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In this paper, electrochemical degradation of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) textile azo dye was examined in regard to different synthesis procedures for making PbO2–graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) electrode. The reaction of PbOH3- with ClO− in the presence of different surfactants, i.e., cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and tetrabutylammonium phosphate (TBAP), under conventional conditions, resulted in the formation of PbO2 with varying morphology. The obtained materials were combined with g-C3N4 for the preparation of the final composite materials, which were then characterized morphologically and electrochemically. After optimizing the degradation method, it was shown that an anode comprising a steel electrode coated with the composite of PbO2 synthesized using CTAB as template and g-C3N4, and using 0.15 M Na2SO4 as the supporting electrolyte, gave the best performance for RB5 dye removal from a 35 mg/L solution. The treatment duration was 60 min, applying a current of 0.17 A (electrode surface 4 cm2, current density of 42.5 mA/cm2), while the initial pH of the testing solution was 2. The reusability and longevity of the electrode surface (which showed no significant change in activity throughout the study) may suggest that this approach is a promising candidate for wastewater treatment and pollutant removal.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic pollutant that is widely spread in waterbody with effluents as a result of its extensive use in the plastics industry. It posses to the class of compounds that are endocrine disruptors and has a great negative impact on living organisms. Therefore, the progress in development of green technology for BPA removal from the aquatic media is crucial for environmental protection. This paper presents BPA removal by electrochemical oxidation on SnO2-MWCNT (tin dioxide-multi walled carbon nanotube) nanocomposite anode. The nanocomposite was structural and morphological characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical properties of the SnO2-MWCNT anode were investigated using cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry and electrical impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical behavior of anodes toward BPA in sodium sulfate solutions has shown that BPA is oxidized by indirectly mechanism via hydroxyl radicals (verified by quenching tests). Electrolysis of BPA has been done in galvanostatic regime at current densities 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0 mA cm−2 in 0.1 M sodium sulfate supported electrolyte pH 4.0. Complete degradation of BPA was accomplished after 5 h of electrolysis at a current density of 20 mA cm−2. The proposed electrochemical technology using a low-cost SnO2-MWCNT electrode is promising for wastewater BPA removal.

In this work, we investigated the morphological and electrochemical properties of gallium/bismuth mixed oxide. The bismuth concentration was varied from 0 to 100%. The correct ratio was determined with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), while surface characteristics were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement. Electrochemical characteristics were studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the Fe2+/3+ couple. The obtained materials were tested for adrenaline detection. After square wave voltammetry (SWV) optimization, the best electrode showed a wide linear working range from 7 to 100 µM at pH 6 of the Britton–Robinson buffer solution (BRBS) supporting electrolyte. The limit of detection (LOD) for the proposed method was calculated as 1.9 µM, with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 5.8 µM. The excellent selectivity of the proposed method, with good repeatability and reproducibility, strongly suggests the possible application of the procedure for the determination of adrenaline in artificially prepared real samples. The practical applicability with good recovery values indicates that the morphology of the materials is closely connected with other parameters, which further suggests that the developed approach can offer a low-cost, rapid, selective, and sensitive method for adrenaline monitoring. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2023, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. Contains correction: [10.1007/s00216-023-04674-y] Contains correction: [https://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/10855]

PURPOSE Recent studies with doxycycline as adjuvant therapy to conventional chemotherapy have shown promising results in cancer therapy. The current study aimed to examine the capability of 177Lu-labeled tetracycline ligand, doxycycline hyclate, to use as an anticancer agent. MATERIALS AND METHODS Doxycycline was radiolabeled with beta-emitting radioisotope 177Lu. Complex formation and its interaction with DNA were investigated electrochemically. Binding of 177Lu-doxycycline to CT 26 cell line was done. Biodistribution of 177Lu-doxycycline was examined in healthy Wistar rats and CT26 colon carcinoma tumor-bearing mice by i.v. and i.p. administration, respectively. RESULTS Doxycycline hyclate was successfully radiolabeled with 177Lu in high radiolabeling yield (>99%). The radiolabeled complex was stable in vitro in saline and human serum over 72 h. Non-radioactive Lu-doxycycline complex formation was demonstrated electrochemically as well. Intercalative interactions of the doxycycline and Lu-doxycycline with DNA were proved using simultaneously spectrophotometric and electrochemical methods. The binding of the radiolabeled complex with plasma proteins was 4.0 ± 0.4%. The partition coefficient showed the lipophilic nature of the complex similar to the free ligand. The binding curve demonstrates binding from 0.1 nM concentrations of 177Lu-doxycycline, with half-binding estimated ∼100 nM. Biodistribution studies of 177Lu-doxycycline in CT26 colon tumor-bearing mice showed a satisfactory accumulation rate in the tumor (2.88 ± 0.85% ID/g) 3 h after intraperitoneal injection. Both the hepatobiliary system and the urinary system were prominent as excretory routes of the radiolabeled complex. CONCLUSION Considering obtained results, 177Lu-doxycycline complex, due to its excellent electrochemical and biological characteristics, with emphasis on the binding ability to DNA via intercalative interaction as well as significant accumulation in the tumor, is suitable for further in vivo studies to investigate its potential use in cancer treatment.

The homemade, porous carbon material, thermolysis prepared from Novolac phenol-formaldehyde resin, in situ modified with Co3O4 nanoparticles and mixed with single-wall carbon nanotubes, was used in selective sensing of prominent antioxidant α-lipoic acid (LA). XRD, SEM and EIS measurements were used for characterization of material composition, structure, morphology and improved conductivity. The quantification of LA at TPCo3O4&SWCNTCPE was done by a square-wave voltammetric technique in BR buffer solution at pH 6. The linear working range was recorded from 2 to 100 μM of LA and the proposed electrode material was successfully applied in the determination of LA in dietary supplements.

