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ImportanceOver the past 10 years, treatment of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been continually revolutionized. However, standard clinical trials may not reflect current multiple lines of treatment and corresponding outcomes in a timely manner.ObjectiveTo investigate outcomes associated with new treatment of NSCLC in a clinical setting.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study included patients with NSCLC between January 1, 2010, and November 30, 2020, who received any anticancer treatment at Samsung Medical Center in Korea. Data were analyzed from November 2021 through February 2022.ExposuresClinical and pathological stage, histology, and major druggable sequence variation, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), ROS1, RET, MET exon 14 skipping, BRAF V600E, KRAS G12C, and NTRK between 2 periods (period I: 2010-2015 vs period II: 2016–2020).Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was the 3-year survival rate of NSCLC. Secondary outcomes included median overall survival, progression-free survival, and recurrence-free survival.ResultsAmong 21 978 patients with NSCLC (median [range] age at diagnosis, 64.1 [57.0-71.0] years; 13 624 males [62.0%]), there were 10 110 patients in period I and 11 868 patients in period II; adenocarcinoma (AD) was the predominant histology (7112 patients [70.3%] in period I and 8813 patients [74.3%] in period II). There were 4224 never smokers [41.8%] in period I and 5292 never smokers [44.6%] in period II. Compared with patients in period I, patients during period II were more likely to undergo molecular tests in the AD (5678 patients [79.8%] vs 8631 patients [97.9%]) and non-AD (1612 of 2998 patients [53.8%] and 2719 of 3055 patients [89.0%]) groups. In patients with AD in period I, 3-year survival rates were 92.8% (95% CI, 91.8%-93.7%), 72.4% (95% CI, 68.3%-76.8%), 56.7% (95% CI, 53.4%-60.2%), and 28.7% (95% CI, 27.0%-30.4%) for stage I, II, III, and IV, respectively. In period II, 3-year survival rates of patients with AD were 95.1% (95% CI, 94.4%-95.9%), 82.5% (95% CI, 79.1%-86.1%), 65.1% (95% CI, 61.8%-68.6%), and 42.4% (95% CI, 40.3%-44.7%) for each stage, respectively. In patients without AD, 3-year survival rates were 72.0% (95% CI, 68.8%-75.3%), 60.0% (95% CI, 56.2%-64.1%), 38.9% (95% CI, 35.6%-42.5%), and 9.7% (95% CI, 7.9%-12.1%) for each stage in period I. In period II, the 3-year survival rates of patients without AD were 79.3% (95% CI, 76.3%-82.4%), 67.3% (95% CI, 62.8%-72.1%), 48.2% (95% CI, 44.5%-52.3%), and 18.1% (95% CI, 15.1%-21.6%) for each stage.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of 10 years of clinical data, survival outcomes were improved across all stages, with larger increases in patients with stage III to IV disease. The incidence of never-smokers and the use of molecular testing increased.

본 논문은 경기북부지역 주민들의 ‘고등법원’의 재판을 받을 권리의 실질적 보장과 그에 따른 사법접근성을 실현하기 위한 법정책적 과제를 모색하였다. 이를 위해 경기북부지역을 관할구역으로 설정하고 있는 의정부지방법원의 재판운용 실태를 분석한 다음, 경기북부지역의 항소심 법원 설치의 법적 정당성 및 그에 따른 법정책적 과제를 모색하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 경기도의 행정구역은 점차 남부와 북부로 분권화되어 가고 있음에도 불구하고 경기북부지역 주민들은 여전히 서울고등법원의 관할구역으로 편재되어 있어 지역주민의 항소심 법원에 대한 재판청구권 또는 사법접근권이 충분히 보장받고 있지 못하고 있다. 이에 경기북부지역 주민들의 항소심법원에 대한 재판청구권을 실질적으로 보장할 수 있고 또 가장 현실적이고 단기적으로 설치할 수 있는 항소심법원은 ‘고등법원 원외재판부’라고 생각한다. 이 경우 그 원외재판부의 관할을 서울고등법원으로 설정할 것인지 아니면 수원고등법원으로 설정할 것인지가 문제되는데 서울고등법원의 원외재판부로 설정하는 것이 바람직하다. 이를 위해서는 경기북부지역 주민과 시민단체, 변호사단체 등의 적극적인 설치 운동과 더불어 향후 실시되는 지방선거 등을 전략적으로 이용할 필요가 있다. 또한 고등법원 원외재판부를 설치함에 있어서는 관할 인구ㆍ사건 수ㆍ지리적 접근도ㆍ정서적 접근도ㆍ실제 생활권ㆍ교통권ㆍ발전가능성 및 현재 논의 중인 행정구역 개편 결과 등이 설치기준으로 작용하고 있다. 따라서 이에 대한 객관적이고 설득력 있는 근거자료를 마련하는 것이 요구된다.

