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For nearly three hundred years it was a British husband's right to claim damages for the trespass of his wife. By the mid-nineteenth century the practice was considered morally questionable, yet still it entered the statute books under the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 where it remained something of an embarrassment until 1969. Very few studies have considered what this meant in practice. This article offers a comprehensive examination of compensatory awards by analysing data from a sample of petitions filed with the divorce court between 1881 and 1900. It asks, who were the men who put a pecuniary value on their wife's 'ruin' and considers why damages were more pertinent to middle-class petitioners than those above or beneath them. It explores the practical implications of how damages were calculated and applied and suggests reasons why juries frequently awarded lower sums than claimed. Finally, it considers the moral implications of a system that treated wives as chattel and continued to do so well into the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

German coastal areas are often protected from flood events by a primary sea dike line of more than 1,200 km. Many transition areas, such as the change of surface covering materials and other dike elements such as stairs, fences, or ramps at intermittent locations, characterize the stretch of this sea dike line. During storm surges and wave overtopping, the onset of damage, especially dike cover erosion, is often initiated at these transitions due to locally disturbed flow characteristics, increased loads, and reduced strength at the interface. An in-depth understanding of damage initiation and building stock conditions along coastlines as a foundational element of a flood cycle is essential in order to accurately assess existing defense structures, both deterministically and probabilistically. Thus, the present study is motivated to examine the variety of transition areas on the sea dikes along the German coasts, for further assessment of probability of their damage and failure. A novel remote inventory was elaborated manually, based on satellite images for a length of 998 km along the German North Sea and 123 km along the German Baltic Sea coast and estuaries, and it shows the spatial distribution and frequency of such transitions on sea dikes. During additional on-site investigations at different locations at the coast, detailed information about design variants of dike elements as well as damage to transitions were recorded and reported systematically. The results of the on-site investigations allow the development of a damage catalog in relation to transitions and the validation and verification of the remote inventory. By categorizing and spatially analyzing a large number of transitions (n ≈ 18,300) and damages along the coast, particularly vulnerable transitions and hot spots of loading can be further investigated regarding the flow-structure-soil interaction. Through this, structural layouts and material combinations can be optimized for the design of sea dikes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endoscopic inspection is a non-destructive testing method that is used in aviation to diagnose hard-to-reach critical engine elements and assist in the reliability and risk management process. The article presents examples of diagnostic symptoms specific to the compressor, combustion chamber and turbine, and demonstrates the role of endoscopic review in risk management and operational readiness. Two methods of risk assessment are distinguished: a preventive method based on risk management through the implementation of an operational bulletin, and an analytical method based on Markov processes, in which diagnostic information from an endoscopic inspection is used for statistical calculations. Sources of hazards are cited and practical ways to eliminate or reduce the risk of hazards in aviation operations are described. The process of identifying and monitoring engine gas tract defects and their impact on the acceptable level of risk in operation is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the state of the natural resource potential of the coastal regions of Ukraine, related to Russian aggression against Ukraine. The cited studies show that Ukraine has developed several legislative and regulatory acts in the field of use of the natural marine environment and adjacent territories, which correspond to international and European legal acts. Grossly violating international law, Russia caused significant economic damage not only to the population of the annexed territories but also to the environment. According to the Ministry of Environment of Ukraine, more than 3,600 crimes against the environment were recorded. This is the pollution of sea waters, the destruction of nature-protected areas, flora and fauna unique to this region. Damages caused to the environment are preliminarily estimated at more than 60 billion US dollars. The research methodology is based on statistical analysis of expert assessments given in official open state sources and mass media. Analytical studies made it possible to establish certain types of biodiversity that will be difficult to reproduce, as well as to outline the magnitude of the main catastrophic consequences of Russian aggression not only for Ukraine but also for the entire civilized world. Based on the conducted research, the conclusions were made that the existing international legal acts do not fully ensure adequate protection and protection of the environment, which in turn necessitates the development and improvement of effective legal, economic and other mechanisms of responsibility for ecocide. At this stage of military aggression in Ukraine, issues of environmental monitoring and assessment of growing losses come to the fore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional theories of civil liability are not able to cover the damage caused by natural disasters, since the government has no role in causing them. The fluid nature of civil responsibility has caused the vast transformations created in the industrial and technological field to create