For the first time, we propose a new modification-free voltammetric platform for simple, fast and reliable quantification of the sport performance-enhancing stimulant synephrine (SYN) based on the usage of a commercial screen-printed boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrochemical sensor. Applying cyclic voltammetry, SYN exhibited one well-shaped, irreversible and diffusion-driven oxidation peak at a peak potential of +1.45 V (vs. the silver pseudoreference electrode) in the presence of 2 M HClO4. Under the selected experimental conditions, the following analytical parameters for determination of SYN were obtained: linear concentration ranges from 19.6 up to 1000 μM and from 9.9 up to 1000 μM for differential pulse (DPV) and square-wave voltammetry (SWV), respectively, detection limits at micromolar concentration levels and intra-day repeatability with a relative standard deviation below 4% for both pulse techniques. The interference study revealed fair selectivity when considering the target dietary supplements. The feasibility of the developed voltammetric platform was verified in the analysis of commercially available dietary supplements and reasonable recovery values were achieved by DPV and SWV, respectively. In addition, the method can be performed directly without higher consumption of chemicals, waste generation, complex sample extraction and higher instrumentation cost. The advanced BDD electrochemical sensor has appeared to be a suitable competitor for efficient applications in food quality control analysis.

Nickel acetate tetrahydrate (NAT) sample series were used to modify screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE). The samples were hybrid Ni/NiO nanocomposites, where the NiO phase increased with an applied treatment temperature. Results of electrochemical measurements pointed that the Ni/NiO550/SPCE-modified electrode had the best analytical performance toward the detection of riboflavin (RF). The Ni/NiO550/SPCE-based sensor showed linear response with RF in the concentration range of 0.5-75 mu M and 0.15 mu M LOD in BRBS. Sensor offered fast response time, good repeatability, and selectivity with an RSD of 1.4 %. Our results show that the Ni:NiO nanocomposite ratio strongly influenced the electroanalytical performance of SPCE. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Nanoparticles of TiO2 are suitable for many catalytic and photocatalytic applications due to their extraordinary properties such as superhydrophobicity, semiconductivity, electron-rich, and environmental compatibility. The main crystalline phases of TiO2, anatase, and rutile possess different crystal structures, crystallinity, crystalline sizes, and specific surface areas, and these characteristics directly affect the catalytic performance of TiO2. In the present study, domestic carbon material enhanced with TiO2 nanoparticles was synthesized and used for the construction of a modified carbon paste electrode. The electrocatalytic activity of the modified electrodes was investigated depending on the TiO2 crystalline phases in the electrode material. Furthermore, the obtained working electrode was utilized for triclosan detection. Under optimized experimental conditions, the developed electrode showed a submicromolar triclosan detection limit of 0.07 µM and a wide linear range of 0.1 to 15 µM. The relative standard deviations for repeatability and reproducibility were lower than 4.1%, and with satisfactory selectivity, the proposed system was successfully applied to triclosan monitoring in groundwater. All these results confirm that the sustainable production of new and domestically prepared materials is of great benefit in the field of electrocatalysis and that the morphology of such produced materials is strongly related to their catalytic properties.

Honokiol is neolignan present in the magnolia bark. It displays versatile pharmacological properties—neuroprotective and anxiolytic effect, anti-cancer activity and antimicrobial effect being the most important. This paper aims to develop a voltammetric non-enzymatic biosensor for honokiol detection, quantification and monitoring in drugs and cosmetic products. The materials used in this study were synthesized and characterized by HR-XRPD, SEM, ATR-FTIR and electrochemical methods. Bi2O3, being a p-type semiconductor, was used as an electrode material. Both its semiconductivity and electrocatalytic properties result from lattice structure defects, which differ on the surface and in the bulk of the bismuth oxide crystal, and therefore are crystal size dependent. The influence of the particle size of Bi2O3 on its electrocatalytic properties was studied, and it was confirmed that Bi2O3 nanoparticles have better overall conductive/resistive and catalytic characteristics than microribbons and that the optimal electrode modification for sensing application was obtained by Bi2O3@SWCNT composite material preparation. Here, we established a sensitive electrochemical sensing platform for honokiol detection based on CP electrode modified with bismuth oxide nanoparticles and SWCNT with the 0.17 μM limit of detection, and linear operating range from 0.1 to 50 μM. The effect of potential interferents on honokiol detection was explored. Obtained results in the interference tests and the real sample analysis suggest that the developed approach is selective, accurate and reproducible. Due to the low detection limit and a wide working range, the proposed sensing platform opens great opportunities for further construction of sensors for honokiol detection and monitoring in the pharmaceutical industry and medicinal chemistry.

Sn-doped hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles of fairly uniform and Sn-dependent size and shape were synthesized via a simple combination of hydrothermal co-precipitation and calcination. The effects of Sn doping on the unit cell size, crystallinity, particle size and shape, as well as the magnetic, optical and photocatalytic properties of hematite nanoparticles were analyzed. The incorporation of Sn4+ ions into the crystal structure of hematite was confirmed by determination of the unit cell expansion due to the replacement of octahedrally coordinated Fe3+ ions by significantly larger Sn4+ ions, as well as a substantially reduced hyperfine magnetic field due to magnetic dilution upon the substitution of non-magnetic Sn4+ ions for magnetic high-spin Fe3+ ions. Sn doping caused a decrease in length and width and an increase in thickness of elongated hematite nanoparticles. Fairly uniform Sn-doped hematite nanoellipsoids or nanocuboids were formed, depending on the Sn content. Temperature dependence of magnetization measurements showed the disappearance of the magnetic phase transition (Morin transition) in hematite upon Sn doping. Magnetic coercivity decreased upon Sn doping due to a decrease in shape anisotropy induced by the change in particle shape from nanorods to nanoellipsoids and nanocuboids. The optical and electronic properties of hematite nanoparticles were significantly affected by Sn doping – the absorption edge was shifted to higher wavelengths, while direct and indirect optical band gaps narrowed with the increasing Sn4+-for-Fe3+ substitution. Sn-doped hematite nanoellipsoids containing 4.3 mol% Sn exhibited a substantial visible light photocatalytic activity in the heterogeneous photo-Fenton process, but this activity significantly decreased with higher Sn doping.

Urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) is primarily used as an adhesive applied in the wood composites industry. In this work, we found that this resin modified with metal compounds could be a good starting point to produce high-performance electrode material applied for the construction of electrochemical sensor for important antioxidant, such as caffeic acids (CA). The conductivity of carbon paste electrodes (CPE) modified by materials produced by thermolysis of in situ synthesized urea formaldehyde resins with Fe(III) and Ti(IV) compounds (mixed metal compounds and individually) were examined. For comparison, pure CPE and CPE modified with material produced from the physical mixture of UF resins and metal compounds in the same combinations were also electrochemically characterized by impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The most conductive material, which consists of a combination of metal oxide particles in situ synthesized with UF (SynFe+Ti/UF-TP@CPE), was used as a CPE modifier and proved itself in sensitive differential pulse voltammetric determination of caffeic acid at a wide working range of 0.5-100 and limit of detection of 0.046 μM. The proposed electrode was successfully applied for the determination of the content of CA in spiked urine samples and the estimation of total phenol content, based on CA equivalents, of honey, liqueur and juice samples.

A series of MgxFe3-xO₄ (x ═ 0-1) nanoparticles was synthesized in order to prepare novel MgxFe3-xO₄/glassy carbon modified electrodes. Effects of magnesium content (x) on the analytical performance of the modified electrodes in the detection of gallic acid were evaluated. It was found that magnesium concentration and crystallite/particle size of the prepared nanoparticles play significant roles in the sensing properties of modified electrodes. The increase of magnesium concentration up to the value of x ═ 0.4 in MgxFe3-xO₄/glassy carbon paste was accompanied by an increase of the corresponding oxidation current of gallic acid. However, further growth of x value caused decline of the obtained oxidation current. An electroanalytical procedure was established, and the analytical performance of the proposed Mg0.4Fe2.6O₄/glassy carbon paste electrode was monitored using previously optimized experimental conditions. A working linear range from 1-39 µM gallic acid was obtained with detection limit of 0.29 µM. According to these results, the developed procedure can be applied for detection of low concentrations of gallic acid with satisfactory selectivity in the presence of some common naturally occurring compounds. Experimental results indicate that the developed procedure could be a novel approach in the detection of antioxidant, overcoming some known disadvantages such as passivation, and could be a promising replacement for sophisticated chromatographic methods.

Background of the study – Among fruits, berry fruits contain a very large complex of chemical compounds that are responsible for their antioxidant properties. As far as we know there is no data available from cyclic voltammetry studies of berry fruits. Objectives – The first objective of the present work was to investigate the electrochemical properties of antioxidants present in four types of berry fruits: strawberries, blackberries, blueberries and red raspberries. The second objective was to establish the correlation between antioxidant capacities obtained from cyclic voltammograms with those obtained using spectrophotometric techniques. Methods – Evaluation of antioxidant activity of 15 berry samples (strawberry, blackberry, blueberry and raspberry) has been carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV). CVs were taken in the potential range between 0 mV and 800 mV with a scan rate of 100 mV s-1. Results – A pronounced anodic current peak observed between 0.524 V and 0.540 V in all analyzed berry samples can be ascribed to anthocyanins, which are the major contributors to the antioxidant capacity of investigated berries. Results obtained from CVs were compared with those obtained by using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and RP assays. ACI parameters were determined for each berry sample by assigning all the assays an equal weight. According to obtained results, the highest ACI had blueberry samples, followed by blackberry, raspberry and strawberry samples. Also, high positive correlations were found between antioxidant capacities deduced from CVs with those obtained using FRAP (R2 = 0.8630, p = 0.0006), RP (R2 = 0.7426, p = 0.0004), DPPH (R2 = 0.7680, p = 0.0001) and ABTS (R2 = 0.8710, p = 0.000002). In addition, high positive correlations were also found between total phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins and CV antioxidant capacity (R2 = 0.8091, p = 0.0005; R2 = 0.8341, p = 0.0002; R2 = 0.7163, p = 0.0007), respectively. Conclusion – Obtained results showed that the cyclic voltammetry is a suitable method for the determination of the reducing capacity based on the electrochemical properties of compounds under the test. © ISHS 2019.

Biliverdin (BV), a product of heme catabolism, is known to interact with transition metals, but the details of such interactions under physiological conditions are scarce. Herein, we examined coordinate/redox interactions of BV with Cu2+ in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, using spectrophotometry, HESI-MS, Raman spectroscopy, 1 H NMR, EPR, fluorimetry, and electrochemical methods. BV formed a stable coordination complex with copper in 1 : 1 stoichiometry. The structure of BV was more planar and energetically stable in the complex. The complex showed strong paramagnetic effects that were attributed to an unpaired delocalized e−. The delocalized electron may come from BV or Cu2+, so the complex is formally composed either of BV radical cation and Cu1+ or of BV radical anion and Cu3+. The complex underwent oxidation only in the presence of both O2 and an excess of Cu2+, or a strong oxidizing agent, and it was resistant to reducing agents. The biological effects of the stable BV metallocomplex containing a delocalized unpaired electron should be further examined, and may provide an answer to the long-standing question of high energy investment in the catabolism of BV, which represents a relatively harmless molecule per se. Supplementary material: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3069] This is the peer-reviewed version of the following article: Dimitrijević, M. S.; Bogdanović Pristov, J.; Žižić, M.; Stanković, D. M.; Bajuk-Bogdanović, D.; Stanić, M.; Spasić, S.; Hagen, W.; Spasojević, I. Biliverdin-Copper Complex at Physiological PH. Dalton Transactions 2019, 48 (18), 6061–6070. [https://doi.org/10.1039/c8dt04724c] Published version: [https://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/8200]