In this study, we design and fabricate a capacitive micro-oil detector, and evaluate its performance. The surface of the detector, which is covered by nanotips, is superhydrophobic and superoleophilic. Because of the surface characteristics, while water cannot penetrate into the empty space between the two micro-spaced electrodes, oil is able to do so, leading to a change in the detector capacitance. Because of superoleophilicity enhanced by nanotips, nanostructured surfaces enable faster response times than nonstructured surfaces. We used the three primary types of marine fuel oils (heavy oil, crude oil, and diesel) to evaluate the performance of the fabricated oil detector. For oil films with thicknesses of 3 μm or less, the capacitance increased almost linearly as the thickness increased, regardless of oil type. On the contrary, the capacitance remained almost constant for oil films thicker than 3 μm. From highest to lowest, the measured capacitance is rated in the order heavy oil, crude oil, and diesel. Seawater did not seep into the microcavity of the fabricated detector for the depth of 1 m. The fabricated detectors showed almost the same capacitances when detected and cleaned consecutively for 10 times. Furthermore, there was no surface damage during the 4-wk-long seawater immersion test.

Efficient protocols for in vitro shoot growth and ex vitro root formation from in vitro-derived shoots under light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with simple ventilation were developed for rabbiteye blueberry cv. ‘Titan’. Red LEDs promoted shoot elongation while blue LEDs induced short shoots with enhanced accumulation of leaf chlorophyll contents. A combined treatment of 80% red with 20% blue LEDs was found the most suitable for plant growth, and more effective than 50% red mixed with 50% blue LEDs or fluorescent lamps as the control treatment. The use of ventilated vessels with ambient CO2 enrichment from a growth chamber resulted in healthy plants having greatly improved shoot length, leaf expansion, leaf chlorophyll contents and dry weight of both shoots and roots. In vitro-cultured shoots could be directly rooted at 100% under non-sterile conditions using a perlite-peat mixture with careful controls of high humidity. These results suggest that LEDs, particularly when coupled with ventilated vessels, should be used as a primary light source for replacing conventional fluorescent tubes in large-scale production of rabbiteye blueberries.

This study investigated effects of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with 90% red and 10% blue, 70% red and 30% blue, 50% red and 50% blue, 30% red and 70% blue wavelengths, and fluorescent lamps (control) on in vitro development of encapsulated strawberry shoot tips and their further growth both in vitro and ex vitro. The 90% red and 10% blue LED was optimal for in vitro development. The 70% red and 30% blue LED was effective for both in vitro and ex vitro growth. In comparison with the Control, all LEDs significantly promoted plantlet development and increased survival rate, shoot and root biomass, root number and length, leaf number and area, and chlorophyll content. LEDs can be used as a primary light source for the future commercial applications in asexual propagation of strawberry plants.

본 연구는 S특별시와 K도에 소재한 3개의 치과의원에서 교정치료를 받고 있는 환자 181명을 대상으로 스트레스에 따른 수면의 질의 관련요인 파악하고자 수행된 조사연구이다. 자료로는 일반적 특성을 포함한 스트레스와 주간 졸음의 양, 수면의 질을 측정할 수 있는 구조적 도구를 사용하여 SPSS WIN 18.0 program을 이용하여 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 대상자가 인식하는 스트레스의 정도는 평균 $40.51{\pm}20.43$ 점, 주간 졸음의 양은 $11.06{\pm}5.42$ 점, 수면의 질은 $13.24{\pm}9.72$ 점으로 측정되었으며, 교정 치료 환자의 스트레스와 주간 졸음의 양. 수면의 질 모두에서 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계가 있음을 확인하였다. 【The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to the stress of orthodontic patients and their quality of life. The subjects in this study were 181 patients who respectively received orthodontic treatment at three different dental clinics located in the metropolitan city of S and K province. The collected data were analyzed by using a structural inventory designed to investigate the general characteristics, stress, the weekly amount of drowsiness and the quality of sleep, and the statistical package SPSS WIN 18.0 was employed. As a result, they got a mean of $40.51{\pm}20.43$ in the level of self-perceived stress, $11.06{\pm}5.42$ in the weekly amount of drowsiness and $13.24{\pm}9.72$ in the quality of life. And it's ascertained that there was a statistically significant correlation among all the stress of the orthodontic patients, their weekly amount of drowsiness and the quality of life.】

