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Prescription opioids are used in clinics for reducing pain, but overdoses and addiction can lead to poisoning. Herein, we report a rapid, straightforward, and cost-effective hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based liquid phase microextraction process with HPLC-UV detection for extracting and analyzing morphine and codeine from whole blood samples. The procedure involved synthesizing seven deep eutectic solvents and investigating their pH switchability. Deep eutectic solvents with pH-switchable properties were employed as extractants. Under optimal conditions, the relative standard deviation of 50 μg/L of morphine and codeine in blood samples was 5.4–6.2 % for inter-day measurements and 3.7–4.3 % for intra-day measurements. For both analytes, the calibration graphs showed a linear range of 1.5–300 μg/L and a limit of detection of 0.5 μg/L. The enrichment factor and the extraction recovery of morphine and codeine were 152–––166 and 76 − 83 %, respectively. The results revealed that the addicted person’s blood sample contained both morphine and codeine. The real blood samples spiked with varying doses of codeine and morphine had relative recoveries ranging from 91.8 to 107.0 %, suggesting the method is suitable for real sample analysis.

Nanomaterials have drawn significant attention for their biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. In the present study, manganese tetra oxide (Mn3O4) nanoparticles were prepared greenly, and their physicochemical properties were studied. Taxus baccata acetone extract was used as a safely novel precursor for reducing and stabilizing nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The cytotoxicity of Mn3O4 (hausmannite) nanostructures was evaluated against murine macrophage cell line J774-A1 and U87 glioblastoma cancer cells for approximately 72 h. Spherical Mn3O4 nanoparticles with tetragonal spinel structures demonstrated minimal toxicity against normal body cells with CC50 around 876.38 μg mL−1. Moreover, Mn3O4 nanoparticles as well as the combination of antimoniate meglumine and Mn3O4 nanoparticles exhibited maximum mortality in Leishmania major. The synthesized nanominerals displayed a significant inhibitory effect against glioblastoma cancer cells at 100 μg mL−1. The selective cytotoxicity of Mn3O4 nanoparticles indicates that these biogenic agents can be employed simultaneously for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in medical applications.

Purpose: Healthcare practitioners in Saudi Arabia sometimes experience workplace bullying (WPB). However, more research on this issue must be carried out in the country. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of WPB and how individual factors among nurses contribute to different experiences of WPB in clinical settings. Methods: This cross-sectional quantitative study occurred among registered nurses in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was used, and nurses filled it out via a Google survey that included sociodemographic details such as age, gender, education, and the WBS to gauge the prevalence of workplace bullying in hospital settings. Results: Of 416 nurses, 58.7% were aged between 31 and 40, and 76.9% were women. The prevalence of WPB was found to be 54.8%. WPB was higher among middle-aged nurses, men, charge/managerial nurses, nurses with higher education, those with 3 to 6 years of experience, and those working in specialty units. Conclusions: More than half of the nurses had experienced WPB at some point. Middle-aged nurses, especially men with higher education and more experience in specialty units, were the most common victims of WPB compared to other registered nurses.

The exchange of data is not limited to personal text information or information about institutions and governments, but includes digital media transferred via the Internet including everything, whether texts, images or videos and audio, or animation. These media need high-security protection and high speed during its transmission from one site to another. In this study, a new method is suggested for hiding a gray-level image within a larger color image based on the proposed steganography map that merged chaotic function and randomize function. The size of the chaos and randomize functions is 16 bytes. Experimental results obtained a successful method based on mean squared error, signal-to-noise ratio, peak signal noise rate, embedding capacity, entropy, and histogram. This method can rapidly hide and extract ciphertext in and from the gray image. The original image and the stego image are difficult to distinguish because the correlation between them is very close to 1, indicating that attackers cannot easily differentiate these images with the naked eye. This condition can successfully hide information on the Internet.

The objective of hiding text in an image is hiding text without raising suspicions that the image contains a hidden message or text, which leads to protecting and maintaining text confidentiality. The previous hiding methods have problems in capacity, randomization, and imperceptibility. This paper will be solved some of these problems; we suggested a new method for hiding text in an image. Firstly, encrypting the text by the AES-192 bit algorithm for obtaining a secret message. When the initial key of the AES-192 (bit) algorithm is generated by a chaotic system for randomness purposes, secondly, hiding the secret message is into a gray image for obtaining a stego-image. The hiding step is based on a proposed map that chooses from the last round of key expansion in the AES-192 algorithm. This map represented random positions of LSB in each byte of the gray image. The experimental result of this method proved a successful method based on metric criteria. Also, this method is the very speed for hiding ciphertext in the gray image as well as extracting ciphertext from the gray image. Also, it is very safe because it is difficult for attackers to distinguish between the original image and the stego image therefore the correlation between the original image and the stego- image is very close to 1.