new civil responsibilities, with the description of the absence of any element of fault in the occurrence of damage. The government, which holds the public power on behalf of the people, cannot be indifferent to the enormous amount of damage caused by natural disasters. In terms of the theoretical foundations of public law, theories of the welfare state and social solidarity, which provide the minimums of an ordinary life, which are severely disrupted in such disasters, can be inspired by the new political and legal philosophy of the government, the foundations of civil responsibility without the fault of the government. In jurisprudence, the constitution and ordinary laws, we deal with cases where the government is obligated to compensate the victims without any fault, and civil liability has been established without the fault of the government. By revising the jurisprudence rulings and current laws, whose philosophy is not to leave damages without compensation, and extending it to the damages caused by natural disasters, it is possible to consider the government's civil responsibility in such cases. But because the government's civil liability in these cases must be provided from the public budget, the damage restoration system should be the prevailing system, not the full compensation system; That is, the factor of the loss, the state of the victims and the economic conditions of the government should be taken into account when compensating for the damage. The establishment of the general insurance fund for natural disasters with the participation of the public and the support of the government, in terms of the success of the insurance industry in similar cases (traffic accidents), is the main solution to compensation for damages caused by natural disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores civil remedies for assault, allowing victims to claim damages for psychological harm and use force in self-defense. If a victim defends themselves and faces a counterclaim, the initial tort may mitigate their liability. When a tort is used as a defense in a criminal case, it can trigger issue estoppel in subsequent civil proceedings meaning that if the defendant loses the criminal case, they often lose the civil case as well. The situation differs when it comes to moral damages resulting from criminal acts. Moral damage refers to injury to legally protected interests, such as personal security, caused by a tortious act. Victims of criminal offenses that also constitute torts can use these acts as evidence of liability in civil actions. However, specific remedies for moral damage are often insufficient or absent, particularly for victims of violent crimes. These victims may struggle to obtain more than nominal damages for assault or battery, facing challenges due to tort limitation periods, which may require suing for false imprisonment while still involved in criminal proceedings. The case of Phillips v UK exemplifies this, where the Crown's immunity extended to acts violating personal dignity, making it difficult for victims to pursue actions for moral damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the civil liability for the damages of Artificial Intelligence in Jordanian legislation. It specifically aimed to reveal the nature of this type of civil liability. Besides, it ventured to highlight the legal problems raised by the subject of civil liability for damages of Artificial Intelligence. The descriptive comparative approach was used to describe the phenomenon and compare Arabic legal systems and the European position towards the legal issues raised by this study. The findings revealed that the Jordanian legislator emphasized the conditions for achieving civil liability for mechanical machines. The study recommends applying the rules of civil liability to these systems that resemble humans in their behavior, intelligence, and awareness of matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho Privado is the property of Fundacion Fernando Fueyo Laneri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Majalat Monazaat Al-Aamal is the property of Majalat Monazaat Al-Aamal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The basic priority in the activities of the institutions of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine is the natural ecosystems’ biodiversity preservation, and its implementation should ensure the restoration of their natural structure and the prevention of invasive species’ penetration into ecosystems and the fight against them. In the Gorgany Mts. (Ukrainian Carpathians), all PZF institutions are located in the forest fund, and the virgin and quasi-virgin forests are standards of the natural structure, condition and vascular plants diversity for local ecosystems. Therefore, the study of the structure, diversity of vascular plants and health conditions of European beech quasi-virgin forests will provide an opportunity to develop environmental protection measures for restoring the biodiversity of the local beech forests. 14 experimental plots in the Gorgan beech quasi-virgin forests were studied in moist fairly fertile conditions of Norway spruce (Picea abies) – Silver fir (Abies alba) –European beech forest type in the territory of the Syniohora NNP. The studies were carried out using traditional forest inventory methods in permanent and temporary experimental plots. The vascular plants were identified using the collections of the Carpathian Ecology Institute and the State Natural History Museum of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. It has been established that the 190-year-old beech quasi-virgin forests of Gorgan are 3-storeyed spruce-fir-beech (Norway spruce – Silver fir – European beech) primary uneven-aged stands with the following parameters: high productivity; normal number of trees; a large stock of growing timber; a low stock of dead-standing trees; a significant stock of dead down trees; a large proportion of trees with damaged crowns; close to the average values of IUFRO classes; successful natural regeneration. The coefficient of variation of these parameters ranges from 50% for the number of trees, 15% for average height of stands, and their variability is, in