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Borate-doped silicate glasses with chemical compositions of (70 − x)SiO2–xB2O3–30CaO (x = 0, 5, 15, and 25, in mol%) were synthesized using the sol–gel method, intended to be used in tissue regeneration. The effects of borate content on the glass surface morphology, chemical structure, ion dissolution behavior, and fibroblast compatibility were investigated. 11B magic angle spinning-solid state nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectra demonstrated that borate, in the glasses, possessed both three- and four-coordinated structures. From nitrogen sorption, the specific surface area of the glasses decreased with increased borate content and calcination temperature, from 600 °C to 700 °C. In the case of glasses undergoing calcination at 700 °C, silicate and calcium ion released in a Tris–HCl buffer solution (pH = 7.4) at the early stage of the immersion test decreased as borate content increased. The decrease in surface area caused by stabilizing at 700 °C due to the effect of increasing borate concentration controlled the ion dissolution behavior of the glasses. The proliferation ability of fibroblasts cultured with the dissolution products of the glasses were improved as borate content increased in the glass composition. Graphical Abstract

We performed wave-optics-based numerical simulations at mid-infrared wavelengths to investigate how the presence or absence of entrance slits and optical aberrations affect the spectral resolving power $R$ of a compact, high-spectral-resolving-power spectrometer containing an immersion-echelle grating. We tested three cases of telescope aberration (aberration-free, astigmatism and spherical aberration), assuming the aberration budget of the Space Infrared Telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA), which has a 20-$\mathrm{\mu m}$-wavelength diffraction limit. In cases with a slit, we found that the value of $R$ at around 10--20 $\mathrm{\mu m}$ is approximately independent of the assumed aberrations, which is significantly different from the prediction of geometrical optics. Our results also indicate that diffraction from the slit improves $R$ by enlarging the effective illuminated area on the grating window and that this improvement decreases at short wavelengths. For the slit-less cases, we found that the impact of aberrations on $R$ can be roughly estimated using the Strehl ratio., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems (JATIS)

This paper presents a polymer micromachined transmission from small translational displacement to large rotational displacement, which has the potential for further miniaturizing a variety of micro robot applications such as insect-inspired flapping wing nano air vehicles (FWNAVs). Innovative claims include (1) the transmission mechanism using a geometrically nonlinear bending, (2) the microfabrication process consisting of only the standard steps such as the deposition, the photolithography, the curing, and the release without any post-assembling, and (3) the stroke angle of about 40° without any dynamic effect., 15th IEEE Int’l Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered & Molecular Systems (IEEE-NEMS 2020), September 27-30, 2020, San Diego, CA, USA （新型コロナ感染拡大に伴い、現地開催中止）

Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) are key agents for the treatment of multiple myeloma and myelodysplastic syndrome with chromosome 5q deletion. IMiDs exert their pleiotropic effects through the recruitment of neosubstrates to cereblon, a substrate receptor of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex; therefore, identification of cell-specific neosubstrates is important to understand the effects of IMiDs. In clinical practice, IMiDs induce thrombocytopenia, which frequently results in the discontinuation of IMiD treatment. In the current study, we sought to identify the molecular mechanism underlying thrombocytopenia induced by IMiD treatment. We found that IMiDs strongly impaired proplatelet formation, a critical step in functional platelet production, through the inhibition of autocrine estradiol signaling in human megakaryocytes. Furthermore, we identified aromatase, an indispensable enzyme for estradiol biosynthesis, as a novel neosubstrate of cereblon. IMiDs promoted the recruitment of aromatase to cereblon, resulting in the degradation of aromatase in a proteasome-dependent manner. Finally, aromatase was significantly degraded in the bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma who developed thrombocytopenia with IMiD treatment. These data suggest that aromatase is a neosubstrate of cereblon that is responsible for IMiD-induced thrombocytopenia.

