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This study employs a person-oriented approach to examine the heterogeneity of samples of primary school students (The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12187-022-09952-2.

The purpose of this paper is to review recent literature on parental perspectives of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the home-schooling of children with special educational needs and disabilities, as well as to consider implications for their education and well-being. Eleven papers were reviewed, published between 2020 and 2021, selected according to a systematic protocol from three widely used online databases. Analysis of the reviewed papers found that transitioning to home-schooling during the pandemic had negative consequences for most of the children, as well as for their parents, though a small but significant number reported positive consequences. Three key areas of concern were identified in the analysis: balancing home-schooling with parent work activities; parent relationships with schools and support services and agencies and home-schooling effects on the well-being and mental health of parents and children.

The aim of this study was to describe the functioning of Polish women living in Britain and the USA who have entered into formal or informal relationships with foreigners. The analysis of the literature has shown that research which helps to understand the specifics of how binational relationships work is still scarce, so researchers are encouraged to conduct more studies in this area. The analyses presented here are based on individual semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted among 21 women (N = 21). The research has shown, among other things, that the migration of Polish women is strongly correlated with living conditions and the economic situation in the country. The stories of the women interviewed about leaving Poland clearly show the changes in migration patterns developing in the 21st century.

Students’ well-being in China seems to be insufficiently researched. This article reviews the recent literature on Chinese students' well-being to illustrate the relationship that exists between mental health and education as well as to identify implications for improving well-being. Eighteen articles published between 2012 and 2022 were reviewed and selected according to a systematic protocol. It was found that the reviewed papers focused on 4 areas: analyses of well-being in the context of implications for the study process, analyses of students’ wellbeing in the context of various characteristics yet without direct implications for the study process, studies of well-being conducted among medical students and in relation to Chinese students studying abroad.

Wiek, obok płci, stanowi jedną z głównych cech determinujących pozycję społeczną jednostki. Dyskryminacja ze względu na wiek najczęściej pojawia się w kontekście osób starszych. Problematyka ta jest często podejmowana w dyskursie naukowym i medialnym. Rzadziej dostrzega się problem ageizmu z innej strony – dyskryminacji osób młodych, która w literaturze naukowej funkcjonuje pod nazwą adultyzmu. Najogólniej ujmując, adultyzm to postrzeganie młodych osób w kategoriach niedojrzałości. Percepcja ta nie jest poparta racjonalnymi przesłankami wynikającymi z zachowania dyskryminowanej osoby, a jedynie wynika z wyobrażeń osoby dyskryminującej. Wyobrażenia te polegają na tendencji do uogólniania w oparciu o negatywne doświadczenia z osobami w podobnym wieku i przypisaniu domniemanych cech jako typowych dla całego przedziału wiekowego. Ta forma dyskryminacji obecna jest w instytucjach społecznych, prawie, obyczajach i postawach. Przeprowadzone badania przebiegały dwuetapowo, łącząc w sobie strategię ilościową (sondaż diagnostyczny z wykorzystaniem ankiety) i jakościową (metoda Photovoice). Celem badań było poznanie obszarów, w obrębie których młodzi ludzi doświadczają dyskryminacji oraz jej form. Grupę badaną stanowiła młodzież w wieku 18–24 lat (100 badanych), dobrana w sposób celowy z terenu województwa śląskiego. Zwieńczeniem projektu badawczego było przygotowanie i poprowadzenie przez osoby w niego zaangażowane warsztatu dotyczącego adultyzmu dla młodzieży. Analiza zebranego materiału empirycznego oraz doświadczenia w pracy nad projektem obnażyły nieświadomość młodych ludzi w kwestii występowania takiej formy dyskryminacji oraz mylenie adultyzmu z innymi jej formami. Niepokojące jest również zjawisko szybkiej internalizacji przez młodzież postaw charakterystycznych dla osób dorosłych względem młodszych od siebie, zataczając tym samym koło w dyskryminacji. || Age, next to gender, is one of the main features determining the social standing of the individual. Discrimination by age most often appears in the context of older people. The discrimination of young people is rarely noticed and in the scientific literature exists under the name of adultism. Broadly speaking, adultism is the perception of young people regarding immaturity. This perception is not supported by the nature of the discriminated person’s behaviour but only arises from the viewpoints of those who discriminate. These notions rely on the tendency to generalise by negative experiences with people of similar age and to attribute alleged traits as typical for the entire age bracket. This form of discrimination is present in social institutions, law, customs and attitudes. The studies were carried out in two stages, combining the quantitative strategy (diagnostic survey using the questionnaire) and qualitative research strategy (Photovoice method). The primary goal of the research was to get to know the areas in which young people experience discrimination and its forms. The study group consisted of young people aged 18–24 (100 respondents), selected in a targeted manner from the area of the Silesian Province. The culmination of the research project was preparing and leading the workshop on adultism for young adults. The analysis of the collected empirical material and experience in work on the project exposed the ignorance of young people about the existence of this type of discrimination and mistaking the adultism with other forms. What is also disturbing is the phenomenon of rapid internalisation by the youth of the attitudes characteristic to adults against younger than themselves, thus coming full circle in discrimination.

The article is a review of research on racist feelings, attitudes and behaviours in relation to children. The authors focus on research tools used, including Clark Doll Test, Preschool Attitude Measure or Sticker Test. The analyses have shown that the phenomenon of racism and xenophobia is being increasingly raised in the scientific discourse in the context of this age group. In addition, it is emphasized that the concepts of race, religion or social class as key determinants of the place of man in society are unethical and immoral.

This paper presents an overview of issues related to the problem of child sexualisation in the context of exposing children to sexualised images of teenagers and adults, especially in the context of promoting feminine beauty ideals as well as styling young girls as adults and giving them an erotic character. As a framework the definition of sexualisation developed by the APA was used. Possible consequences of sexualisation were discussed based on a review of previously published studies.

The article is a report from a study conducted in 2011-2012 and touches on the perceptions of marriage by two Polish and British women's generations in the context of more higher level of women education, growth of their professional and educational ambitions, and the active participation in the work market. In the study, I used the diagnostic poll method and the technique of investigation of attitudes. The representative group calculated 421 women in the age compartments: 20-25 years as well as up to 45 years old. The research has shown that among Polish women there is a tendency to create marriages based on partnership, and among British women partnership exists along with the desire to maintain the traditional division of responsibilities in the family. The majority of respondents from the UK doesn't intend to get married or have children in the future at all. The most popular family model in Poland is still a model of 2 + 2, however the number of women planning to have only one child is increasing, while in Britain they prefer three or more children, as higher number of offspring is motivated economically.