Because sleep comprises one-third of a person's life, using an optimal pillow for appropriate neck support to maintain cervical curve may contribute to improve quality of sleep. Design of orthopedic pillow conforms to orthopedic guidelines to ensure the right support of the cervical curve. The aim of this study was to investigate effect of different pillow shape and content on cervical curve, pillow temperature, and pillow comfort. A feather pillow is regarded as a standard pillow, and a memory foam pillow is one of the most popular pillows among pillow users. We, therefore, compared these two pillows with an orthopedic pillow. Twenty healthy subjects (10 men and 10 women; age range, 21-30 years) participated in the study. Each subject was asked to assume the supine position with 3 different pillows for 30 minute in each trial and then cervical curve, pillow temperature, and pillow comfort were measured. When comparing the cervical curve of the 3 different pillows, that of the orthopedic pillow was significantly higher than that of the other 2 pillows (p < 0.001). The degree of temperature increase was significantly lower for the orthopedic pillow than for the memory foam and feather pillows (p < 0.001). The visual analog scale (VAS) score of pillow comfort was significantly higher in orthopedic pillow than the other 2 pillows. This study shows that pillow shape and content plays a crucial role in cervical curve, pillow temperature, and pillow comfort and orthopedic pillow may be an optimal pillow for sleep quality.

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are useful for the growth of many plants, but not known for blueberry species. This study examined the effects of fluorescent lamps and 100 % red, 80 % red plus 20 % blue, 50 % red plus 50 % blue, and 100 % blue LEDs on the growth and development of highbush blueberry shoots under aseptic and non-aseptic conditions. Results revealed that monochromatic blue LEDs accumulated the highest contents of leaf chlorophylls. In contrast, monochromatic red LEDs inhibited chlorophyll accumulation, but produced the longest shoots and roots and provided high percentages of side shoot formation from ex vitro plants. Mixed LEDs, particularly 50 % red plus 50 % blue light, improved plant growth with respect to notably increased shoot and root biomass. Direct rooting of in vitro shoots under non-aseptic conditions was readily achieved using a commercial mixture of perlite and peat moss with high humidity controls. These findings obviously suggest the efficient use of LEDs to replace traditional fluorescent lamps in large-scale propagation of the highbush blueberry, and also pave the way for future studies on LEDs for standardizing micropropagation protocols to shrub crops and woody plants.

Conformation selective: A new technique of ultraviolet-ultraviolet hole burning spectroscopy that can be applied to ions stored in a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) is developed and used to obtain the conformation-selective electronic spectra of dibenzo[18]crown-6 complexes with alkali metal cations (M(+), see picture; F(+) = fragment).

We obtained the ultraviolet photofragment spectrum of a protonated tyrosine ion using electrospray ionization quadrupole ion trap reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry to measure the effective temperature of the ion stored in the quadrupole ion trap (QIT) at ∼10 K. The rotational temperature was estimated to be 45–54 K from the rotational band contour analysis for the origin band of the S0–S1 transition, showing dependence on the buffer-gas pressure inside the QIT. We observed the rise of the rotational temperature with increasing the buffer-gas pressure, which could be attributed to the radio frequency heating effect of the buffer-gas collision. We also measured the vibrational temperature of the ion to be 50 K from the relative intensity of a hot vibronic band, taking its Franck–Condon factor into account. It turned out that the ion temperature rarely depends on the ion concentration of the electrosprayed solution under our experimental conditions. This study provides quantitative data indicating that a QIT is a good tool for cooling down the ions by the ‘buffer-gas cooling’ technique in laser spectroscopic studies.

