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Using ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics, we study the effect of large A-site cations on nonradiative electron–hole recombination in two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper perovskites HA2APb2I7, HA = n-hexylammonium, A = methylammonium (MA), or guanidinium (GA). The steric hindrance created by large GA cations distorts and stiffens the inorganic Pb–I lattice, reduces thermal structural fluctuations, and maintains the delocalization of electrons and holes at ambient and elevated temperatures. The delocalized charges interact more strongly in the GA system than in the MA system, and the charge recombination is accelerated. In contrast, replacement of only some MA cations with GA enhances disorder and increases charge lifetime, as seen in three-dimensional perovskites. This study highlights the key influence of structural fluctuations and disorder on the properties of charge carriers in metal halide perovskites, providing guidance for tuning materials' optoelectronic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metro railway is emerging as the optimal choice for residents' daily travel in many metropolitan areas in China, which profoundly affects the spatial-temporal characteristics of the travel mode of residents. Studying the spatio-temporal characteristics of metro traffic flow is of great practical significance for optimizing metro traffic layout and relieving urban traffic pressure. Reported studies have afforded significant achievements in the spatial-temporal characteristics of metro traffic flow; however, there are very few studies on the overall perspective of the station network, and most of them fail to further analyze population differences in using metro systems. In view of these gaps in the existing research, this study has two main objectives: 1) to describe the characteristics of metro traffic from the overall perspective of metro station network, with parameters of traffic flows within the station network, average travel distance (time), and their aggregation features; and 2) to analyze the differentiation of population groups near metro stations for understanding population differences in metro traffic flow. The Origin-Destination (OD) analysis method was used to calculate traffic flow characteristics between different metro stations, including the average travel cost (distance/time) and travel aggregation distance interval. Our results lead to the following inferences. 1) The cumulative proportion of passengers in metro stations along with travel distance show an "S" curve function feature, the average travel cost of metro stations in Guangzhou is approximately 14.04 km (20.48 min), and increase by ~4 km (~5 min) and ~13 km (~10 min) from the central area to the inner and outer suburbs. The average weekend travel costs are slightly higher than that of weekdays: the average travel cost on weekend ranged from 0.03 km (0.06 min) less in the central area to 0.32 km (0.49 min) and 0.64 km (0.77 min) more in the inner and outer suburbs, respectively. Three types of metro stations—those serving external transportation, business offices, and public units—have higher average travel costs. 2) The distance interval of passenger flow concentration in metro stations tends smoothly from the center to the periphery. The travel aggregation distance interval in the entire city is 8.55-26.61 km, with 71.88% passengers aggregated within this travel distance range. The travel aggregation distance interval in the central area and the inner and outer suburbs are 2.74-19.23, 7.49-25.23, and 24.3-46.73 km, respectively, with 78.87%, 71.81%, and 56.55% passengers, respectively. The spatial distributions on weekend and weekdays are almost the same, only with a narrow range of travel aggregation distance interval and smaller proportion of passengers on weekends than weekdays. The station types of external transportation, leisure tourism, and residential areas have higher travel aggregation distance interval and passenger proportion. 3) Population groups like women, elderly, people with college-level education or above, office staff, business people, and service personnel are the main components of metro passengers. The average metro travel distance of different population groups is differentiated, as groups with small travel demand and weak travel ability have short average travel distance, while groups with large travel demand generally have a long average travel distance. Our research contributes to the existing literature mainly in two aspects. 1) Average travel cost, knee point analysis, and travel aggregation distance interval were used to depict the spatial-temporal characteristics of metro traffic flow from the overall perspective of metro station network; this is a supplement and expansion of existing literature mainly based on stations or lines. 2) The differentiation of different population groups helped further optimize the planning, design, and line arrangement of metro systems.

This study presents an injectable cell-laden hydrogel system based on silk acid, a carboxylated derivative of natural silk fibroin, which exhibits promising applications in biomedicine. The hydrogel is produced under physiological conditions (37 °C and pH 7.4) via physical crosslinking. Notably, the hydrogel demonstrates remarkable cytocompatibility, enabling efficient cell encapsulation, and exhibits good injectability. These promising results strongly indicate the potential of silk acid hydrogel for transformative applications, including 3D cell culture, targeted cell delivery, and tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice-wheat and maize-wheat rotations are major cropping systems in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River in China, where high nitrogen (N) inputs and low N efficiency often exacerbate resource waste and environmental pollution. Due to the changes in factors such as soil properties and moisture content, the N fate and the N utilization characteristics of wheat in different rotations are significantly different. Efficient N management strategies are thus urgently required for promoting maximum wheat yield in different rotation systems while reducing N loss. A 2-year field experiment using isotopic ( 15 N) tracer technique was conducted to evaluate the fate of 15 N-labeled urea in wheat fields and the distribution characteristics of N derived from different sources. The wheat yield and N use efficiency under various N rates (180 and 240 kg ha -1 , abbreviated as N180 and N240) and preceding crops (rice and maize, abbreviated as R-wheat and M-wheat) were also investigated. The results showed that N240 increased N uptake and grain yield by only 8.77-14.97% and 2.51-4.49% compared with N 180, but decreased N agronomic efficiency (NAE) and N physiological efficiency (NPE) by 14.78-18.79% and 14.06-31.35%. N240 also decreased N recovery in plants by 2.8% on average compared with N180, and increased N residue in soil and N loss to the environment. Compared with that of basal N, the higher proportion of topdressing N was absorbed by wheat rather than lost to the environment. In addition, the accumulation of topdressing N in grain was much higher than that of basal N. Compared with that in R-wheat treatment, plants in M-wheat treatment trended to absorb more 15 N and reduce unaccounted N loss, resulting in higher yield potential. Moreover, the M-wheat treatment increased N recovery in 0-20 cm soil but decreased 80-100 cm soil compared with R-wheat treatment, indicating a lower risk of N loss in deeper soil. Collectively, reducing N application rate and increasing the topdressing ratio is an effective way to balance sustainable crop yield for a secure food supply and environmental benefit, which is more urgent in rice-wheat rotation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Ma, Dai, Cao, Yu, Cheng, Zhu, Ding, Li, Guo, Zhou and Zhu.)