Thin piezoelectric bimorph cantilever is increasingly employed throughout the field of actuator and sensor applications in the microelectromechanical system (MEMS). Generally for finite element analysis of piezoelectric bimorph cantilever, three–dimensional (3D) solid element can accurately takes into account a linear or quadratic distribution of electric potential over the thickness for various electric configurations of the actuator and sensor applications. As the MEMS structures usually are quite thin and undergo large deformations, shell elements are very well suited for the structural discretization. This paper is focused on the development of a novel coupled algorithm to analyze the electromechanical coupling in a piezoelectric bimorph actuator and sensor using the shell and solid elements to simulate the structural and electric fields, respectively. The electric force induced by the inverse piezoelectric effect is transformed from the solid elements to the shell elements as an equivalent external force and moment, and the resultant displacements are transformed from the shell elements to the solid elements to evaluate the direct piezoelectric effect. Two different approaches were developed to analyze the electric field–structure interaction. In the first approach, for each block Gauss–Seidel (BGS) iteration, multiple full Newton–Raphson (N–R) iterations are executed until the tolerance criteria are satisfied. In the second approach, the BGS and N–R loops are unified into a single loop. A piezoelectric bimorph actuator and sensor were analyzed for various electrical configurations to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method.

The characteristics of the cycles of coupled phenomena that occur among elastic-plastic contact deformation, current distribution, heat generation, and thermal conduction during resistance spot welding are examined using coupled finite element analyses. The current density peak that appears at the center of the interface moves outward along the interface to the high-contact resistance region, then the peaks in the current density, contact resistance, Joule heat generation, and temperature migrate outward with the contact edge followed by the melting zone during the welding process. The influence of welding parameters on the cycles of coupled phenomena is also examined. When the weld current is increased, the current density within the contact surface does not increase but enlarges the high-temperature region instead of heating the central part of the interface. When a small electrode force is applied, the nugget formation is initially enhanced not due to the increased contact resistance but rather because of the increase in the current density through the interface with a reduced contact area.

The selective mesh stiffening in this study changes the stiffness of the element based on both the element area and shape. It includes the stiffening in the previous studies as a specific case, and leads to a general scenario in the pseudoelastic mesh–moving. This scenario gives better mesh quality in the mesh-moving of a rectangular domain with a structure consisting of a square and a fin undergoes large rotations. This is because the shear deformation of the element is adaptively considered.

This study proposed a partitioned method to analyze maneuvering of insects during flapping flight. This method decomposed the insect flapping flight into wing and body subsystems and then coupled them via boundary conditions imposed on the wing’s base using one-way coupling. In the wing subsystem, the strong coupling of the flexible wings and surrounding fluid was accurately analyzed using the finite element method to obtain the thrust forces acting on the insect’s body. The resulting thrust forces were passed from the wing subsystem to the body subsystem, and then rigid body motion was analyzed in the body subsystem. The rolling, yawing, and pitching motions were simulated using the proposed method as follows: In the rolling simulation, the difference of the stroke angle between the right and left wings caused a roll torque. In the yawing simulation, the initial feathering angle in the right wing only caused a yaw torque. In the pitching simulation, the difference between the front- and back-stroke angles in both the right and left wings caused a pitch torque. All three torques generated maneuvering motion comparable with that obtained in actual observations of insect flight. These results demonstrate that the proposed method can adequately simulate the fundamental maneuvers of insect flapping flight. In the present simulations, the maneuvering mechanisms were investigated at the governing equation level, which might be difficult using other approaches. Therefore, the proposed method will contribute to revealing the underlying insect flight mechanisms.

This paper presents an improved design of polymer micromachined transmission for flapping-wing Nano Air Vehicles (FWNAVs) in comparison with our last design. Design Improvement includes (1) reduction of the crack and fracture during microfabrication, and (2) performance improvement of the transmission. The novelty of our polymer micromachined transmission includes (1) the transmission mechanism based on the geometrical nonlinear bending deformation, and (2) the complete 2.5-dimensional structure that can be fabricated using standard microfabrication techniques including the etching, the photolithography, the deposition, and the curing process. The complete 2.5-dimensional structure requires no post-assembly and leads to further miniaturization without so much difficulty. Each wing of FWNAVs will be driven by the proposed transmission and actuator separately. The present transmission can produce around 40° stroke angle, which is about 50% higher than that of our previous work without considering the mass effect.