A simple electrochemical sensor for bisphenol A (BPA) was developed based on a composite of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and 1-butyl-2, 3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (ionic liquid, IL) as a modifier for glassy carbon paste electrodes (GCPEs). Scanning electron (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were employed to characterize the morphology and surface modification. The electrochemical behavior of BPA on IL-GNP/GCPEs was investigated and the results showed that IL-GNP composites enhance the electrochemical signal toward BPA due to the synergetic effect of GNPs and IL. The experimental parameters including the amount of IL and GNPs, pH of solution, pulse potential, step potential, and scan rate were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the proposed sensor exhibited a linear relationship between signal and BPA concentrations ranging from 0.02–5.0 μM, with detection and quantification limits of 6.4 nM and 0.02 μM respectively. Moreover, the electrochemical sensor showed good repeatability (RSD = 3.3%, n = 5 measurements), good reproducibility (RSD = 3.8%, n = 5 sensors), high accuracy of 95.3–104.5% recovery, acceptable selectivity, and stability. The sensor was successfully applied to the determination of BPA in water samples in contact with plastic materials. The results were satisfactory and in agreement with reference values from a standard HPLC method. This is the peer-reviewed version of the following article: Butmee, P.; Tumcharern, G.; Saejueng, P.; Stanković, D.; Ortner, A.; Jitcharoen, J.; Kalcher, K.; Samphao, A. A Direct and Sensitive Electrochemical Sensing Platform Based on Ionic Liquid Functionalized Graphene Nanoplatelets for the Detection of Bisphenol A. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 2019, 833, 370–379. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.12.014]

This review paper shows the progress made in the last five years in electrochemical methods applied for the purpose of detection and quantification of pesticides - nowadays the most serious pollutants of the environment. Most pesticides can be successfully analyzed by chromatographic techniques, but because of high prices and immobility of the apparatus, the complexity of the method and the necessary special preparation of the sample s, electrochemical methods have been recognized as an excellent alternative solution due to their advantages in speed, economy, simplicity and no exhaustive sample preparation. As the main limitation for use of this methods is electrochemical inactivity of many pesticides, this paper gives the essence of all elctroanalytical methods for pesticide quantification applied in last period, with an overview of the electrode materials and modifiers applied in a purpose to enhance analytical procedures application and characteristics of electrochemical sensors.

In this work we present the synthesis, and experimental and theoretical analysis of a binuclear nickel(II) complex coordinated to a new phthalazine dihydrazone-based ligand. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the metal complex shows that the coordination geometry around each nickel(II) atom is distorted octahedral. DFT calculations predict that the magnetic exchange coupling constant of the binuclear nickel(II) complex is predominantly anti-ferromagnetic. Supplementary material: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3317]

Pure hematite nanorods and very long and thin cobalt-doped hematite nanorods (nanoneedles) were prepared by a combined precipitation and annealing method. The influence of the level of cobalt doping on different properties of hematite nanorods was investigated. Incorporation of cobalt in the form of low-spin Co3+ ions into the structure of hematite by substitution for high-spin Fe3+ ions was proved by determination of a significant unit cell contraction by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and characteristic positions of the absorption edge in X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra and peaks in X-ray emission (XES) spectra. Cobalt doping caused a gradual elongation and thinning of hematite nanorods – very long and thin 1D nanoparticles (nanoneedles) were formed in the presence of 10 and 12 mol% Co. Magnetic measurements showed a strong increase in low-temperature remanent magnetization and coercivity upon cobalt doping, as well as a disappearance of the Morin transition, which was also confirmed by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Cobalt doping significantly affected optical properties of hematite nanorods – absorption in the visible and NIR ranges increased, which was accompanied by narrowing of the optical band gap. Compared with pure hematite nanorods cobalt-doped hematite nanoneedles showed a significantly better electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). © 2020 Elsevier Ltd

Type of the wood used for the aging highly influences the quality of alcoholic beverages. In this research we explored the potential of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) to establish fingerprints characteristic for each wood and to enable determining the type of the wood used in the aging process. Eleven different wood samples were used to prepare three different types of spirits during 15 months. The highest extraction rate was obtained during the first month, while further aging was followed with almost constant amount of extracted polyphenols. Black locust, myrobalan plum, and mulberry extracts were discriminated from the spirits aged in oak and wild cherry wood when statistical analysis was applied. Although clear classification of all samples was not achieved, this long term study demonstrated a potential of both CV and DPV for differentiating wood species used in the aging, hence in the quality control of spirits. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd Supplementary material: [https://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4456]

The textile industry is one of the major pollutants of waterbodies with effluents high in biochemical and chemical oxygen demand values, high values of total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, and low dissolved oxygen values along with strong color. The existence of a successful method for its decontamination would be beneficial. In this work, we synthesized sponge-like europium oxide (Eu2O3) using a template-directed route from carbon hollow spheres, obtained from glucose as a carbon source. The material synthesis method was done in an aqueous environment, without using any organic solvents. Electrochemical properties of the synthesized material were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and electrical impedance spectroscopy, while morphological characterization was done using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction analysis. Eu2O3 were successfully immobilized at the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode (Eu2O3/SPCE) using the drop-casting method. Finally, the prepared electrodes were tested toward the removal of Reactive Blue 52 (RB52) using electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs). Important parameters, that is, the supporting electrolyte, its concentration, pH value, and the applied voltage, were optimized for RB52 degradation. The rate of removal was monitored spectrophotometrically and by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). It was found that the proposed approach reaches complete decolorization of the RB52 solution after a 60-min treatment, at pH 5.6 of KCl supporting electrolyte at a concentration of 0.05 M. Under optimal parameters, after 3 h of treatment, total organic carbon (TOC) was lowered by ~40%. The obtained results indicate that the proposed method may find potential application in EAOPs, considering electrode stability, durability, and efficiency and simplicity of the method. This is the peer-reviewed version of the article: Stanković, Dalibor M., Andrej J. Kukuruzar, Slađana D. Savić, Miloš Ognjannović, Ivona M. Janković-Častvan, Goran M. Roglić, Bratislav Antić, Dragan D. Manojlović, and Biljana Dojčinović. “Sponge-like Europium Oxide from Hollow Carbon Sphere as a Template for an Anode Material for Reactive Blue 52 Electrochemical Degradation.” Materials Chemistry and Physics 273 (2021): 125154. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.125154].

