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Hand-Eye Coordination (HEC) and Hand Grip Strength (HGS) are among the most important skills in Taekwondo. On a technical level, HEC reflects neuromuscular coordination ability which enables quick responses, and HGS reflects muscle strength which indicates the strength and overall health of the athletes. Combined together, HEC and HGS likely allow Taekwondo athletes to perform better. The aim of this study was to identify if there is a relationship between HEC and HGS in elite Taekwondo athletes. 166 elite Taekwondo athletes (141 males, 25 females) voluntarily participated in this study and were divided into two categories: seniors (age >17 years) and juniors (age =17 years). HEC was assessed by hand-eye coordination manual dexterity test (Lafayette, IN, US) and HGS was measured using a hand dynamometer (Takei, Niigata, Japan). The results revealed that no significant relationship was observed between HEC and HGS (p>0.05) in elite Taekwondo athletes. Despite the several strength and neuromuscular adaptations acquired during Taekwondo practice, HEC and HGS are not significantly correlated, and hence there is no relationship between HEC and HGS in elite Taekwondo athletes. The results obtained may benefit Taekwondo coaches and athletes in improving their training strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical blood flow restriction (PBFR) is an innovative technique that reduces the venous return through the application of a pressure band calibrated using a perceived pressure scale. Owing the scarcity of studies investigating the acute effects of PBFR in conjunction with low-load resistance exercises versus traditional highintensity exercises on growth hormone (GH) and blood lactate (BL) levels following lower extremity training in collegiate athletes, this study sought to bridge this gap. The research aimed to explore the acute impact of a single session low-load resistance exercises with PBFR, comparing it with high-load resistance exercises without PBFR, specifically focusing on GH and BL levels. A convenience sample of collegiate athletes was divided into an experimental group engaging in low-resistance exercises with PBFR and a control group performing highresistance exercises without PBFR. GH and BL levels were assessed at three intervals: pre-training, immediately post-training, and 15-min post-training for both groups. There was no significant differences between groups in age, BMI, and the number of training hours per week. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to elucidate the main and interaction effects between the groups. Notably, a significant main effect of time on GH and BL levels was observed in both groups. While no significant differences emerged in GH secretion between the groups, a notable variance was found in BL secretion levels. This suggests that both low-resistance exercises with PBFR and high-resistance exercises without PBFR can elicit a similar effect on GH secretion. In contrast, the method of high-resistance exercises without PBFR may induce a more pronounced effect on BL secretion. In conclusion, this research demonstrates that PBFR implementation offers athletes dual benefits: it equivalence with low-load exercises, enabling benefits while using lighter training loads, and mitigating BL accumulation for sustained training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the effects of oral potassium phosphate supplements on perceived exertion and physiological indicators in trained runners during graded treadmill tests. Findings indicate that there were no significant physiological differences between groups, but subjects who took oral supplements reported lower levels of perceived exertion than control subjects.

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