The piezoelectric energy harvesting devices for the conversion of mechanical vibration into electric energy via a flexible piezoelectric energy harvesting (FPED) structure have gained greater attention. Here, the large deformation of the FPED structure causes a strong interaction with the electric field (direct-piezoelectric effect) and structural field (inverse-piezoelectric effect), and vice-versa. Also an electrical circuit is attached to the electrodes covering the piezoelectric layers. This becomes a three-way coupling of the structure, the electromechanical effect of the piezoelectric material, and the electrical circuit. A mathematical and numerical model of the complex physical system of the involved multiphysics coupling characteristics in order to predict the operational properties and to increase the performance is very important. The presentation will discuss a partitioned coupling algorithm based hierarchical decomposition using finite element method for piezoelectric energy harvesting from structurepiezoelectric-circuit interaction. Results obtained with the finite element analysis are compared with the experimental results of PEHDs with base excitation reported in the literature.

A partitioned iterative method based on hierarchical decomposition is proposed for providing numerical modeling and analysis of the piezoelectric energy harvester which is involved in coupled fluid-structure interaction, coupled electro-mechanical, and a controlling electrical circuit for piezoelectric structural applications in energy harvesting. This circuitintegrated piezoelectric structural application in energy harvesting surrounded by fluid media takes the form of natural four-way coupling of fluid flow, the structure, the electromechanical effect of the piezoelectric material, and the electrical circuit. This can be formulated exactly as a fluid-structure-piezoelectric-circuit interaction. These coupled four fields are hierarchically decomposed into the fluid-structure interaction, structure-piezoelectric interaction, and piezoelectric-circuit interaction interactions. Then these subsystems are decomposed into each field. The proposed finite element method enables to reuse of existing techniques because of its modularity. Furthermore, scalability to multiphysics and multisystem couplings is expected. There are some numerical approaches in particular monolithic coupling methods are studied which are computationally expensive and leads to an ill-conditioned coefficient matrix. Nevertheless, accurate modeling for predicting the characteristics of this four-way coupling using partitioned methods has not yet been developed. This method enables an investigation of piezoelectric structures in fluid with complex geometry, material composition, and attached electrical circuits to the harvester. A flexible piezoelectric bimorph harvester in the converging channel is analyzed to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. The results indicate that the method captures the coupled effect accurately.

SMI (SPICA Mid-infrared Instrument) is one of the three focal-plane science instruments for SPICA. SMI is the Japanese-led instrument proposed and managed by a university consortium. SMI covers the wavelength range from 10 to 36 μm with four separate channels: the low-resolution (R = 60 – 160) spectroscopy function for 17 – 36 μm, the broad-band (R = 5) imaging function at 34 μm, the mid-resolution (R = 1400 – 2600) spectroscopy function for 18 – 36 μm, and the high-resolution (R = 29000) spectroscopy function for 10 – 18 μm. In this presentation, we will show the latest design and specifications of SMI as a result of feasibility studies.

We used a data set from AKARI and Herschel images at wavelengths from 7 $\mu$m to 500 $\mu$m to catch the evidence of dust processing in galactic winds in NGC 1569. Images show a diffuse infrared (IR) emission extending from the galactic disk into the halo region. The most prominent filamentary structure seen in the diffuse IR emission is spatially in good agreement with the western H$\alpha$ filament (western arm). The spatial distribution of the $F_\mathrm{350}/F_\mathrm{500}$ map shows high values in regions around the super-star clusters (SSCs) and towards the western arm, which are not found in the $F_\mathrm{250}/F_\mathrm{350}$ map. The color-color diagram of $F_\mathrm{250}/F_\mathrm{350}$-$F_\mathrm{350}/F_\mathrm{500}$ indicates high values of the emissivity power-law index ($\beta_\mathrm{c}$) of the cold dust component in those regions. From a spectral decomposition analysis on a pixel-by-pixel basis, a $\beta_\mathrm{c}$ map shows values ranging from $\sim1$ to $\sim2$ over the whole galaxy. In particular, high $\beta_\mathrm{c}$ values of $\sim2$ are only observed in the regions indicated by the color-color diagram. Since the average cold dust temperature in NGC 1569 is $\sim30$ K, $\beta_\mathrm{c}, Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, MNRAS accepted for publication