Michael A Fishman,1 Ajay B Antony,2 Corey W Hunter,3 Jason E Pope,4 Peter S Staats,5 Rahul Agarwal,6 Allison T Connolly,6 Nirav Dalal,6 Timothy R Deer7 1Center for Interventional Pain and Spine, Exton, PA, USA; 2The Orthopaedic Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; 3Ainsworth Institute of Pain Management, New York, NY, USA; 4Evolve Restorative Center, Santa Rosa, CA, USA; 5Premier Pain Centers, Shrewsbury, NJ, USA; 6Abbott, Sylmar, CA, USA; 7The Spine and Nerve Center of the Virginias, Charleston, WV, USACorrespondence: Michael A FishmanCenter for Interventional Pain and Spine, 160 North Pointe Blvd Suite 208, Lancaster, PA, 17603, USATel +1 917-543-6588Email mafishman@gmail.comBackground and Aims: Chronic pain affects more adults in the United States than any other condition. Opioid medications are widely used in the treatment of chronic pain, but there remains considerable risk and cost associated with their use. This study aims to characterize the effects of opioid prescribing for chronic pain and similar pain conditions on lost productivity in the United States.Methods: This was a retrospective, longitudinal, observational study of chronic pain patients in 2011– 2014. We identified patients with a diagnosis of musculoskeletal pain receiving index prescription for opioids in administrative claims and studied disability absence in a linked health and productivity management database. Patients were grouped as de novo and continued use opioid users before index, and by opioid dose in the year after index. Days of disability were compared before and after index with bootstrapping. Effect of opioid dose group on disability was evaluated with negative binomial regression. Lost productivity cost was compared before and after index.Results: The cohort contained 16,273 de novo and 6604 continued use patients. On average, de novo patients used 24.8 days of disability after index, an increase of 18.3 more days compared to before (p < 0.001). Continued use patients used 30.7 days after index, 9 more days than before (p < 0.001). There was a dose–response relationship between dose group and days of disability in de novo patients (p < 0.001). The weighted-average cost per person of lost productivity was $4344 higher in the year after index compared to the year before.Conclusion: Opioid prescriptions for pain patients were associated with significant disability use and lost productivity costs. With the evolution of opioid-prescribing practices, CDC recommendations, and the HHS Pain Management Best Practices, there is opportunity to use alternative pain therapies without the risks of opioid-induced side effects to improve work productivity.Keywords: opioids, pain, disability, productivity

The nuclear shell model with modified surface delta interaction MSDI was used to calculate the values of energy levels of the copper nucleus 58Cu. The neutron and proton in the model space 1p3/2 0f5/2 1p1/2 of the copper nucleus occur outside the closed core 56Ni. This research investigates the excitation energy and angular momentum. As a consequence, theoretical approaches are used to uncover a collection between excitation energies and classical coupling angles θa,b at various orbitals. Finally, we demonstrate that our results are supported by experimental evidence: Excitation energies have two major functions, both of which are influenced by classical coupling angles but are unaffected by angular momentum I.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a serious health condition that is becoming extremely threatening in Saudi Arabia. The link between vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and maternal MetS has been observed in several ethnic groups, but is yet to be clarified in the Arabian population. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the FokI VDR genotype and the risk of MetS and its components in pregnant Saudi women. A cross-sectional study was conducted using 368 pregnant Saudi women on first trimester screened for MetS (44 with MetS and 324 without MetS). Measurements included anthropometrics, glycemic and lipid profile and 25(OH)D. TaqMan genotyping assay was used to determine Fokl VDR genotype of participants. Vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D

Listeriosis is one of the most common foodborne diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). A poor prognosis has been recorded for the invasive listeriosis, especially neurolisteriosis. In several countries throughout the world, foodborne infections with L. monocytogenes exceeded the legal safety limits in animal sourced foods. Therefore, we decided to investigate the variability, virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of this pathogen. Both phenotypic and genotypic methods were used for identifying L. monocytogenes isolates and confirming their virulence profiles. The antimicrobial resistances and their correlation analysis with the existence of virulence genes were detected. Additionally, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis based on L. monocytogenes inlA and inlB genes were undertaken. The prevalence rate (11.9%) and the resistance profiles of L. monocytogenes were shocking. The multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotypes were common among our isolates (64.9%). Fortunately, the resistance phenotypes were always associated with low virulence arrays and the MDR strains possessed low virulence fitness. Herein, the high genotypic and phenotypic diversity of L. monocytogenes isolates and their weak clonality and adaptability highlighted the difficulty in controlling and managing this pathogen. Therefore, it is important to add more restriction guidelines from national authorities on the consumption of ready to eat foods.