general, significant. The first storey of these forests is a spruce-fir-beech stand with seven trees species, which has the following average parameters: age ≈ 190 years, the number of trees ≈ 170 ha-1, diameter ≈ 62 cm, height ≈ 35 m, the total basal area ≈ 50 m2/ha, the volume of live trees ≈ 760 m3/ha, the volume of dead-standing trees ≈ 4 m3/ha, the proportion of damaged trees (mainly trunks) ≈ 56%. The second storey is also a spruce-fir-beech stand, but with six species and with significantly lower parameters, especially diameter (≈ 35 cm) and the volume of live trees ≈ 160 m3/ha. The third storey is similar to the second one, but with even lower average parameters, especially the volume of live trees ≈ 40 m3/ha. The exception is the number of trees in the third storey – it is the largest than in all the other storeys since the distribution of trees by diameter in quasi-virgin forests has a descending character. The stock of dead-standing trees is formed mainly by beech with the participation of spruce, and the stock of dead down trees is formed by spruce with the participation of beech. The number of viable natural regeneration is 15.7 thousand pcs/ha and is almost equally divided between European beech, sycamore and silver fir. The vascular plants diversity of these forests is formed by 51 species: 7 species of trees, 5 – shrubs, 3 – subshrubs, 36 – herbs. The variability of the height of grasses and their share in the plant association is average (v>20%). The identified characteristics of the structure, health conditions and the list of vascular plants that form the Gorgan beech quasi-virgin forests are recommended for the identification of the Piceeto (abietis) - Abieto (albae) - Fagetum (sylvaticae) galium (odorati) plant association and for the development of necessary environmental protection measures in the European beech forests of moist spruce-fir fairly fertile beech forest type.

Background A novel modality of cancer treatment based on exposure to non-contact electric fields called Electro-Capacitive Cancer Therapy (ECCT) has been developed. However, the effects of this modality on vital organs during cancer treatment have not been fully investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of non-contact electric field exposure on kidney and liver structures. Methods Female rats were randomly divided into one control group and three treatment groups with six replications each. Animals were treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight for mammary tumour induction. Animals were then exposed to electric fields (100 kHz, 50-60 V/m) for 10 hours a day for three weeks. Two kidney samples and two liver samples from different animals in each group were collected for observation of structural damage to the organs. Histopathological cross-sections of the kidneys and livers were made using the paraffin method and Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. Histological scoring used the post-examination masking method with 100 visual fields per group. Results There was no significant damages to the tubules, glomeruli, and interstitial of the kidneys, including congestion, after exposure to non-contact electric fields. In addition, healthy rats exposed to this electric field showed significantly lower renal interstitial damage. There was no significant cellular damage, congestion, and haemorrhage in the livers of all groups, except in the healthy rat group that showed significantly higher haemorrhage. Conclusions Exposure to non-contact electric fields may cause haemorrhage in the livers of healthy rats. However, in kidney tissue, exposure to this electric field was tolerable, and can even decrease the number of inflammations and haemorrhages in healthy rats.

Patent damages in China are commonly criticized as low and unexplainable, which raises concerns over the overall credibility of China's patent system. This article describes and reports the results of a large-scale empirical analysis of 992 invention patent infringement lawsuits decided by Chinese courts between 2014 and 2018 with damages awarded. The results show that whether patent damages in China are low depends on the selection of standards. If compared with damages granted by courts in the United States or the expectations of patent holders, patent damages in China are undoubtedly low. However, if considering the patent holder's actual losses -- a more rational standard -- the allegation of low patent damages does not stand. In addition, around 64.1% of the variations in patent damages in China can be explained by pre-selected ex ante factors, among which proxies for patent value and scale of infringement play an important role. These findings demonstrate that patent damages in China are not as low and unexplainable as commonly believed. Instead, the rather 'low' damages compared to their counterparts in the United States reflect the main body of patent infringement lawsuits between small entities over technology improvements on small widgets and goods in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Angle Health Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nature has neither a voice nor the ability to defend itself against human attempts to profit without limit from its resources; only the rule of law can counteract this plundering. Protecting nature means strengthening the structures of the rule of law. If legal regulation does not function, nature is vulnerable and profit-making interests take precedence over environmental welfare. A new Directive, the cornerstone of the European Green Pact, aims to improve on previous legislation by broadening the definitions of environmental crimes, imposing harsher penalties and promoting specialised investigations. Despite its progress, the Directive's lack of a clear focus on specialisation could hamper its effectiveness. Such a comprehensive approach is essential to preserve the environment, ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Quebec jurisprudence in civil matters constitutes a valuable source for the history of work and employment. It reveals a vast range of conflicts experienced among workers during the transition to industrial capitalism and the way in which the judicial