The key to the design of advanced micro electro–mechanical devices is an accurate evaluation of the circuit-integrated piezoelectric oscillator that accounts for its complicated configuration. Here, the direct numerical modeling of this oscillator leads to a general formulation as a structure–piezoelectric–circuit interaction. Hence, this study developed a strongly coupled partitioned iterative method for the structure–piezoelectric–circuit interaction. The proposed method was constructed using hierarchical decomposition, the partitioned iterative method for two coupled fields, and loop union. That is, the whole system of the coupled multiphysics is hierarchically decomposed into coupled two-field subsystems, partitioned iterative algorithms for two coupled fields are applied to these subsystems, and the coupling algorithms for these subsystems are reduced to a single coupling algorithm. In the proposed method, three distinct direct piezoelectric, inverse piezoelectric, and circuit solvers are strongly coupled with each other. The inverse piezoelectric solver uses shell finite elements to analyze the response of the thin oscillator efficiently, while the direct piezoelectric solver uses solid finite elements to accurately describe the three-dimensional distribution of the electric potential in the piezoelectric continuum. The proposed method can accurately analyze coupling phenomena in the RC circuit, piezoelectric shunt damping, and piezoelectric energy harvesting.

In this study, a FSI design of an insect–like micro flapping wing is proposed. Similar to actual insects, the proposed design actively uses the FSI to create the passive wing motions. Each design solution has a 2.5–D structure for the MEMS technology. The 3–D unsteady monolithic FSI equation system is solved to find the satisfactory design solutions using a projection method in a parallel computation environment. An area of satisfactory design solutions in a design parameter space or Design Window (DW) is presented. Each design solution in the present DW can generate the thrust sufficient to support the weight of the model insect. Therefore, the insect–like MEMS–based MAVs are possible., VII International Conference on Computational Methods for Coupled Problems in Science and Engineering (COUPLED PROBLEMS 2017), June 12 – 14, 2017, Rhodes Islad, Greece

We have detected [C I] 3P1–3P0 emissions in the gaseous debris disks of 49 Ceti and β Pictoris with the 10 m telescope of the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment, which is the first detection of such emissions. The line profiles of [C I] are found to resemble those of CO(J=3–2) observed with the same telescope and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. This result suggests that atomic carbon (C) coexists with CO in the debris disks, and is likely formed by the photodissociation of CO. Assuming an optically thin [C I] emission with the excitation temperature ranging from 30 to 100 K, the column density of C is evaluated to be (2.2 ± 0.2) × 1017 and (2.5 ± 0.7) × 1016 cm−2 for 49 Ceti and β Pictoris, respectively. The C/CO column density ratio is thus derived to be 54 ± 19 and 69 ± 42 for 49 Ceti and β Pictoris, respectively. These ratios are higher than those of molecular clouds and diffuse clouds by an order of magnitude. The unusually high ratios of C to CO are likely attributed to a lack of H2 molecules needed to reproduce CO molecules efficiently from C. This result implies a small number of H2 molecules in the gas disk; i.e., there is an appreciable contribution of secondary gas from dust grains.

A stability evaluation method is proposed for magnetic damping vibration analysis.Numerical stability is examined by stable region for coupled analysis methods.Computing time required to obtain stable and converged solutions is compared. The numerical stability of electromagnetic and structural coupled analysis methods is examined in terms of the spectral radius for various methods combined with a coupled algorithm, time integration methods for structural analysis and eddy current analysis, and coupled effect evaluation methods. The coupled analysis method with the conventional serial staggered algorithm, generalized method for structure, backward difference method for eddy current, and coupled effect evaluation using previous time step results is seen to be the most suitable from the viewpoints of stability and computing time. The stability of the conventional parallel staggered algorithm is found to be much improved if the generalized method is used for structural analysis.

Bimodal catalyst support is a widely applied concept in solid catalysts but until now the supported metal on the bimodal support has no satisfied dispersion and the average metal particle size is generally larger than the pore size of small pores (mesopores) of the bimodal structure, lowering the power and significance of the bimodal structure. To overcome this problem, a novel ZrO2 SiO2 bimodal pore support with enlarged depth of small pores, was successfully fabricated though self-assembly of nanosized ZrSiO4 inside pore of silica gel. Cobalt was finely dispersed on bimodal support by incipient-wetness impregnation. The bimodal support and catalyst were characterized by various techniques, such as BET, TEM, XRD, and TPR and H2-chemisorpion. The bimodal catalyst was applied in slurry-phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Characterization results suggested that bimodal pore support processed larger BET surface than pristine silica gel, due to the newly formed small pores organized by packing of the ZrSiO4 nanoparticles. The enlarged BET surface area leaded to good dispersion of cobalt species. More importantly, it was observed that the deep small pores could serve as traps for Co nanoparticles, preventing sintering and agglomeration due to confinement effect. Co/30 wt% ZrO2-Q-50 and Co/20 wt% ZrO2-Q-100 bimodal catalyst with large BET surface and deep small pores exhibited excellent catalytic activity, and selectivity to heavy hydrocarbons due to high dispersion of cobalt and unique pore structure, while coexisting ZrO2 promoted the reduction of finely-dispersed cobalt oxide nanoparticles. It is interesting to find that different from the conventional theory where small metallic particle lowers chain-growth probability, the trapped smaller Co particles inside deep small pores achieved higher chain-growth probability due to the facilitated re-adsorption of olefinic intermediates happening inside deep small pores.