Pure and Cr-doped hematite (α-(Fe1-xCrx)2O3, x = 0, 0.026, 0.039, 0.085 or 0.135) nanorods were prepared by a simple co-precipitation and calcination method. Influence of different levels of Cr doping on the change of properties of long and thin pure hematite nanorods was investigated. Cr3+-for-Fe3+ substitution in the crystal structure of hematite was proved by measuring a gradual contraction of the unit cell and a gradual decrease of the hyperfine magnetic field by increasing the Cr molar fraction. Cr doping induced an increase in the width and thickness of hematite nanorods, as well as a decrease in the overall surface area. Low temperature 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy showed that the Morin transition in hematite was suppressed by Cr doping to temperatures below 80 K. Magnetic measurements confirmed the suppression of the Morin transition in Cr-doped hematite down to 5 K. Infrared spectra of Cr-doped hematite samples showed shifts of IR bands by Cr3+-for-Fe3+ substitution. Optical properties of α-Fe2O3 nanorods changed significantly by Cr doping – the absorption edge was shifted to higher wavelengths, accompanied by a greater absorption in the visible range and narrowed direct and indirect optical band gaps. The improved visible light photocatalytic activity of hematite nanorods in the heterogeneous photo-Fenton process by moderate Cr doping was measured, which can be attributed to the modifications in electronic structure and optical properties. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd

This work presents advanced electrochemical platform based on screen printed diamond electrode (SPDE) system for the single drop “point-of-care” testing. Proposed approach was applied for the quantification of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) in biological fluids and pharmaceutical product. Using a single drop (~30 μL) of the tested solution at the electrode surface, DOX showed high electroactivity over a wide range of pHs. In these conditions, single oval shaped, well-defined and pH dependent oxidation peak was observed in the potential range from 0.5 V to 1.3 V. In the reverse scan, two cathodic peaks, were noted – around 0.3 V and – 0.5 V. Similarly, first reduction peak was pH dependent, while second one was independent in the studied range. Experimental conditions for DOX quantification were optimized and natures of the electrode reactions were investigated. Working linear range obtained for DOX detection was from 0.1 to 2.5 μM. Diffusion controlled electrode reaction reveal long life time of the proposed electrode as well high potential for practical application. Developed procedure was successfully applied for the DOX analysis in biological fluids – urine and pharmaceutical formulation. Obtained results clearly indicated that given procedure can be easily implemented for pharmaceutical control and medical analysis, in both, laboratory and field conditions. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.

BACKGROUND: Pectin is a complex polysaccharide, present in fresh and processed food as an additive, which also serves as an important source of fiber. In this work, the aim was to investigate in-vitro application of apple pectin as a possible antimicrobial, antioxidant and prebiotic agent for growth of bacteria selected from human milk and infant feces, as well as standard strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum. METHODS : All the bacteria isolated from the milk of mothers of preterm and term-born infants, bacteria from infant feces and standard strains were tested for fermentation of apple pectin as the main carbohydrate in selective broth media. RESULTS: An increase in the growth of bacteria Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, and a consortium of bacteria selected from human milk and infant feces was noticed after pectin fermentation. It was found that pectin has a positive impact on the increase of the antioxidant capacity in all the tested samples. A high correlation was achieved, comparing electrochemical with spectrophotometric methods. Antimicrobial tests showed that pectin and fermentation products have slight or no influence at all on the growth of standard strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed the importance of pectin as an antioxidant and its impact on the development of potential probiotic microbiota in mothers and infants. The study indicated a new potential application of pectin as a supplement in infant food.

Nanosized hematite (α-Fe2O3) is a widely investigated material due to its favourable properties (chemically stable, environmentally safe, inexpensive) and very good performance in several advanced applications. Properties and performance of hematite nanoparticles can be adjusted and improved by modification of particle size and shape, as well as by substitution of Fe3+ ions in the crystal structure of hematite with other metal ions. Ru3+ ions are potentially suitable metal ions for the substitution of Fe3+ ions in hematite because of the same charge and similar ionic radii. In the present work, the effects of Ru3+ ions on the formation and properties of hematite nanorods prepared by combination of hydrothermal precipitation and calcination were investigated. The influence of the molar fraction of Ru3+ ions in the hydrothermal precipitation system on the formation and properties of iron oxide phases was studied. Single-phase goethite (α-FeOOH) nanorods containing incorporated Ru3+ ions were formed in the presence of low levels of Ru3+ ions (

The goal of this work was to develop green electrode material that unites all advantages of domestic made, synthesized porous carbon powder and ceria dioxide nanoparticles known due to exceptional catalytic properties. Thermal decomposition of Novolac phenol-formaldehyde resin and cerium sulfate resulting in producing a high-performance CeO2 porous carbon material highly sensitive to dopamine (DA) electrooxidation. Morphological and structural characteristics of the material were determined by SEM and XRD measurements, while electrochemical characterization was performed by EIS and CV. The sensitivity of DA determination on the proposed CeO2-doped carbon material was enhanced by adding multi-wall carbon nanotubes to finally prepare a mixture for a specific carbon paste electrode (TPCeO2&MWCNT@CPE). SWV technique was used for quantification of dopamine in Britton-Robinson buffer pH 6 in the concentration range of 0.5-100 μM of DA, with the detection limit of 0.14 μM and quantification limit of 0.44 μM. Good selectivity overstudied bioactive compounds enables the successful and efficient application of the proposed electrode and developed an analytical procedure for the determination of dopamine in spiked urine samples.

