with enhanced biocompatibility and immune evasion properties. Different cell types can be used to create CNPs with unique properties for specific applications, such as drug delivery. Researchers have developed a modular approach to functionalize CNPs by genetically modifying the cell membrane component to express an adapter protein. This allows for the rapid attachment of different functional ligands to the CNPs. The modular CNPs demonstrated affinity to cells with high surface expression of specific markers and showed promising results in delivering chemotherapeutic drugs in a tumor model. The modular approach reduces development time and allows for the screening of a large number of ligands. However, further research is needed to address considerations such as batch-to-batch variability, synthesis uniformity, ligand production, and functionalization confirmation. The goal is to generate large libraries of CNPs and ligands to manage a diverse range of diseases. [Extracted from the article]

The preliminary results of studying the efficiency of using the siloxane low-molecular-weight SKTN-A rubber as a matrix for a thin-film drug coating of implantable stents are presented. A porous film structure is formed by the introduction of intermediate (removable) fillers, such as ethanol, sodium hydrocarbonate, and high-molecular-weight chitosan. The ultimate tensile strength and the relative elongation of the prepared films are studied. The strength of the films formed using ethanol is found to be nearly analogous to that of pure siloxane, but their relative elongation is lower by 10%. The use of sodium hydrocarbonate makes it possible to enhance the strength of the films by 37% (to 0.22 MPa), and the relative elongation increases to 93%. When chitosan is used, the strength of the films increases almost twofold (to 0.28 MPa) and their plasticity is similar to that of pure siloxane and amounts to approximately 40%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) increasingly burden health systems and patients worldwide, necessitating the improved awareness of current treatment possibilities and the development of more efficient therapeutic strategies. When plaque deposits narrow the arteries, the standard of care implies the insertion of a stent at the lesion site. The most promising development in cardiovascular stents has been the release of medications from these stents. However, the use of drug-eluting stents (DESs) is still challenged by in-stent restenosis occurrence. DESs' long-term clinical success depends on several parameters, including the degradability of the polymers, drug release profiles, stent platforms, coating polymers, and the metals and their alloys that are employed as metal frames in the stents. Thus, it is critical to investigate new approaches to optimize the most suitable DESs to solve problems with the inflammatory response, delayed endothelialization, and sub-acute stent thrombosis. As certain advancements have been reported in the literature, this review aims to present the latest updates in the coatings field for cardiovascular stents. Specifically, there are described various organic (e.g., synthetic and natural polymer-based coatings, stents coated directly with drugs, and coatings containing endothelial cells) and inorganic (e.g., metallic and nonmetallic materials) stent coating options, aiming to create an updated framework that would serve as an inception point for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commonly used as a stent-based material, cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy requires drug coating on its surface for prevention of restenosis risk; this is known as the drug-eluting stent (DES). In this research, curcumin was investigated as a drug coating material with biodegradable polymer PLLA (poly-L lactic acid) as a drug carrier and mildly fabricated on the surface of Co-Cr alloy by using an ultrasonic spraying method. Three kinds of concentrations were equipped -- low (~62.5 µg), moderate (~125 µg), and high (~250 µg) concentration. This study also investigated the coating with curcumin only that may be used as the exploration to develop the drug coating stent without using polymer. The characterization of the coating specimens was analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), analytical scanning electron microscope (SEM) together with energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results showed that curcumin and PLLA were relatively homogeneous blended in order to be formulated as the coating material. Further, the curcumin/PLLA and the curcumin only were also affecting the topography of the surfaces on the specimens coated. Moreover, the in vitro study result showed that the drug release of all curcumin concentrations indicated a mildly sustained release profile without any apparent burst release within the period of the measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and in the sequelae of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Previous work demonstrated that intermediate monocytes (CD14++CD16+) are associated with adverse cardiovascular events, yet monocyte subset response following elective PCI has not been described. This article explores the changes in monocyte subset and humoral response after elective PCI. Methods: This prospective study included 30 patients without