We present a dust extinction AV map of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) in the H I ridge region using the IRSF near-infrared (IR) data, and compare the AV map with the total hydrogen column density N(H) maps derived from the CO and H I observations. In the LMC H I ridge region, the two-velocity H I components (plus an intermediate velocity component) are identified, and the young massive star cluster is possibly formed by collision between them. In addition, one of the components is suggested to be an inflow gas from the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) which is expected to have even lower metallicity gas (Fukui et al. 2017, PASJ, 69, L5). To evaluate dust/gas ratios in the H I ridge region in detail, we derive the AV map from the near-IR color excess of the IRSF data updated with the latest calibration, and fit the resultant AV map with a combination of the N(H) maps of the different velocity components to successfully decompose it into the 3 components. As a result, we find difference by a factor of 2 in AV /N(H) between the components. In additon, the CO-to-H2 conversion factor also indicates difference between the components, implying the difference in the metallicity. Our results are likely to support the scenario that the gas in the LMC H I ridge region is contaminated with an inflow gas from the SMC with a geometry consistent with the on-going collision between the two velocity components., 19 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in PASJ

Sweet syndrome is a rare inflammatory disease with rapid onset of painful, edematous skin eruptions, and neutrophilia. Concerning hematological disorders, Sweet syndrome often presents in patients with myeloid diseases, but it is rarely observed in patients with lymphoid diseases. Here we describe a 72-year-old male with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia who suffered recurring Sweet syndrome. Following induction chemotherapy, granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs) were administered due to febrile neutropenia. A few weeks thereafter, skin eruption emerged on the palmar and dorsal surfaces of his hands, and skin biopsy confirmed Sweet syndrome. His symptoms improved with the short-term use of prednisolone. After recovering from the neutropenia, the patient received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) due to unstable angina that developed after the induction chemotherapy. During PCI, coronary artery dissection caused cardiopulmonary arrest. The patient recovered with intensive care. However, blood tests on the following day revealed marked neutrophilia. The skin eruption re-emerged on both hands, which was consistent with Sweet syndrome. Sweet syndrome repeatedly occurred after the recovery of neutropenia due to chemotherapy. We suggest that the intrinsic increase in G-CSF in response to inflammation might have caused recurring Sweet syndrome in this patient.

Vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) is highly recommended for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients by several guidelines; however, the safety and seropositivity after live attenuated vaccines remain unclear in adult HSCT recipients. We analyzed titers of antibodies against measles, rubella, mumps, and varicella zoster virus (VZV) from Japanese adult patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT (allo-HSCT) (n = 74), autologous HSCT (auto-HSCT) (n = 39), or chemotherapy (n = 93). The seropositive rates for measles, rubella, mumps, and VZV in allo-HSCT recipients were 20.2%, 36.4%, 5.4%, and 55.4%, respectively. These rates were equivalent to those in auto-HSCT recipients but were significantly lower than those in patients receiving chemotherapy. Antibody titers tended to gradually decrease with time. Twenty-nine allo-HSCT recipients and 8 auto-HSCT recipients received live attenuated vaccines against VPDs for which they tested seronegative. The titers of antibodies against measles, rubella, and mumps significantly increased after 2 shots of vaccine, and the seropositive rate increased up to 19%, 30%, and 27%, respectively. Three patients (8.1%) experienced mild adverse events, which resolved promptly, indicating safe administration of the live attenuated vaccines. In multivariate analysis, history of chronic graft-versus-host disease was significantly associated with high seropositivity for measles as well as high seroconversion rate for measles after vaccination. Live attenuated vaccines against VPDs were safely administered in seronegative adult HSCT recipients. A further observational study is crucial to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination in seronegative HSCT patients.