The citric acid (CA), dextran (DEX) and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) are frequently used ligands for surface modification of magnetite nanoparticles to improve their colloidal stability and biocompatibility for use in biomedicine. Here we report the synthesis, surface modification of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and analysis of the influence of coating materials on heating efficiency in magnetic hyperthermia, as well as on electrochemical sensing toward the detection of neurotransmitter dopamine (DOP). Spherical magnetite nanoparticles (~13 nm) were prepared by co-precipitation and surface-modified with CA, APTES and DEX. The hyperthermia tests revealed that Fe3O4@APTES resulted in the highest specific absorption rate (SAR) of 67.2 W/g. The engineered sensor, by surface modification of screen-printed carbon (SPC) electrodes with Fe3O4@APTES, showed linear response with DOP in the concentration range of 1−200 μM and a low detection limit of 34.3 nM. Besides, the sensor offered remarkable selectivity, repeatability and reproducibility. Application of SPC-, Fe3O4-, Fe3O4@CA- and Fe3O4@DEX-modified SPC electrode resulted in lower electrocatalytic activity compared with Fe3O4@APTES/SPC. The obtained results indicate the effects of a surface modifier especially that Fe3O4@APTES, alone and combining with SPC electrodes, can serve as an agent in various types of biomedical applications, like hyperthermia and electrochemical sensing of biologically active compounds such as DOP.

Diagnosis and treatment of some important diseased and metabolic disorders is based on successful detection of albumin. In this work, we aim to develop a simple immunosensor for the detection of human serum albumin in biological fluids. Anti-human albumin antibody was covalently attached to the activated surface of screen-printed carbon electrodes enriched with carboxyl graphene/gold nanoparticles composite. Microstructure (TEM, FE-SEM, XRD) and electrochemical (CV, EIS) characterization methods were used to investigate composite properties and to confirm the successful modification of the electrodes. Under the optimal conditions, linear working range and limit of detection were 2.5–500 μg/mL and 1.55 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the effect of some possibly interfering compounds was investigated and the immunosensor was used for real sample analysis. The results showed that the sensor exhibited accurate, precise and sensitive characteristics and can be promising replacement to the convention methods for albumin detection in clinical practice. This is the peer-reviewed version of the article: Stanković, V.; Đurđić, S.; Ognjanović, M.; Antić, B.; Kalcher, K.; Mutić, J.; Stanković, D. M. Anti-Human Albumin Monoclonal Antibody Immobilized on EDC-NHS Functionalized Carboxylic Graphene/AuNPs Composite as Promising Electrochemical HSA Immunosensor. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 2020, 860. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.113928] Supplementary material: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3892]

In order to ensure high food quality, one of the prime importance is the detection and quantification of histamine, well known marine food poison. In this work, we constructed novel electrochemical biosensor for the detection of histamine based on gold nanoparticles decorated on manganese dioxide (Au/MnO2) and used for modification of screen-printed carbon electrode (Au/MnO2@SPCE). The constructed sensor was then used for the estimation of histamine content in a single drop. Materials used in this study were synthesized and characterized using HR-TEM, XRPD and electrochemical methods. The amperometric detection method was optimized and, under selected operating parameters (supporting electrolyte pH 6, working potential of 1 V), the proposed sensor possesses linear working range from 0.3 mu M to 5.1 mu M, with a detection limit of 0.08 mu M. The effect of selected interferences was investigated and it was found that the developed approach offers accurate, precise, selective, fast and reproducible quantification of histamine using only one drop of the sample. In the end, this work stands as a proof-of-concept of the modified electrodes and electrochemical detection as a promising and prospective approach for the applications in real-time monitoring of the food quality. Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, through Eureka project [E!13303] info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Herein, we proposed a novel approach and state-of-the-art technology for the improvement of the materials and enzyme immobilization at the electrode surface and construction of impedimetric glucose biosensor. We silanized titanium dioxide nanoparticles using (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), for the preparation of cross-linked material nanoparticles, with carboxylic graphene. The silanization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and an increase in electron shuttle was proven feasible when this composite was able to achieve about 30% higher current than non-silanized material. The proposed approach was used for the modification of the printed three-electrode system and the development of the impedimetric glucose biosensor. The material morphology and electrochemical characteristics were confirmed by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. The present combination effectively modified the electrode surface and serve as a promising basis for the construction of Point-of-Care devices. Developed biosensor possesses wide operating linear range toward glucose detection from 50 µmol to 1000 µmol, with the limit of detection of 24 µmol. Finally, negligible interference effect and application in the real sample indicate that the proposed mechanism can be successfully applied to the assessment of glucose level in only one drop of real sample.

A nonenzymatic hydrogen-peroxide sensor was developed by utilization of silver nanoparticles and graphenenanoribbons. The mentioned composite was inflicted on a screen-printed carbon electrode which provides disposable,ready-to-use sensor. The structure and morphology of the nanocomposite were analyzed by scanning electron microscopyand X-ray diffraction. The sensor has excellent performance toward H2O2 amperometric detection. Figures ofmerit include dynamic response range from 0.05 to 5 mM and detection limit of 20 μM (at S/N =3). The fabricatedsensor was used for the determination ofH2O2 in milk samples. The obtained results showed that the proposed AgNp@GNR/SPCE sensor can be used for the determination of hydrogen peroxide in real samples. This is the peer-reviewed version o the article: V. Stanković, S. Đurđić, M. Ognjanović, et al., A novel nonenzymatic hydrogen peroxide amperometric sensor based on AgNp@GNR nanocomposites modified screen-printed carbon electrode, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry (2020), 876, 114487, doi: [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114487] Published version: [http://cer.ihtm.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3612]

Application of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals is one of the modalities in the management of metastatic bone pain. The present study aimed to investigate the potential of Lu-177-labeled phosphate/phosphonate ligands: 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), 2,3-dicarboxypropane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (DPD), and imidodiphosphate tetrasodium salt (IDP), as bone pain palliation agents. HEDP, DPD, and IDP were radiolabeled with Lu-177 in high radiolabeling yield (98.49%, 93.31%, and 90.69%, respectively), forming in vitro stable radiolabeled complexes in saline and human serum after 96 h. Biodistribution was followed by imaging studies and ex vivo measurement of radioactivity in organs in healthy Wistar rats. Significant bone accumulation and long retention even after 96 h (3.85 +/- 0.91%ID/g), as well as relatively low uptake in soft tissue such as liver and spleen (1.5% ID/g). Obtained results suggest that difference in the chemical structure of phosphonates/phosphates influences the rate of bone incorporation of Lu-177-radiolabeled complexes. Desirable biodistribution pattern of Lu-177-HEDP makes it suitable for its further preclinical investigations as a potential bone pain palliation agent.