inflammatory diseases being referred for elective PCI. We included patients treated with drug coated balloons or 2nd generation drug eluting stents. Patients underwent blood tests at baseline (prior to PCI), four hours, two weeks and two months later. Analyses were performed in terms of monocyte subsets (classical CD14++CD16-, intermediate CD14++CD16+ and non-classical CD14+CD16++), gene expression of CD14+ leucocytes and humoral biomarkers. Results: Intermediate monocytes decreased significantly four hours after PCI, were recovered at two weeks, and increased significantly at two months post elective, uncomplicated PCI. They remain significantly elevated in the DES group but not in the DCB group. Gene expression analysis of CD14+ leucocytes showed IL18 had decreased expression at two weeks, CXCR4 and IL1β decreased at two months, while pentraxin 3 increased at two weeks and two months. In terms of humoral biomarkers, hsTnI remains elevated up to two weeks post PCI while IL6 and TNFα remain elevated till two months post PCI. Conclusion: Intermediate monocytes increase significantly two months following elective, uncomplicated PCI. They remain significantly elevated in the DES group but not in the DCB group suggesting that the PCI strategy could be one of the ways to modulate the inflammatory response post PCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent article in the journal Clinical & Translational Medicine discusses the discovery of a new water-soluble oxide called Sr4Al2O7 and its potential applications in medicine research. Sr4Al2O7 has better stability and structural elasticity compared to other oxides, making it suitable for the synthesis of high-quality free-standing oxide membranes. The article also highlights the use of Sr4Al2O7 in the synthesis of oxide nanoparticles and rare-earth elements doped Sr4Al2O7 for various medical applications, such as drug delivery systems, biosensors, and photodynamic therapy. The authors suggest that further research is needed to explore the full range of applications and optimize the performance of Sr4Al2O7-based oxides in medicine. [Extracted from the article]

Drug-coated balloon (DCB) angioplasty with paclitaxel-eluting devices is an established treatment for coronary in-stent restenosis (ISR). Biolimus A9™ (BA9), a sirolimus analogue with enhanced lipophilicity, may facilitate enhanced local drug delivery into vascular tissue. A novel DCB coated with Biolimus A9™ represents an alternative to traditional paclitaxel- and sirolimus-coated devices. Hence, we sought to investigate the safety and efficacy of this novel DCB in the treatment of coronary ISR. REFORM (NCT04079192) is a prospective, multicenter, single blind, randomized controlled trial comparing the BA9-DCB (Biosensors Europe SA, Morges, Switzerland) to the paclitaxel-coated SeQuent® Please DCB (Braun Melsungen AG, Germany) in the treatment of coronary ISR. A total of 201 patients with coronary artery disease and an indication for interventional treatment of ISR in a bare-metal stent (BMS) or drug-eluting stent (DES) have been randomized 2:1 to receive treatment with the BA9- or the paclitaxel-DCB comparator. Patients were enrolled across 24 investigational centers in Europe and Asia. The primary endpoint is percent diameter stenosis (%DS) of the target segment as assessed by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) at 6 months. Key secondary endpoints are in-stent late lumen loss, binary restenosis, target lesion failure, target vessel failure, myocardial infarction and death at 6 months. Subjects will be followed for 24 months from enrolment. The REFORM trial will seek to prove that the BA9-DCB is non-inferior to the standard paclitaxel-DCB comparator in the treatment of coronary ISR with respect to %DS at 6 months and has similar safety characteristics. • First-in-human study evaluating novel BA9-DCB for treatment of coronary ISR • Including randomized comparison of BA9-DCB vs standard-of-care paclitaxel-DCB • Non-inferiority primary endpoint of %DS of the target segment at 6 months • 201 patients randomized 2:1 to the BA9-DCB versus SeQuent Please DCB [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis is a life-threatening emergency that causes millions of deaths every year due to severe infection and inflammation. Nevertheless, current therapeutic regimens are inadequate to promptly address the vast diversity of potential pathogens. Omiganan, an antimicrobial peptide, has shown promise for neutralizing endotoxins and eliminating diverse pathogens. However, its clinical application is hindered by safety and stability concerns. Herein, we present a nanoscale drug delivery system (Omi-hyd-Dex@HA NPs) that selectively targets infectious microenvironments (IMEs) and responds to specific stimuli for efficient intervention in sepsis. The system consists of omiganan-dexamethasone conjugates linked by hydrazone bonds which self-assemble into nanoparticles coated with a hyaluronic acid (HA). The HA coating not only facilitates IMEs-targeting through interaction with intercellular-adhesion-molecule-1 on inflamed endotheliocytes, but also improves the biosafety of the nanosystem and enhances drug accumulation in primary infection sites triggered by hyaluronidase. The nanoparticles release dual drugs in IMEs through pH-sensitive cleavage of hydrazone bonds to eradicate pathogens and suppress inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the safety, clinical benefits, and patency outcomes of using paclitaxel drug-coated balloons (DCBs) for the treatment of recurrent dysfunctional arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) in hemodialysis patients. Study design A nonrandomized clinical trial was conducted involving 20 patients who had previously undergone percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for failing or failed AVF. Patients were assessed based on clinical criteria, and interventions were performed using paclitaxel-coated balloons. Clinical outcomes, including thrill, bruit, and hemodialysis function, were evaluated, and duplex assessments were conducted after 3 and 6 months to determine recurrent stenosis. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS. Results The study included 20 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with a mean age of 49.4±17 years. After 2 weeks' postintervention, all patients had adequate bruit, 16 (80%) patients had adequate thrill, and 19 (95%) patients had adequate hemodialysis. After 6 months, 70% of patients exhibited adequate thrill, while adequate bruit, and hemodialysis were observed in 75% of patients. Duplex assessments showed minimal recurrent stenosis after 3 and 6 months, with only a few cases of new stenotic lesions. Postoperative complications were infrequent, including one unrelated death, and a small number of central venous occlusions and infections. The study indicated a significantly improved efficacy of drug-coated balloon angioplasty over traditional angioplasty in maintaining AVF patency. Conclusion Paclitaxel drug-coated balloons offer a promising approach for treating recurrent dysfunctional arteriovenous fistulae in hemodialysis patients. The study demonstrated favorable clinical outcomes, reduced restenosis rates, and improved patency compared with traditional angioplasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paclitaxel-coated balloons (PCBs) have become effective treatment options for vascular disease, but long-term drug release and biocompatibility are influenced by the drug patterns. In this work, paclitaxel coatings were prepared via electrostatic spraying, and the effect of D-tartaric acid additives was investigated. Microstructures and surface morphology were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Drug release was measured in vitro, and biocompatibility was evaluated using the haemolysis rate, platelet adhesion and activation, protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and cell proliferation. Our results showed that a uniform crystalline paclitaxel drug coating was obtained, and that the pattern and release of paclitaxel was influenced by the content of D-tartrate. The contact angle of all coatings was less than that of nylon 12. The drug coatings prepared at a mass ratio of paclitaxel to D-tartaric acid of 2:1 had the highest drug release in a brief period of time. The haemolysis rate of the drug coating was less than 5%. Compared with the control samples, platelet adhesion and activation were significantly reduced, albumin adsorption was increased, and the adsorption of fibrinogen was reduced on the surface of the drug coating. Endothelial cells demonstrated good proliferation after three days of cell culture. Therefore, PCBs with specific patterns have good biocompatibility and drug release, with potential clinical applications in vascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel electrochemical DNA sensor was developed for the detection of the anthracycline drug, valrubicin, on the base of poly(Azure C) electropolymerized from the deep eutectic solvent reline and covered with adsorbed DNA from calf thymus. Biosensor assembling was performed by multiple scanning of the potential in one drop (100 µL) of the dye dissolved in reline and placed on the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode. Stabilization of the coating was achieved by its polarization in the phosphate buffer. The electrochemical characteristics of the electron transfer were determined and compared with a similar coating obtained from phosphate buffer. The use of deep eutectic solvent made it possible to increase the monomer concentration and avoid using organic solvents on the stage of electrode modification. After the contact of the DNA sensor with valrubicin, two signals related to the intrinsic redox activity of the coating and the drug redox conversion were found on voltammogram. Their synchronous changes with the analyte concentration increased the reliability of the detection. In the square-wave mode, the DNA sensor made it possible to determine from 3 µM to 1 mM (limit of detection, 1 µM) in optimal conditions. The DNA sensor was successfully tested in the voltammetric determination of valrubicin in spiked artificial urine, Ringer-Locke solution mimicking plasma electrolytes and biological samples (urine and saliva) with a recovery of 90–110%. After further testing on clinical samples, it can find application in the pharmacokinetics studies and screening of new drugs' interaction with DNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapeutic polysaccharide-based coatings have recently emerged as versatile strategies to transform a conventional medical implant into a drug delivery system. However, the