Search

In order to study the variation law of the maximum explosion pressure and the maximum pressure rise rate of the premixed gas in the flameproof enclosure, three different flameproof enclosures were selected as the test samples, and the explosion was carried out by filling the premixed typical combustible gas in the flameproof enclosure. In the experiment, the relationship between maximum explosion pressure and its rise rate with the length-diameter ratio of the flameproof enclosure and the position of the ignition source was analyzed. In order to reveal the pressure piling phenomenon in the experiment, the mechanism was analyzed by numerical simulation. The results show that the maximum explosion pressure of the flameproof enclosure has a negative nonlinear relationship with the length-diameter ratio of the flameproof enclosure, the maximum explosion pressure is more affected by the surface area of the cavity, and the rate of increase of the maximum explosion pressure decreases with the increaseof the length-diameter ratio; the explosion-proof enclosure of the double-chamber communication structure is prone to pressure piling, and the ignition position in the pressure piling has a significant effect on the maximum explosion pressure and the maximum explosion pressure rise rate; the maximum pressure rise rate produced by hydrogen as a typical gas is significantly higher than that of ethylene.

RNA interference (RNAi) shows great potential in plant defense against pathogens through RNA-mediated sequence-specific gene silencing. Among RNAi-based plant protection strategies, spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) is considered a more promising approach because it utilizes the transfer of exogenous RNA between plants and microbes to silence target pathogen genes. The application of nanovesicles significantly enhances RNA stability and delivery efficiency, thereby improving the effectiveness of SIGS and further enhancing plant resistance to diseases and pathogens. This review explores the role of RNAi in plant protection, focusing on the cross-kingdom transport of small RNAs (sRNAs) via extracellular vesicles. It also explores the potential of nanotechnology to further optimize RNA-based plant protection, offering innovative tools and methods in modern plant biotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium oxysporum is a widespread soil-borne fungal pathogen that can infect various plants, causing wilt and root rot diseases. The root rot disease of Atractylodes macrocephala caused by F. oxysporum is among the most serious diseases associated with continuous cropping, significantly hindering its sustainable development. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of exogenous application of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) on silencing the F. oxysporum Tup1 gene to reduce its virulence and to evaluate its potential application in controlling root rot disease in A. macrocephala. The Tup1 gene was amplified from the F. oxysporum genome, and different lengths of Tup1-dsRNA were designed and synthesized. The uptake of dsRNA by the fungus was verified using Tup1-dsRNA labeled with fluorescein, and in vitro dsRNA treatment experiments were conducted to assess its impact on the growth and virulence of F. oxysporum. Additionally, Tup1-dsRNA was applied to the roots of A. macrocephala to evaluate its effectiveness in controlling root rot disease. The experimental results showed that F. oxysporum could effectively uptake exogenously applied Tup1-dsRNA, significantly reducing Tup1 gene expression. All lengths of Tup1-dsRNA inhibited fungal growth and caused morphological changes in the fungal hyphae. Further plant experiments and Reverse Transcription Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis indicated that Tup1-dsRNA treatment significantly reduced the incidence of root rot disease in A. macrocephala, which was supported by the reduction in peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and proline (Pro) levels in treated root tissues. This study demonstrated that exogenous dsRNA could reduce the virulence of F. oxysporum by silencing the Tup1 gene and effectively mitigate the root rot disease it causes in A. macrocephala. The successful application of Tup1-dsRNA provided strong evidence for the potential of RNA interference (RNAi) technology in plant disease control. Future research could further optimize the design and application of dsRNA to enhance its practical value in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicle-like structures composed of lipid bilayers, which can be divided into apoptotic bodies, microbubbles and exosomes. They are nanoparticles used for the exchange of information between cells. EVs contains many substances, including protein. With the development of proteomics, we know more about the types and functions of protein in vesicles. The potential functions of proteins in the envelope are mainly discussed, including cell wall construction, fungal virulence transmission, signal transmission and redox reactions, which provides a new perspective for studying the interaction mechanism between fungi and other organisms. The fungal protein markers of EVs are also summarized, which provided an exploration tool for studying the mechanism of vesicles. In addition, the possible role of immune protein in the EVs in the treatment of human diseases is also discussed, which provides new ideas for vaccine development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance and stability of perovskite solar cells rely crucially on the purity of their active perovskite phase. While the two‐step method has emerged as a well‐known technique for fabricating high‐performance cells, it suffers from significant PbI2 phase impurities at the buried layer due to inefficient diffusion of cationic molecules into the preprepared PbI2 layer. Herein, a simple yet highly effective method is presented to boost phase purity within the buried layer by introducing formamidinium iodide (FAI) seed molecules into the underlying PbI2 layer. X‐Ray diffraction analysis result reveals that this process significantly reduces the PbI2 phase and enhances the purity of the perovskite's phase. It is also observed that this technique can produce perovskite layer with a remarkably smooth surface structure and large interconnected crystal grains, forming a continuous layer. These characteristics are subjected to further enhancement when hexamethylenetetramine molecules are concurrently introduced with FAI into the PbI2 layer. Solar cells fabricated using this method, with an active area of 0.1 cm2, achieve a remarkable power conversion efficiency of up to 24.52% with Voc as high as 1.18 V, representing a substantial improvement over cells produced using the standard two‐step method, which attains only 22.18% efficiency. With its simple yet impactful approach, the present method should find widespread adoption in the production of high‐performance perovskite solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A TiB2-based cermet tool material with excellent mechanical performance was rapidly prepared by microwave hybrid sintering. Microwave hybrid sintering is based on pure microwave sintering with the addition of high microwave absorbing materials (e.g., SiC coating and SiC powder) to assist in the heating of the sample, which has the characteristics of hybrid heating. The effects of two different microwave hybrid sintering methods and nano-HfC content on mechanical properties and microstructure of cermets were investigated. The experimental results indicated that different sintering methods changed the distribution of microwave electric field in the furnace, which affected the sample heating mechanism. SiC-buried powder hybrid sintering was more efficient than SiC coating hybrid sintering, so the sintered material had higher densities and mechanical properties. The fracture toughness and flexural strength of cermets containing 20 wt.% HfC were 36.7% and 45.4%, respectively, higher than those without HfC, and the fracture toughness reached 10.68 MPa·m1/2. With the increase of nano-HfC content, the TiB2 grains changed from coarse irregular shape to fine rectangular shape, and the average grain size can be reduced by 2.6 times. The toughening and strengthening mechanisms of the nano-HfC added phase were mainly fine-grain strengthening, particle dispersion strengthening, solid solution strengthening, crack deflection, and pinning effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]