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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de bananeiras ‘Grand Naine’ e ‘BRS Tropical’ sob diferentes tipos de adubos orgânicos no primeiro ciclo de produção. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições de quatro plantas cada. Os tratamentos constituíram-se por: esterco de bovinos, esterco de aves, efluente de suínos, composto de esterco de bovinos, composto de esterco de aves e composto de efluente de suínos. Por ocasião da emissão da inflorescência, foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: determinação da circunferência do pseudocaule, altura do pseudocaule até a inserção da inflorescência, número de folhas vivas por planta e a duração do ciclo da cultura. Na pós-colheita, avaliou-se a massa do cacho e da segunda penca, número de pencas e frutos por cacho, número de frutos na segunda penca, comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos, pH, sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável. Os adubos orgânicos aplicados na bananeira ‘Grand Naine’ contribuiram para o aporte no diâmetro do pseudocaule e nas características dos cachos e dos frutos, e reduziu o ciclo reprodutivo da bananeira ‘BRS Tropical’, comprovando-se que é possível nutrir e produzir frutos dessas cultivares de bananeiras com padrão comercial e ainda aproveitar os resíduos gerados na propriedade rural já no primeiro ciclo de produção.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the induction of indirect organogenesis by concentrations of dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and thidiazuron (TDZ) in pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) explants, using scanning electron microscopy and the flow cytometry technique. The treatments consisted of the concentrations of 0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg L-1 2,4-D and TDZ and of the combinations of these regulators. Percentages of callus coverage at 45 and 60 days were evaluated. The explants subjected to the treatments were analized by flow cytometry and scanning electron microscopy. All treatments induced endoreduplication, and there was no somaclonal variation. Under the combination of 2.0 mg L-1 TDZ and 4.0 mg L-1 2,4-D, calluses were formed in 95% of the explants, but were smaller than those produced with 2,4-D separately. The concentration of 2.0 mg L-1 TDZ induces the indirect organogenesis in pitaya explants, confirmed by the presence of conducting vessels through scanning electron microscopy. Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a indução de organogênese indireta por concentrações de ácido diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) e tidiazurom (TDZ) em explantes de pitaia (Hylocereus undatus), por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e da técnica de citometria de fluxo. Os tratamentos consistiram das concentrações de 0, 2,0 e 4,0 mg L-1 de 2,4-D e TDZ e das combinações desses reguladores. Avaliaram-se as percentagens de cobertura de calos aos 45 e 60 dias. Os explantes submetidos aos tratamentos foram analizados por citometria de fluxo e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Todos os tratamentos induziram endorreduplicação, e não houve variação somaclonal. Na combinação de 2,0 mg L-1 TDZ e 4,0 mg L-1 2,4-D, calos foram formados em 95% dos explantes, mas foram menores do que os produzidos com 2,4-D separadamente. A concentração de 2,0 mg L-1 de TDZ induz organogênese indireta em explantes de pitaia, comprovada pela presença de vasos condutores por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the viability of the micrografting of yellow dragon fruit (Selenicereus megalanthus) on different rootstocks, based on DNA content and anatomical analyses. The used rootstocks were: yellow dragon fruit, white dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus), Saborosa (Selenicereus setaceus) dragon fruit, and the Cebra and Orejona red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) varieties. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replicates of five plants. After 30 days of cultivation, the following traits were evaluated: length and diameter of the micrografts and microrootstocks; and root length, percentage of setting, and fresh mass of the micrografts. Flow cytometry analyzes were performed before and after micrografting to verify genetic stability and the occurrence of endoreduplication. In addition, histological sections were made in the micrografting region to verify the connections of vessels and tissues between the graft and the rootstock. Endoreduplication was observed in all treatments. The amount of DNA in the yellow dragon fruit micrograft increased on the red Orejona variety. The presence of vessel connections was verified between the micrografts and microrootstocks. The yellow dragon fruit was also more vigorous when grafted on Orejona. Based on DNA content and anatomical analyses, in vitro yellow dragon fruit micrografting is feasible in all used rootstocks. Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade da microenxertia de pitaia amarela (Selenicereus megalanthus) sobre diferentes microporta-enxertos, com base em análises de conteúdo de DNA e anatômicas. Os porta-enxertos utilizados foram: pitaia amarela, pitaia branca (Hylocereus undatus), pitaia Saborosa (Selenicereus setaceus), e as variedades Cebra e Orejona de pitaia vermelha (Hylocereus polyrhizus). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições de cinco plantas. Após 30 dias de cultivo, avaliaram-se as seguintes características: comprimento e diâmetro dos microenxertos e dos microporta-enxertos; e comprimento de raízes, percentagem de pegamento e massa fresca dos microenxertos. Realizaram-se análises de citometria de fluxo antes e depois da microenxertia, para verificação da estabilidade genética e da ocorrência de endoreduplicação. Além disso, foram feitos cortes histológicos na região da microenxertia, para verificação das conexões dos vasos e dos tecidos entre o enxerto e o porta-enxerto. Observou-se endoreduplicação em todos os tratamentos. A quantidade de DNA do microenxerto de pitaia amarela aumentou sobre a variedade vermelha Orejona. Verificou-se a presença de conexões de vasos entre os microenxertos e os microporta-enxertos. A pitaia amarela também foi mais vigorosa quando enxertada sobre Orejona. Com base nas análises de conteúdo de DNA e anatômicas, a microenxertia de pitaia amarela in vitro é viável em todos os porta-enxertos utilizados.