translation of these polysaccharide-based coatings into the clinic as drug delivery systems still requires a deeper understanding of their drug degradation/release profiles. This claim is supported by little or no data. In this review paper, a comprehensive description of the benefits and challenges generated by the polysaccharide-based coatings is provided. Moreover, the latest advances made towards the application of the most important representative coatings based on polysaccharide types for drug delivery are debated. Furthermore, suggestions/recommendations for future research to speed up the transition of polysaccharide-based drug delivery systems from the laboratory testing to clinical applications are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine beds are an untapped resource of bioactive materials which can be explored for drug delivery applications. In the present study, a hydrogel was developed with an optimal concentration of sodium alginate-chitosan core polyelectrolytic complex loaded with anti-diabetic drug metformin and coated with ĸ-Carrageenan as an efficient oral drug delivery vehicle. The formulation was optimized by changing parameters such as concentration of polymers, amount of cross-linker and the type and amount of coating material. The prepared hydrogels were characterized for their structural integrity using instrumental techniques such as FTIR, XRD, DSC, and SEM while the physical properties were assessed by evaluating its thickness, UV barrier ability and swelling degree. In vitro study demonstrated the influence of presence and type of coating material affecting drug delivery process. The study suggested that coating with 3% ĸ-Carrageenan (A19) was found most suitable for oral drug delivery since it could resist diffusion of drug in the stomach (pH 1.2) so that maximum drug could reach the intestine (pH 7.4) for absorption. Metformin loaded hydrogel (A20) released ~49% drug in the simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2). In the simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4) both the hydrogel exhibited a sustained release pattern lasting for more than 4 h. Investigation of drug release kinetics using different mathematical models showed that Higuchi model was the best fit release model with R 2 ⩾ 0.973. The results indicated that the prepared hydrogels could be potential drug delivery vehicle toward intestine as well as for extended release to colon targeted drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate an effective and reliable delayed-release dosage form of Duloxetine hydrochloride enteric-coated pellets in capsules. Duloxetine hydrochloride dissolves in an acidic environment, yet pellets maintain their enteric coating due to the Wurster expansion process for the Fluidized Bed Processor. Four distinct layers comprise enteric-coated pellets: a pharmaceutical layer, a barrier layer, an enteric layer, and a coating on the inert core pellets. A suspension layering approach protects the acidic environment from the drug by coating it with an enteric layer composed of hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose phthalate HP55. We also determined the bulk and tapped densities, Hausner's ratio, compressibility index, and moisture content of all formulations. The produced pellets are being evaluated for in-vitro release tests using UV-Visible spectroscopy. The zero-order model, the first-order model, and Higuchi's square root equation, Hixson-Crowell, Korsemeyer peppas, and the Weibull model were used to evaluate the released kinetics models. Investigations using FT-IR (infrared spectroscopy) are still being undertaken to determine the drug's compatibility with various excipients. Formulation 'F7' exhibited highest similarity factor of 56.1. Stability tests conducted over a three-month period under accelerated settings established that the optimized formulation is stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although essential nanosystems such as nanoparticles and nanocarriers are desirable options for transporting various drug molecules into the biological environment, they rapidly remove from the circulatory system due to their interaction with multiple in vivo barriers, especially the immune barrier, which will result in their short-term effects. In order to improve their effectiveness and durability in the circulatory system, the polymer coatings can use to cover the surface of nanoparticles and nanocarriers to conceal them from the immune system. Due to their different properties (like charge, elasticity, and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity), these coatings can improve drug delivery nanosystem durability and therapeutic applications. The mentioned coatings have different types and are divided into various categories, such as synthetic polymers, polysaccharides, and zwitterionic polymers. Each of these polymers has unique properties based on its category, origin, and chemical structure that make them suitable for producing stealth drug delivery nanocarriers. In this review article, we have tried to explain the importance of these diverse polymer coatings in determining the fate of drug nanocarriers and then introduced the different types of these coatings and, finally, described various methods that directly and indirectly analyze the nanocoatings to determine the stability of nanoparticles in the body. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Inulin has been applied in Inulin-Eudragit RS (Inu-ERS) coatings as the component responsible for degradation by human microbiota. However, studies on how bacterial enzymes can degrade polysaccharides like inulin imbedded in water insoluble polymers like Eudragit RS are still elusive. The present work aims at elucidating the complex process of enzyme triggered biodegradation of inulin with various molecular weights in isolated films with Eudragit RS. The ratio of inulin to Eudragit RS was varied to create films with different degree of hydrophilicity. The phase behavior study revealed that blends of inulin and Eudragit RS are phase separated systems. The film permeability was studied by determination of the permeability coefficient of caffeine and the fraction of inulin that was released from the films in a buffer solution with or without inulinase was quantified. Together with the morphology characterization of the Inu-ERS films with and without incubation in the enzyme solution, these results suggest that the action of the enzyme was only limited to the fraction of inulin released in the buffer solution. Inulin fully embedded in the Eudragit RS matrix was not degraded. The permeation of the model drug caffeine occurred in the phase-separated film as a result of pores formed as a consequence of inulin release. The inulin to Eudragit RS blend ratio and the molecular weight of inulin affected the percolation threshold, the release of inulin, the morphology of the film formed thereafter and the connectivity of the formed water channels, thus influencing the drug permeation properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial biofilms can cause widespread infection. In addition to causing urinary tract infections and pulmonary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis, biofilms can help microorganisms adhere to the surfaces of various medical devices, causing biofilm-associated infections on the surfaces of biomaterials such as venous ducts, joint prostheses, mechanical heart valves, and catheters. Biofilms provide a protective barrier for bacteria and provide resistance to antimicrobial agents, which increases the morbidity and mortality of patients. This review summarizes biofilm formation processes and resistance mechanisms, as well as the main features of clinically persistent infections caused by biofilms. Considering the various infections caused by clinical medical devices, we introduce two main methods to prevent and treat biomaterial-related biofilm infection: antibacterial coatings and the surface modification of biomaterials. Antibacterial coatings depend on the covalent immobilization of antimicrobial agents on the coating surface and drug release to prevent and combat infection, while the surface modification of biomaterials affects the adhesion behavior of cells on the surfaces of implants and the subsequent biofilm formation process by altering the physical and chemical properties of the implant material surface. The advantages of each strategy in terms of their antibacterial effect, biocompatibility, limitations, and application prospects are analyzed, providing ideas and research directions for the development of novel biofilm infection strategies related to therapeutic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maxillofacial surgery placement of fixatures (Leonard Buttons, LB) at close proximity to surgical incisions provides a potential reservoir as a secondary local factor to advanced periodontal disease, with bacterial formation around failed fixatures implicating plaque. To address infection rates, we aimed to surface coat LB and Titanium (Ti) discs using a novel form of chlorhexidine (CHX), CHX-CaCl2 and 0.2% CHX digluconate mouthwash as a comparison. CHX-CaCl2 coated, double-coated and mouthwash coated LB and Ti discs were transferred to 1 mL artificial saliva (AS) at specified time points, and UV-Visible spectroscopy (254 nm) was used to measure CHX release. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) was measured using collected aliquots against bacterial strains. Specimens were characterized using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). SEM displayed copious dendritic crystals on LB/ Ti disc surfaces. Drug release from double-coated CHX-CaCl2 was 14 days (Ti discs) and 6 days (LB) above MIC, compared to the comparison group (20 min). The ZOI for the CHX-CaCl2 coated groups was significantly different within groups (p < 0.05). CHX-CaCl2 surface crystallization is a new drug technology for controlled and sustained CHX release; its antibacterial effectiveness makes this drug an ideal adjunct following clinical and surgical procedures to maintain oral hygiene and prevent surgical site infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug coated balloons (DCBs) are currently indicated in guidelines as a first choice option in the management of instant restenosis, whereas their use in de novo lesions is still debated. The concerns raised after the contrasting results of the initial trials with DCBs in de novo lesions have been more recently overcome by a larger amount of data confirming their safety and effectiveness as compared to drug-eluting stents (DES), with potentially greater benefits being achieved, especially in