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) degradation of the organophosphorus pesticides azamethiphos (AZA) and dimethoate (DM) (10 mg/L) in deionized water and in Sava River water was investigated for the first time. Pesticide degradation was studied in terms of ClO2 level (5 and 10 mg/L), degradation duration (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h), pH (3.00, 7.00, and 9.00), and under light/dark conditions in deionized water. Degradation was monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography. Gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass detector was used to identify degradation products of pesticides. Total organic carbon was measured to determine the extent of mineralization after pesticide degradation. Real river water was used under recommended conditions to study the influence of organic matter on pesticide degradation. High degradation efficiency (88–100% for AZA and 85–98% for DM) was achieved in deionized water under various conditions, proving the flexibility of ClO2 degradation for the examined organophosphorus pesticides. In Sava River water, however, extended treatment duration achieved lower degradation efficiency, so ClO2 oxidized both the pesticides and dissolved organic matter in parallel. After degradation, AZA produced four identified products (6-chlorooxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one; O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate; 6-chloro-3-(hydroxymethyl)oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one; O,O-dimethyl S-hydrogen phosphorothioate) and DM produced three (O,O-dimethyl S-(2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl) phosphorothioate; e.g., omethoate; S-(2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl) O,O-dihydrogen phosphorothioate; O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate). Simple pesticide degradation mechanisms were deduced. Daphnia magna toxicity tests showed degradation products were less toxic than parent compounds. These results contribute to our understanding of the multiple influences that organophosphorus pesticides and their degradation products have on environmental ecosystems and to improving pesticide removal processes from water. Supplementary material: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4037]

Electrochemical degradation procedure for the removal of organic dye Reactive Blue 52 using nano-magnetite-doped carbonaceous electrodes was proposed. The electrode was prepared by calcination of graphite grains mixed with phenol–formaldehyde binder modified with iron nitrate. The morphology and phase composition of the electrodes were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. Electrochemical degradation was done in Nafion membrane-divided cell where anodic part was filled with color solution and cathodic with supporting electrolyte. Parameters affecting on decolorization rate were investigated. A high increase in the removal efficiency, under optimized parameters, was noticed using carbon electrodes containing 1 mass% of magnetite in the presence of 3 mM hydrogen peroxide and 7 mass% of magnetite in the presence of 10 mM hydrogen peroxide. Almost 100% decolorization was achieved during 30 min with 62–77% of the mineralization. Based on these results, it can be concluded that this approach offered green, cheap and efficient degradation of reactive dyes and could be used as promising candidate for wastewater processing in the textile industry.

A novel anode based on PbO2-GNRs nanocomposites was synthesized in order to investigate the simultaneous electrochemical oxidation of phenolic compounds in a mixture of methyl and chloro substituted phenols in alkaline solution (pH = 8.3). The crystal structure, morphology and composition of the synthesized materials were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (FESEM-EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FESEM images confirmed the presence of PbO2 nanoparticles on the PbO2-GNRs composite. The cyclic voltammetry measurements of the PbO2-GNRs electrode in 0.1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte indicated the electrochemical oxidation of phenol via indirect mechanism by hydroxyl radicals. Electrolytic oxidation of phenolic compounds was performed under potentiostatic conditions at potentials 2.3 V and 3 V. Removal efficiency of phenolic compounds increased with increasing the time of electrolysis and applied potential, up to 78% for 300 min and potential of 3 V. GC–MS chromatograms confirmed that mechanism of phenolic compounds degradation is based on their dechlorination and demethylation followed by the process of aromatic ring degradation. Newly synthesized PbO2-GNRs as electrode material could be successfully implemented in wastewater treatment of phenolic compounds by the electrochemical oxidation process. Supplementary material: [https://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4207]

The aim of this study was to investigate, analyze, and compare applied techniques suitable for achieving efficient removal of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) (malathion and fenitrothion) from aqueous solutions and analyze the degradation products and processes. Pesticide degradation efficiency (%) was monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a photodiode array detector (DAD), while mineralization degree was determined by total organic carbon analysis (TOC). Daphnia magna was used for screening the environmental safety aspects of the degradation methods, i.e., for assessing the toxicity of solutions obtained after degradation. Additionally, a surface river water was utilized to examine the likely influence of organic matter on the pesticides’ degradation. Pesticide degradation products were identified using gas chromatography with a triple quadrupole mass detector (GC-MS/MS) as well as ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a linear ion trap, Orbitrap mass spectrometer (UHPLC-LTQ Orbitrap MS), and a simple pesticide degradation mechanism is proposed. Removal of pesticides from water using chlorine dioxide was successful, resulting in high degradation efficiency (98% for malathion and 81% for fenitrothion). Partial mineralization was achieved, and Daphnia magna mortality decreased in the waters containing degradation products (compared with the parent pesticides), indicating that the solutions formed were less toxic than the parent pesticides. Lower degradation rates (80% for malathion and 72% for fenitrothion) in Sava River water were measured, indicating the influence of the organic matter contained in this naturally occurring surface water. The results prove that chlorine dioxide could be used as an agent for successful removal of these OPPs from water.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) with different distinctive morphologies (spherical, cubic, flower-like and needles) were utilized for modification of screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) to be used for synthetic organic dye degradation by an electrochemical approach. This platform was implemented for removal of the synthetic organic dye, Reactive Black 5 (RB5) in aqueous solution. Modified SPCE with spherically shaped IONP (IONS) had the highest dye removal efficiency. Thus, IONS were then used for surface decoration of the most common carbon-based materials (graphene, graphene oxide, carboxylated graphene, graphene nanoribbons, graphene nanoplatelets, single- and multi-wall carbon nanotubes), and the nanocomposites formed were deposited on the electrode surfaces. Using IONS/graphene composite (IONS@GN) for electrode modification resulted in the best effect. Removal of RB5 with this electrode was 51% better in comparison with bare SPCE, reducing the time required for complete dye degradation from 61 to 30 min Using IONS-modified SPCE, total RB5 removal occurred in 51 min, improving the performance by 16% over that of bare SPCE. The effects determined, i.e., the best IONP morphology and best type of carbon-based material for nanocomposite formation to enhance RB5 removal will provide guidelines for further modifications of SPCE with nanomaterials and nanocomposites, for application of this electrochemical approach in the degradation of organic pollutants.