The effects of alkaline hydrolysis on the chemical structure of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) hollow fiber ultrafiltration (UF) membrane were studied using solid-state 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The PAN membrane was hydrolyzed in an NaOH solution of pH 13, which is generally used in water industry for anti-fouling treatments of UF membranes but is much weaker than the alkaline concentrations (0.5–2.5 N) used so far in conventional 13 C NMR studies. All of the carbon sites of the PAN were characterized by the solid-state 1 H– 13 C CPMAS and HETCOR NMR spectra. Upon the alkaline treatments, the chemical conversion from the cyano functional groups of the PAN to the carboxylates was observed. The analysis of the 13 C CPMAS NMR spectra obtained as a function of the treatment time for 4–96 h showed that the chemical modification occurred very rapidly in the early stage (≤6 h) of the reaction but then proceeded slowly up to 96 h. The relative amount of the hydrolyzed acrylonitrile units after 96 h of the reaction at room temperature was estimated to be only 3.8%. We suggested that the alkaline hydrolysis of the PAN membrane proceeds at two distinct rates, a rapid conversion of the cyano groups on or near the membrane surface and a slow conversion of the bulk.

In this work, porous alumina ceramics were obtained by controlled sintering of alumina-carbon black powder mixtures. In order to develop the porous alumina ceramics with high strength, as the amount of carbon black increased, the number of small pores increased because the pore characteristics and relative density the influence of SPS condition and carbon black content on was studied.

Mechanical and thermal properties of Si3N4 ceramics with various rare-earth oxides (La2O3, CeO2, Lu2O3, Dy2O3, Sm2O3, Nd2O3, Yb2O3, and RuO2) were investigated. Flexural strength of silicon nitride with addition of 5vol% Nd2O3, CeO2, Dy2O3, and Sm2O3 showed higher value than that of silicon nitride with Lu2O3 and La2O3 added because they form denser microstructure and smaller elongated grain. Thermal conductivity of silicon nitride with an addition of 5vol% RuO2 was more enhanced than that of silicon nitride added with Nd2O3, Sm2O3, and Dy2O3 because the addition of RuO2 depressed grain growth. It is also associated with lattice oxygen governing thermal conductivity of Si3N4 when added rare-earth oxides.

Microstructure and mechanical behaviors of zirconia [ZR; ZrO2+3mol%Y2O3]–nano hydroxyapatite [HA; Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] nanocomposites were studied. A pulse electric current sintering (PECS) method was applied to fabricate ZR-HA composites as biomaterials. The reaction between zirconia and hydroxyapatite was successfully avoided. It was a successful preparation of bioactive composites in the quasi-binary system Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 + ZrO2. One of the most serious problems is that when a mixture of zirconia and nano-hydroxyapatite powders was sintered, extensive chemical reaction between zirconia and hydroxyapatite was unavoidable. By applying a novel super-fast consolidation technique, pulse electric current sintering (PECS), the deleterious reactions were inhibited kinetically. The specimens contain 0, 10, 20, and 30wt% of hydroxyapatite on zirconia as remainder. Samples were sintered using the PECS method at 1100°C , 1150°C, 1200°C, and 1250°C, with increasing 100°C /min, under a pressure of 50Mpa in vacuum atmosphere for 5min. Characterization of the samples was carried out using X-ray diffraction analysis at different sintering temperatures. Flexural strength was estimated with 3-point bending test. The relative density was acquired using an Archimedes method in toluene medium.

Iron catalysts promoted with potassium and supported on ion exchanged (H, K) zeolite-Y were examined for catalytic activity and product selectivity in the CO2 hydrogenation. The catalysts were prepared by impregnating the support with iron nitrate followed by calcination and in-situ reduction in hydrogen and were characterized by XRD, AAS, BET, CO2 & H2 Chemisorption, and Temperature Programmed Reduction Technique. The catalytic tests on CO2 conversion were performed at 10 atm and at 573K in a continuous flow system using a fixed bed reactor. It was found that iron oxide was highly dispersed on the zeolites and potassium exchanged zeolite-Y increased the basicity of the catalyst surface. This significantly improved the hydrocarbon yield and the C2 - C4 olefins selectivity. On the other hand, hydrogen exchanged zeolte-Y depressed surface basicity and hence resulted in an increased amount of methane production. Therefore, an attempt has been made to correlate the CO2 hydrogenation activity with the surface properties of the catalysts.