particular anatomical settings, as in very small or large vessels and bifurcations, but also in selected subsets of higher-risk patients, where a 'leave nothing behind' strategy could offer a reduction of the inflammatory stimulus and thrombotic risk. The present review aims at providing an overview of current available DCB devices and their indications of use based on the results of data achieved so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Just as good tablet design is extremely important in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals for humans, the same applies for animal dosage forms. Tablets are used to deliver drugs in an effective and safe manner, and although less dominant in veterinary medicine, tablets or boluses are still a significant method to administer medication. Getting tablet design correct has an impact upon anticounterfeiting, tooling strength, tablet coating, durability and functionality. It also helps to avoid downstream manufacturing problems such as tablet sticking, picking, lamination, capping and premature tooling failures. It is essential to consider these at the beginning of the design process, ensuring a problem-free, high-quality end product. Several elements need to be considered when designing tablets for animals; here we will consider the most important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of suitable autologous grafts and the impossibility of using synthetic prostheses for small artery reconstruction make it necessary to develop alternative efficient vascular grafts. In this study, we fabricated an electrospun biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) prosthesis and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PHBV/PCL) prosthesis loaded with iloprost (a prostacyclin analog) as an antithrombotic drug and cationic amphiphile with antibacterial activity. The prostheses were characterized in terms of their drug release, mechanical properties, and hemocompatibility. We then compared the long-term patency and remodeling features of PCL and PHBV/PCL prostheses in a sheep carotid artery interposition model. The research findings verified that the drug coating of both types of prostheses improved their hemocompatibility and tensile strength. The 6-month primary patency of the PCL/Ilo/A prostheses was 50%, while all PHBV/PCL/Ilo/A implants were occluded at the same time point. The PCL/Ilo/A prostheses were completely endothelialized, in contrast to the PHBV/PCL/Ilo/A conduits, which had no endothelial cells on the inner layer. The polymeric material of both prostheses degraded and was replaced with neotissue containing smooth-muscle cells; macrophages; proteins of the extracellular matrix such as type I, III, and IV collagens; and vasa vasorum. Thus, the biodegradable PCL/Ilo/A prostheses demonstrate better regenerative potential than PHBV/PCL-based implants and are more suitable for clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, the second-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) are considered the gold standard of care for revascularization. By reducing neointimal hyperplasia, drug-eluting coronary stents decrease the need for repeat revascularizations compared with conventional coronary stents without an antiproliferative drug coating. It is important to note that early-generation DESs were associated with an increased risk of very late stent thrombosis, most likely due to delayed endothelialization or a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the polymer. Studies have shown a lower risk of very late stent thrombosis with developing second-generation DESs with biocompatible and biodegradable polymers or without polymers altogether. In addition, research has indicated that thinner struts are associated with a reduced risk of intrastent restenosis and angiographic and clinical results. A DES with ultrathin struts (strut thickness of 70 µm) is more flexible, facilitates better tracking, and is more crossable than a conventional second-generation DES. The question is whether ultrathin eluting drug stents suit all kinds of lesions. Several authors have reported that improved coverage with less thrombus protrusion reduced the risk of distal embolization in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Others have described that an ultrathin stent might recoil due to low radial strength. This could lead to residual stenosis and repeated revascularization of the artery. In CTO patients, the ultrathin stent failed to prove non-inferiority regarding in-segment late lumen loss and showed statistically higher rates of restenosis. Ultrathin-strut DESs with biodegradable polymers have limitations when treating calcified (or ostial) lesions and CTOs. However, they also possess certain advantages regarding deliverability (tight stenosis, tortuous lesions, high angulation, etc.), ease of use in bifurcation lesions, better endothelialization and vascular healing, and reducing stent thrombosis risk. In light of this, ultrathin-strut stents present a promising alternative to existing DESs of the second and third generation. The aims of the study are to compare ultrathin eluting stents with second- and third-generation conventional stents regarding procedural performance and outcomes based on different lesion types and specific populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]