Mefenamic acid and indomethacin, medicaments belonging to the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, were determined separately and simultaneously at anodically prepared BDDE. Differential pulse voltammetry was used to establish simple and fast analytical procedure based on electrooxidation of mefenamic acid at 0.6 V and indomethacin at 1.0 V (and 1.1 V). At optimal conditions, it was suitable for highly sensitive and selective determination of these compounds with LODs comparable to previously reported modified electrodes. Additionally, considering the importance of these compounds, we proposed precise and accurate quantification of these species based on green and simple pre-treatable electrochemical sensor. The effect of interfering agents (tablet ingredients and vitamins) was appeared to be negligibly confirming a favourable selectivity of the method. The proposed method was analytically applied by simultaneously determining mefenamic acid and indomethacin in pharmaceutical formulations. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.

A new glucose biosensor for selective and sensitive determination of glucose in beverage samples was developed. A copper complex with a Schiff base, N,N’-bis(acetylacetonato) propylenediimine, was used as a mediator. It was mixed with glucose oxidase (GOx) and prepared as carbon paste electrode (CPE). Cyclic voltammetry was used for electrochemical measurements. The biosensor showed improved sensitivity when enzyme mediator ratio was 1 : 5, and working pH was 6.6 in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. The linear response of the biosensor for glucose concentration was in the range from 0.5 to 10 mM, with low detection limit of 0.36 mM (calculated as 3 s/n) and sensitivity of 0.16 μA/mM. The reproducibility of the biosensor, calculated as relative standard deviation, was 1.9% for 6 intra-day measurements. Biosensor was stored at +4 °C between experiments, and it was stable during 14 days after the preparation. The developed biosensor was applied on determination of glucose in commercial beverages (apple and cherry juice) and obtained results showed good agreement with the reference method.

Upon release in response to stress, epinephrine (Epi) may interact with labile iron pool in human plasma with potentially important (patho)physiological consequences. We have shown that Epi and Fe3+ build stable 1:1 high-spin bidentate complex at physiological pH, and that Epi does not undergo degradation in the presence of iron. However, the interactions of Epi with the more soluble Fe2+, and the impact of iron on biological activity of Epi are still not known. Herein we showed that Epi and Fe2+ build colorless complex which is stable under anaerobic conditions. In the presence of O2, Epi promoted the oxidation of Fe2+ and the formation of Epi-Fe3+ complex. Cyclic voltammetry showed that mid-point potential of Epi-Fe2+ complex is very low (−582 mV vs. standard hydrogen electrode), which explains catalyzed oxidation of Fe2+. Next, we examined the impact of iron binding on biological performance of Epi using patch clamping in cell culture with constitutive expression of adrenergic receptors. Epi alone evoked an increase of outward currents, whereas Epi in the complex with Fe3+ did not. This implies that the binding of Epi to adrenergic receptors and their activation is prevented by the formation of complex with iron. Pro-oxidative activity of Epi-Fe2+ complex may represent a link between chronic stress and cardiovascular problems. On the other hand, labile iron could serve as a modulator of biological activity of ligands. Such interactions may be important in human pathologies that are related to iron overload or deficiency.

It was reported that novel O, O′-diethyl-(S, S)-ethylenediamine- N, N′-di-2-(3-cyclohexyl) propanoate dihydrochloride (DE-EDCP) displayed in vitro antiproliferative activity on several human and mouse cancer cell lines, which was comparable to that of the prototypical anticancer drug cisplatin. In order to reveal its toxicity profile, acute and repeated-dose toxicity studies were performed in Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) Han mice. The intravenous LD50 values of DE-EDCP were found to be 95.3 and 101.3 mg/kg body weight in female and male mice, respectively. In the subacute toxicity study, DE-EDCP was administered intravenously at the doses of 15, 25, and 40 mg/kg/day for a period of 28 days. There were no adverse effects on general condition, growth, feed and water consumption, and hematological parameters. There was a significant increase in urea and alanine aminotransferase in female mice and aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in both genders in 40 mg/kg/day dose-treated group. The histopathological changes confined to the liver and kidney, but in other organs were not found. Satellite group revealed that changes in the kidney and liver were less pronounced, suggesting their reversibility. Interactions with DNA could also be of importance for understanding DE-EDCP toxic side effects. Hyperchromic effect obtained with ultraviolet–visible, suggested electrostatic interactions between DE-EDCP and calf thymus DNA. The toxicity testing of DE-EDCP was conducted to predict human outcomes.

Ergosterol (Erg) is the major sterol component in the plasma membranes of fungi. The main goal of this work was to develop rapid, reliable, and cost-effective method toward Erg detection based on application of unmodified boron-doped diamond electrode. Several organic solvents were tested (acetonitrile, dimethyformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, dichloromethane), and it was found that best analytical characteristics were achieved using acetonitrile containing 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hexa-fluorophosphate as supporting electrolyte. Oval shaped and well-defined oxidation peak was recorded at potential of around 1.17 V versus Ag/Ag+ non-aqueous reference electrode. Under optimized experimental conditions, linear working range from 2 to 200 mu M was estimated, with limit of detection of 0.7 mu M, using square wave voltammetry. Negligible effect of possible interfering compound was observed. Proposed methodology was successfully applied for estimation of Erg content in mushrooms extract with satisfactory results in comparison with spectrophotometric procedure. Obtained results clearly show that developed analytical methodology can be adequate replacement for the, up to date, used methods and open-novel approach for ergosterol detection.