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In this work, the effects of substrates on volatile flavor compounds of Shanghai smoked fish (SSF) from grass carp was investigated by head space‐solid‐phase microextraction‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS) by changing the ratios of soy sauce (15%–25%) to white sugar (10%–20%) and replacing white sugar with reducing sugar (glucose, fructose, and ribose). The results showed the key volatile flavor compounds (ROAV ≥ 1) of SSF were 2,4‐decadienal, p‐xylene, nonanal, and 1‐octen‐3‐ol with the relative contents of 10.33, 1.14, 4.84, and 1.76%, respectively. Furthermore, the existence of soy sauce had an enhancing role in the production of pyrazines, but no significant difference in white sugar. The contents of isovaleraldehyde and benzeneacetaldehyde were increased when white sugar was replaced with glucose, octanol, and 2‐pentyl furan for fructose, no obvious difference in ribose. Moreover, the optimal ratios of soaking solutions were 20% soy sauce and 15% white sugar based on the scoring method of sensory evaluation. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the formation of volatile flavor compounds of SSF. Practical applications: Grass carp usually grows in freshwater such as pond or lake, but bacteria with earthy smell are easily attached to plankton such as diatom and cyanobacteria leading to the accumulation of bad odor substances through the food chain. Shanghai smoked fish (SSF) deeply loved by public is a traditional special dish with crispy crust and delicious taste. The attractive flavor of grass carp could be increased with the help of the Maillard reaction (MR) and seasonings. Therefore, the effect of the MR on the volatile flavor compounds of SSF was investigated by HS‐SPME‐GC/MS in this work. A detailed study on the volatile flavor compounds of Shanghai smoked fish could not only enrich the theoretical knowledge of flavor chemistry of freshwater fish, but have a profound contribution to the development of freshwater fish processing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on a detailed characterization and analysis of thermal crosstalk in a heated microcantilever array. The fabricated heated cantilever array consists of five identical independently controlled heated cantilevers. The temperature of each cantilever can be controlled over a large temperature range, up to 900 °C, by means of an integrated solid-state resistive heater. We analyze thermal crosstalk in steady and transient operating conditions when the heated cantilever array is either in contact with a substrate or freely suspended in air. The thermal conductance between neighboring cantilevers is as high as 0.61 iW °C-1, resulting in non-negligible temperature increases in neighboring cantilevers, depending upon the operating conditions. By understanding and accounting for thermal crosstalk, it is possible to improve temperature control and temperature measurements with heated microcantilever arrays [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a microcantilever having a microscale heater-thermometer fabricated from doped single crystal silicon that is mounted on a silicon nitride thermal isolation structure. The silicon nitride isolation structure is in turn connected to doped single crystal silicon legs. The cantilever fabrication, its characterization, and its application in thermal nanotopography measurements are presented in this work. The cantilever can reach temperatures over 600 degC with a heating power of 4 mW. The cantilever has a thermal resistance that exceeds 105 K W[?]1 when away from a substrate. Making a contact-mode scan over a silicon calibration grating of height 20 nm, the cantilever has a topography reading sensitivity of 1.3 x 10[?]4 nm[?]1, and a topography reading resolution of about 7 pm Hz[?]1/2. These performance characteristics compare extremely well to published ones for other kinds of cantilevers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticle polymer composites containing metal, semiconductor, magnetic, and optically active nanoparticles were deposited onto multiple substrates from a heatable atomic force microscope tip. The nanoparticle nanostructures were functional as deposited or could be etched with an oxygen plasma, revealing single nanoparticle lithographic resolution. Many types of nanoparticles can be patterned with the same technique, without the need to tailor the substrate chemistry and without solution processing.