Coupled finite element analysis is expected in several fields of research and development, where necessity of coupled analysis of not only two phenomena but also three or more phenomena is increasing. The demand for multiscale and multiphysics analyses is also increasing. A coupled analysis approach that combines an in-house code and a general-purpose commercial finite element analysis code using a message passing interface is very promising for these analyses. To examine the practical usefulness and effectiveness, this approach was applied to the triply coupled and multiscale analyses of a resistance spot welding problem and to the dynamic coupled analysis of an ultra sonic piezoelectric motor. The approach is effective to perform various types of coupled finite element analyses of multiphysics and multiscale problems.

Galactic infrared (IR) bubbles, which can be seen as shell-like structures at mid-IR wavelengths, are known to possess massive stars within their shell boundaries. In our previous study, Hanaoka et al. (2019) expanded the research area to the whole Galactic plane ($0^{\circ} \leq l \leq 360^{\circ}$, $|b| \leq 5^{\circ}$) and studied systematic differences in the shell morphology and the IR luminosity of the IR bubbles between inner and outer Galactic regions. In this study, utilizing high spatial-resolution data of AKARI and WISE in the mid-IR and Herschel in the far-IR, we investigate the spatial distributions of dust components around each IR bubble to discuss the relation between the star-formation activity and the dust properties of the IR bubbles. For the 247 IR bubbles studied in Hanaoka et al. (2019), 165 IR bubbles are investigated in this study, which have the Herschel data ($|b| \leq 1^{\circ}$) and known distances. We created their spectral energy distributions on a pixel-by-pixel basis around each IR bubble, and decomposed them with a dust model consisting of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hot dust, warm dust and cold dust. As a result, we find that the offsets of dust heating sources from the shell centers in inner Galactic regions are systematically larger than those in outer Galactic regions. Many of the broken bubbles in inner Galactic regions show large angles between the offset and the broken shell directions from the center. Moreover, the spatial variations of the PAH intensity and cold dust emissivity around the IR bubbles in inner Galactic regions are larger than those in outer Galactic regions. We discuss these results in light of the interstellar environments and the formation mechanism of the massive stars associated with the IR bubbles., Comment: 20 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in PASJ

The authors have designed and microfabricated millimetre-scale wing-shaped hybrid microstructures composed of rigid structures of single crystal silicon (SCS) substrates and flexible polyimide (PI) membranes. The wing-shaped microstructures mimicking insect flapping flight have been newly designed using a fluid-structure interaction analysis, and the hybrid microstructures based on the design method have been successfully microfabricated using a simple process flow with SCS substrates coated with PI membranes. Shape of the SCS parts in the hybrid microstructures have been successfully fabricated using deep reactive ion etching of the SCS substrate with small etching rate, and the wing plates of PI membranes have been prepared with the photolithography and the curing processes. The flexibility of the PI membranes of the fabricated hybrid microstructures was also confirmed using the bending test of the PI membranes.

Galactic infrared (IR) bubbles, which have shell-like structures in the mid-IR wavelengths, are known to contain massive stars near their centers. IR bubbles in inner Galactic regions ($|$l$|\leq$ 65$^{\circ}$, $|$b$|\leq$ 1$^{\circ}$) have so far been studied well to understand the massive star formation mechanisms. In this study, we expand the research area to the whole Galactic plane (0$^{\circ}\leq$ l $1'$ to reliably identify and characterize them. For the 247 IR bubbles in total, we derived the radii and the covering fractions of the shells, based on the method developed in \citet{Hattori2016}. We also created their spectral energy distributions, using the AKARI and Herschel photometric data, and decomposed them with a dust model, to obtain the total IR luminosity and the luminosity of each dust component, i.e., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), warm dust and cold dust. As a result, we find that there are systematic differences in the IR properties of the bubbles between inner and outer Galactic regions. The total IR luminosities are lower in outer Galactic regions, while there is no systematic difference in the range of the shell radii between inner and outer Galactic regions. More IR bubbles tend to be observed as broken bubbles rather than closed ones and the fractional luminosities of the PAH emission are significantly higher in outer Galactic regions. We discuss the implications of these results for the massive stars and the interstellar environments associated with the Galactic IR bubbles., Comment: 39 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in PASJ