Jatropha is a potential oilseed crop, which requires mitigating factors such as the low genetic variability of the species. The solution runs through the research of Brazilian germplasm. Attention should be given to the germplasm of jatropha the north of Minas Gerais, because this is the oldest national collection and because this region may be a regions of jatropha diversity due to selection pressure arising from environmental adversities. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of 48 accessions of collection from Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG), using SSR and ISSR markers. The results showed low genetic diversity, but some individuals stood out as J. mollissima (48), J. podagrica (47), Mexican accessions (42, 43, 44 and 45) and some national accessions (28, 29, 41 and 46). Therefore, aiming to increase the genetic variability and improve the effectiveness of jatropha breeding programs, it is suggested to explore such as parental accessions to generate commercial hybrids. This fact implies the possibility to support future production of jatropha, since this culture may be an important source of income, especially for small farmers living in semiarid regions of Brazil.

The jelly palm plant [Butia capitata (Martius) Beccari] is a native palm of the Cerrado biome used for many purposes in northern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Dormancy is common in palm seeds, resulting in slow and uneven germination that may take years to complete. Modification in the growth pattern, anatomical parameters, physiological and biochemical characteristics of the plant can be verified due to changes in the light spectrum transmitted through colored shade nets used. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of colored shade nets on the leaf and root anatomy of the jelly palm plant. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments, ten replicates and eight plants per replicate, totaling 400 plants. Four colored photo-converter nets with 50% shading and different radiation proportions were employed: white (985 μmol.m-2.s-1), red (327 μmol.m-2.s-1), black (433 μmol.m-2.s-1) and silver (405 μmol.m-2.s-1). The plants cultivated under direct sunlight (1000 μmol.m-2.s-1) were considered as the control group. Leaf and root anatomical analysis was performed on 10 plants per treatment. It is possible to conclude that the colored shade nets caused changes in leaf and root anatomy of the jelly palm plant (Butia capitata).

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Myrciaria dubia (camu-camu) is an Amazon tree that produces a tart fruit with high vitamin C content. It is probably the fruit with the highest vitamin C content among all Brazilian fruit crops and it can be used to supplement daily vitamin C dose. This property has attracted the attention of consumers and, consequently, encouraged fruit farmers to produce it. In order to identify and select potential accessions for commercial exploitation and breeding programs, M. dubia has received considerable research attention. The identification and characterization of genetic diversity, as well as identification of the population structure of accessions preserved in germplasm banks are fundamental for the success of any breeding program. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability of 10 M. dubia populations obtained from the shores of Reis Lake, located in the municipality of Caracaraí, Roraima, Brazil. Fourteen polymorphic inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to study the population genetic diversity, which resulted in 108 identified alleles. Among the 14 primers, GCV, UBC810, and UBC827 produced the highest number of alleles. The study illustrated the suitability and efficiency of ISSR markers to study the genetic diversity of M. dubia accessions. We also revealed the existence of high genetic variability among both accessions and populations that can be exploited in future breeding programs and conservation activities of this species.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Jatropha curcas L. plant is adapted to diverse climatic conditions with high requirement of heat stroke and drought resistant, having a special position among the attractive crops to biofuel program. This species has been studied from the perspectives of plant breeding, biotechnology and development of production systems. However, there are few reports of research regarding its anatomical characteristics. Thus, the objective of this study was to evalulate the effects of different conditions of light and temperature on the germination in vitro of J. curcas embryo and describe the leaf structure of seedlings through anatomical and micromorphological parameters. Embryos were excised and cultured in test tubes containing 15 ml of MS medium and grown in different temperature (25 °C and 30 °C) and light conditions (white, red, far red, and absence of light). The cultures were kept in BOD germinators chambers, with a 16 h photoperiod. Phytotechnical, anatomical and micromorphological (via electron scanning microscopy) characteristics were measured. The species J. curcas has a higher germination speed index when grown at 30 ºC. There is an increased of number of normal seedlings in white light and this point characterizes the species as neutral photoblastic. J. curcas presents uniseriate epidermis, palisade unistratified parenchyma, and spongy parenchyma composed of irregular cells. It is an amphistomatic species, with more stomata on the abaxial surface. Jatropha curcas L. é uma planta adaptada às mais diversas condições climáticas, com alta exigência de insolação e resistente à seca, tendo uma posição especial entre as culturas atrativas ao programa de biocombustíveis. Dentre as pesquisas em pleno desenvolvimento para essa espécie estão as abordagens de melhoramento genético, biotecnologia e desenvolvimento de sistemas de produção, mas há poucos relatos de pesquisa em relação as suas características anatômicas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes condições de luz e temperatura na germinação in vitro de embriões de Jatropha curcas e descrever a estrutura foliar das plântulas por meio de parâmetros anatômicos e micromorfológicos. Embriões foram excisados e inoculados em tubos de ensaio contendo 15 mL de meio de cultura MS, sendo cultivados em diferentes temperaturas (25°C e 30°C) e condições de luz (branca, vermelha, vermelha extrema e ausência de luz). As culturas foram mantidas em germinadores tipo BOD, com fotoperíodo de 16 h. Foram realizadas avaliações fitotécnicas, anatô micas e micromorfológicas (via microscopia eletrônica de varredura). A espécie Jatropha curcas apresenta maior índice de velocidade de germinação quando cultivada a 30 °C e maior número de plântulas normais na luz branca, sendo caracterizada como fotoblástica neutra. A Jatroha curcas apresenta epiderme unisseriada, parên quima paliçádico uniestratificado e parênquima lacunoso constituído por células irregulares. É uma espécie anfi estomática, com maior presença de estômatos na face abaxia

Meloidogyne species are destructive phytonematodes that result in reduced yields of coffee. The classic test for resistance to Meloidogyne exigua in coffee progenies is both expensive and time-consuming. The use of molecular marker techniques can assist the selection process when it is difficult to measure the phenotype, such as in cases of resistance to nematode infestation. The objective of this study was to identify microsatellite markers associated with resistance to M. exigua in F5 progenies of coffee derived from a cross between Hibrido de Timor 440-10 and Catuai Amarelo IAC 86. Of the 44 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers evaluated, 11 showed a polymorphic pattern with a mean number of 4.5 alleles per marker. Clustering analysis classified 82 progenies into three groups related to the response to nematodes and parental genotypes allocated to different groups (resistant and susceptible). SSRCafe 40 allele 2, SSRCafe 15 allele 3, SSRCafe 20 allele 3, and SSRCafe 13 allele 1 were negatively correlated with reproduction factor. In addition, SSRCafe 13 allele 2, SSRCafe 19 allele 3, SSRCafe 40 allele 2, SSRCafe 15 allele 3, and SSRCafe 20 allele 3 were correlated with the root gall index of M. exigua. These SSR markers, which have been validated in this population, represent a potential method to select progenies resistant to nematodes in coffee-breeding programs.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Cambuci (Campomanesia phaea) belongs to the Myrtaceae family and is native to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. It has ecological and social appeal but is exposed to problems associated with environmental degradation and expansion of agricultural activities in the region. Comprehensive studies on this species are rare, making its conservation and genetic improvement difficult. Thus, it is important to develop research activities to understand the current situation of the species as well as to make recommendations for its conservation and use. This study was performed to characterize the cambuci accessions found in the germplasm bank of Coordenadoria de Assistência Técnica Integral using inter-simple sequence repeat markers, with the goal of understanding the plant's population structure. The results showed the existence of some level of genetic diversity among the cambuci accessions that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of the species. Principal coordinate analysis and discriminant analysis clustered the 80 accessions into three groups, whereas Bayesian model-based clustering analysis clustered them into two groups. The formation of two cluster groups and the high membership coefficients within the groups pointed out the importance of further collection to cover more areas and more genetic variability within the species. The study also showed the lack of conservation activities; therefore, more attention from the appropriate organizations is needed to plan and implement natural and ex situ conservation activities.

O pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) vem ganhando importância por seu potencial como insumo ao biodiesel. Estudos visam à adequação agronômica e a cultura de tecidos contribui indiretamente com este aspecto, auxiliando em pesquisas aplicadas como em biotecnologia, em situações que visam à regeneração de plantas. Nesse intuito, é fundamental avaliar, durante os períodos de cultivo dos calos, o comportamento dos metabólitos primários. A massa calogênica, por ocasião da inoculação, não apresentou reserva na forma de carboidratos. Aos 42 dias iniciou a absorção da sacarose do meio, enquanto o acúmulo no explante ocorreu a partir dos 98 dias de cultivo. O teor de aminoácidos foi alto no dia da inoculação e, por volta dos 98 dias, tanto os níveis de aminoácidos quanto os de proteínas decresceram. The physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) is gaining importance because of its potential as raw material for biodiesel. Studies aiming the adequacy of agronomic techniques and tissue culture contribute, indirectly, to this aspect, helping applied research as biotechnology, in situations that aim plant regeneration. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate, the behavior of primary metabolites during the callus growing season. The callus mass at the inoculation time showed no carbohydrates reserve. At the 42nd day the sucrose absorption started in the medium, while the accumulation in the explant occurred from the 98th day of cultivation. Amino acid content was high at the inoculation's day and around the 98th day, both amino acids and protein levels decreased.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar aspectos morfológicos externos do fruto, semente, processo germinativo e plântula de Jatropha curcas. Em frutos e sementes foram avaliadas as características: dimensões, tipo, cor, textura, deiscência e número de sementes por fruto, presença de carúncula, formato do embrião e presença do endosperma. No estudo do desenvolvimento pós-seminal e diferenciação das plântulas, as sementes foram colocadas para germinar em meio de cultura MS (Murashige & Skoog). O fruto de Jatropha curcas é seco deiscente, capsular, tricoca, geralmente com três sementes e endocarpo lenhoso. A semente é ovalada, endospérmica, com envoltório liso e presença de carúncula. O embrião possui um par de cotilédones e eixo hipocótilo-radícula cilíndrico e reto. A germinação é epígea. The objective of this work was to characterize the external morphology of the fruit, seeds, germination process and seedlings of Jatropha curcas. The fruits and seeds had the following characteristics evaluated: size, type, color, texture, dehiscence and number of seeds, presence of caruncle, form of the embryo and presence of the endosperm. To study the post-seminal development and differentiation of seedlings, seeds were placed to germinate in the MS (Murashige & Skoog) culture medium. The fruit of Jatropha curcas is of dry, dehiscent capsular type, generally presenting three seeds and woody endocarp. The seed is oval, endospermic, with smooth coat and the presence of caruncle. The embryo is composed of a pair of cotyledons and the hypocotylradicle axis is cylindrical and straight, with epigeal germination.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do estádio de maturação dos frutos, no desenvolvimento de embriões de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas), cultivados em meio MS com diferentes suplementos: sacarose, água de coco e carvão ativado. Os frutos foram coletados, e os embriões de suas sementes extraídos assepticamente. Utilizaram-se duas condições experimentais: embriões oriundos de frutos em três estádios de desenvolvimento (imaturo, maduro e seco), colocados em meio de cultivo MS acrescido de sacarose (0, 15, 30 e 60 g L-1); embriões oriundos de frutos secos, colocados em meio MS acrescido de: 30 g L-1de sacarose, carvão ativado (0, 1, 2 e 3 g L-1) e de água de coco (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 e 250 mL L-1). O material foi mantido por 30 dias em sala de crescimento, sob condições ambientais controladas. Apenas os embriões zigóticos provenientes de frutos imaturos necessitam da suplementação de sacarose para sustentar sua germinação. O melhor desenvolvimento de embriões ocorre em meio MS suplementado com 60 g L-1 de sacarose. A associação de carvão ativado e água de coco proporcionam melhor crescimento de plântulas oriundas de embriões de sementes retiradas de frutos secos. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of maturation stages of physic nut fruits on the development of their embryos cultivated in MS medium supplemented with sucrose, coconut water and activated carbon. Fruits were collected, and their embryos were extracted aseptically. They were submitted to two experimental conditions: embryos from fruits in three development stages (immature, mature and dry) were put into MS medium, supplemented with sucrose (0, 15, 30 and 60 g L-1); embryos derived from dry fruits were put into MS medium supplemented with sucrose 30 g L-1, activated carbon (0, 1, 2 and 3 g L-1), and coconut water (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 e 250 mL L-1). Explants were kept in a growth chamber under controlled conditions during 30 days. Only the zygotic embryos from immature fruits needed sucrose supplementation in the culture medium to sustain germination. Better embryos development occurs in MS medium supplemented with 60 g L-1 of sucrose. The association of activated carbon and coconut water provides better growth of seedlings derived from embryos extracted from seeds of dry fruits.