This study focuses on the evaluation of the natural radioactivity levels in ten samples of the detergent powders that available in Iraqi markets. We have determined the specific activities of uranium, thorium and potassium using gamma spectroscopy and calculation of radiation hazard indices. The results of the activities of radionuclides (238U, 232Th, 40K) for detergent powders samples, are found that the 238U specific activities were varied from (11.489 ± 2.089) Bq/kg to (36.062 ± 2.478) Bq/kg, while the 232th specific activities were varied from (1.411 ± 0.609) Bq/kg to (9.272 ± 1.642) Bq/kg and 40K were varied from (8.189 ± 2.339) Bq/kg to (91.888 ± 4.164) Bq/kg. These values are always lower than those of raw materials, what is explained by the conservation of radioactive material throughout the manufacturing process. The radium equivalent activity Raeq, the external hazard index Hex and the internal hazard index Hin dose due to natural radioactivity estimated below the regulatory standard recommended which are (370 Bq/kg, 1 and 1) according to OECD 1979 and ICRP 2000, allows us to show that Detergent powders samples products are not contaminated by radioactivity, are healthy and do not have harmful radiological impact on the consumer. Keywords: NROM in detergents, External hazard indices, Detergent powders, Iraqi markets and gamma spectroscopy

Elevated sympathetic activity is associated with kidney dysfunction. Here we used twin pairs to probe heritability of GFR and its genetic covariance with other traits.We evaluated renal and adrenergic phenotypes in twins. GFR was estimated by CKD-EPI algorithm. Heritability and genetic covariance of eGFR and associated risk traits were estimated by variance-components. Meta-analysis probed reproducibility of DBH genetic effects. Effect of DBH genetic variation on renal disease was tested in the NIDDK-AASK cohort.Norepinephrine secretion rose across eGFR tertiles while eGFR fell (p

We study the kinematics of galaxies within massive clusters, as a probe of the physics of star formation quenching within clusters. Using N-body simulations, we argue that satellite kinematics provide information about galaxy infall that is complementary to the (instantaneous) spatial distribution of satellites and can help distinguish between models of quenching that require intracluster processes from those that do not. Comparing the simulation results with measurements of real cluster galaxies, we find evidence that the kinematics of red (quiescent) satellite galaxies are consistent with earlier infall times than that of blue (star-forming) satellites.

The backdrop: visual cryptography represents a contemporary encryption technology valued for its ease of implementation and comprehensibility, eliminating the need for a secure channel for key transmission and similar requirements. This paper aims: delve into the diverse methods employed in optical encryption, exploring their advantages and drawbacks, with a particular focus on image encryption techniques and the outcomes documented in various research studies. The objective is to identify the strengths and weaknesses inherent in these methodologies, paving the way for potential solutions in the future of optical encryption research. Notably, challenges persist in effectively handling color images and utilizing multiple shares (n, n), impacting both the security and the restoration aspects. The time computation aspects, encompassing creation, encryption, and restoration of these shares, also present challenges. Consequently, ongoing improvements are necessary to address these intricacies and enhance the robustness and applicability of visual cryptography technologies in diverse contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Healthcare practitioners in Saudi Arabia sometimes experience workplace bullying (WPB). However, more research on this issue must be carried out in the country. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of WPB and how individual factors among nurses contribute to different experiences of WPB in clinical settings. Methods: This cross-sectional quantitative study occurred among registered nurses in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was used, and nurses filled it out via a Google survey that included sociodemographic details such as age, gender, education, and the WBS to gauge the prevalence of workplace bullying in hospital settings. Results: Of 416 nurses, 58.7% were aged between 31 and 40, and 76.9% were women. The prevalence of WPB was found to be 54.8%. WPB was higher among middle-aged nurses, men, charge/managerial nurses, nurses with higher education, those with 3 to 6 years of experience, and those working in specialty units. Conclusions: More than half of the nurses had experienced WPB at some point. Middle-aged nurses, especially men with higher education and more experience in specialty units, were the most common victims of WPB compared to other registered nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study halo assembly bias for cluster-sized halos. Previous work has found little evidence for correlations between large-scale bias and halo mass assembly history for simulated cluster-sized halos, in contrast to the significant correlation found between bias and concentration for halos of this mass. This difference in behavior is surprising, given that both concentration and assembly history are closely related to the same properties of the linear-density peaks that collapse to form halos. Using publicly available simulations, we show that significant assembly bias is indeed found in the most massive halos with M∼ 1015Mo, using essentially any definition of halo age. For lower halo masses M∼ 1014Mo, no correlation is found between bias and the commonly used age indicator a0.5, the half-mass time. We show that this is a mere accident, and that significant assembly bias exists for other definitions of halo age, including those based on the time when the halo progenitor acquires some fraction f of the ultimate mass at z=0. For halos with Mvir∼ 1014Mo, the sense of assembly bias changes sign at f=0.5. We explore the origin of this behavior, and argue that it arises because standard definitions of halo mass in halo finders do not correspond to the collapsed, virialized mass that appears in the spherical collapse model used to predict large-scale clustering. Because bias depends strongly on halo mass, these errors in mass definition can masquerade as or even obscure the assembly bias that is physically present. More physically motivated halo definitions using splashback should be free of this particular defect of standard halo finders.

This document presents the results from the Distances subgroup of the Cosmic Frontier Community Planning Study (Snowmass 2013). We summarize the current state of the field as well as future prospects and challenges. In addition to the established probes using Type Ia supernovae and baryon acoustic oscillations, we also consider prospective methods based on clusters, active galactic nuclei, gravitational wave sirens and strong lensing time delays.