As a common treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the adverse reactions of TNF-α inhibitors (TNFis) in practical application have garnered attention. This study aims to investigate the adverse drug events (ADEs) associated with TNFi in RA patients as reported in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System, to offer insights for clinical use. Cases related to RA and primarily involving TNFi were extracted from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database and compared by gender stratification. Screening was conducted based on reporting odds ratio and information component to identify positive ADEs for different TNFis and evaluate common and unique ADEs among various TNFis. There are 4 common ADEs among TNFis, including pulmonary tuberculosis, infection, hypersensitivity, and herpes zoster, as described in the package inserts. However, each TNFi has unique positive ADEs. Adalimumab has 63 unique positive ADEs, including lower respiratory tract inflammation, systemic lupus erythematosus rash, vascular dementia, ovarian neoplasm, adhesion, sarcoma, coccidioidomycosis, etc. Golimumab has 6 unique positive ADEs, including pneumonia cryptococcal, device deployment issue, pneumonia bacterial, polyneuropathy, device malfunction, device issue, etc; certolizumab has 24 unique positive ADEs, including maternal exposure before pregnancy, premature rupture of membranes, exposure via breast milk, staphylococcal sepsis, erysipelas, low birth weight baby, herpes virus infection, premature delivery, etc; etanercept has 180 unique positive ADEs, including joint destruction, chondrolysis, finger deformity, ankle deformity, joint warmth, etc; infliximab has 60 unique positive ADEs, including Hodgkin's disease, metastatic neoplasm, non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, etc. Although the aforementioned 5 TNFis share common ADEs such as herpes zoster, clinicians must exercise caution when selecting specific medications, especially for RA patients concurrently suffering from malignancies. The analysis indicates that infliximab is associated with 60 unique positive ADEs, including Hodgkin's disease, metastatic neoplasm, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; therefore, these patients should use infliximab with greater caution. Similarly, certolizumab should be used with increased caution in pregnant and postpartum women., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Objectives: To investigate the incidence and influencing factors of allergic reactions to cephalosporins., Methods: A cross-sectional study of 29 medical institutions in Zhejiang Province was conducted from April 2021 to June 2021. The incidence of allergic reactions to cephalosporins was investigated. The influencing factors of cephalosporin-induced allergic reactions were analyzed by Poisson regression., Results: A total of 56 155 patients were included in this study. The total incidence of allergic reactions to cephalosporin was 1.67 ‰, the highest incidences of anaphylaxis occurred in ceftizoxime (4.27‰), followed by ceftriaxone (3.49‰) and cefotaxime (2.40‰). There was no significant difference in the incidence of allergic reactions between patients with negative skin tests and those without skin tests (1.75‰ vs. 1.63‰, RR =1.07, 95% CI :0.70-1.63, P > 0.05). Poisson regression showed that body mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg/cm 2 ( RR =2.43, 95% CI : 1.23-4.82, P <0.01) and history of β-lactam antibiotics allergy ( RR =33.88, 95% CI : 1.47-781.12, P <0.05) increased cephalosporin-induced anaphylaxis. Compared with cefuroxime, the risk of allergic reactions was increased for ceftriaxone ( RR =3.08, 95% CI : 1.70-5.59, P <0.01), ceftazidime ( RR =1.89, 95% CI : 1.03-3.47, P <0.05), and ceftriaxone ( RR =3.74, 95% CI : 1.64-8.50, P <0.01)., Conclusions: Lower BMI and history of β-lactam antibiotics allergy increase the risk of cephalosporin allergic reactions, and the routine skin test may not reduce the occurrence of allergic reactions to cephalosporins.

Background: Ranitidine induced tumor adverse events remains a contradictory clinical question, due to the limited evidence of tumor risk associated with ranitidine in the real world. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of ranitidine with all types of tumors through the FAERS database and to provide a reference for clinical use., Research Design and Methods: Cancer cases associated with ranitidine in the FAERS database from the first quarter of 2004 to the fourth quarter of 2023 were extracted to analyze demographic characteristics, and a disproportion analysis was performed., Result: A total of 662,998 ranitidine-related cancer cases were screened, and the 50-59 and 60-69 groups accounted for the largest proportion. In PT signal detection, ranitidine was associated with 98 PT, including penal cancer stage II, gastric cancer stage II, et al. In terms of outcome events, adverse events were higher in men (20.65%) than in women (18.47%)., Conclusions: Ranitidine may induce various tumor-related adverse reactions, especially in long-term users and elderly patients. For these patients, tumor screening should be strengthened, and long-term use of ranitidine should be avoided. Since this study cannot prove causality, further evidence is needed for prospective studies with a larger sample size.