system proceeded to regulate such conflicts. Working with 128 reported cases, the author examines the fate of lawsuits filed by – or against – ordinary workers, factory workers, day labourers and carters, workers directly affected by the levy of surplus value generated by physical labor and through the free play of power relations in the economic world. Six categories of disputes mark this jurisprudence: divisions established by law among manual labour (notably under the legislation on masters and servants); failure to pay wages; the difficult implementation of worker privileges; challenges to employer discipline; the imposition of damages during work; and, finally, the hazards of seizures carried out against workers. Many indicators betray the incapacity of bringing together civil law and civil justice, as instruments of social regulation, in order to take precautions against the profound fragility of wage-earning status in the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stepped repair, scarf patch repair, and patch repair are important in terms of repair techniques. The composite plate repair process starts after damage zone determination either by the unaided eye or nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques. This study investigates design cases for the stepped repairs of damaged fiber-reinforced composite materials. Before preparing steps for repair, the material around the damage zone is removed. In the stepped repair, it needs extra care to ensure that the repair plies overlap each other properly in the cut. Different cases are performed considering different step sizes. 5, 10, and 15 mm step sizes are used. The damages are given to the produced fiber-reinforced composite laminates using the Quasi-static indentation (QSI) method. Using QSI high-velocity impact simulation can be done. To get damage characteristics well-known damage test method is issued. Different span-to-punch diameter ratio (SPR) values were also used to compare different damage sizes. As a result, High ratio strength recovery was obtained using the longer step size. Maximum penetration force was reduced by nearly % 6-7 and maximum stress reduction was obtained by nearly % 8-9 for the 15 mm step size repaired composites. Among the all cases, case-1 has the highest strength recovery and case-5 has the lowest. For SPR 2, The average ultimate force value of specimens repaired with case-1 was maintained at nearly 94%. For SPR 4, repairs carried out using case-1 maintain more than 95% of damage resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Forestry Society of Croatia / Sumarski List Hrvatskoga Sumarskoga Drustva is the property of Forestry Society of Croatia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the article submitted for publication, the authors have studied the problematic issues of prosecution for environmental safety offenses, and the criminalization of offenses related to environmental safety under martial law. The methodological basis of the study is a system of general scientific methods and approaches which provided an objective analysis of the subject under study. The authors believe that at the moment it is necessary to properly record the damage caused and obtain an evidence base for both national courts and international courts, and therefore it is advisable to create a "Methodology for Establishing Damage Caused to the Environment as a Result of Armed Aggression". In our opinion, it is also advisable to create a Law of Ukraine "On Establishing Damages Caused as a Result of Armed Aggression against Ukraine", which would more thoroughly develop both the appropriate methodology for recording damages and the range of authorized persons who can record such damages. The authors. The authors also believe that it is necessary to provide for the obligation of local governments to conduct an environmental audit in areas where there are no hostilities or immediately after their end, in order to record environmental damage and the circle of persons who caused it as soon as possible. The article also analyzes new aspects of the issue of prosecution for crimes against environmental safety under martial law, and substantiates the proposals aimed at improving the. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background A novel modality of cancer treatment based on exposure to non-contact electric fields called Electro-Capacitive Cancer Therapy (ECCT) has been developed. However, the effects of this modality on vital organs during cancer treatment have not been fully investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of non-contact electric field exposure on kidney and liver structures. Methods Female rats were randomly divided into one control group and three treatment groups with six replications each. Animals were treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight for mammary tumour induction. Animals were then exposed to electric fields (100 kHz, 50-60 V/m) for 10 hours a day for three weeks. Two kidney samples and two liver samples from different animals in each group were collected for observation of structural damage to the organs. Histopathological cross-sections of the kidneys and livers were made using the paraffin method and Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. Histological scoring used the post-examination masking method with 100 visual fields per group. Results There was no significant damages to the tubules, glomeruli, and interstitial of the kidneys, including congestion, after exposure to non-contact electric fields. In addition, healthy rats exposed to this electric field showed significantly lower renal interstitial damage. There was no significant cellular damage, congestion, and haemorrhage in the livers of all groups, except in the healthy rat group that showed significantly higher haemorrhage. Conclusions Exposure to non-contact electric fields may cause haemorrhage in the livers of healthy rats. However, in kidney tissue, exposure to this electric field was tolerable, and can even decrease the number of inflammations and haemorrhages in healthy rats.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2024 9(1), 337-366 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Air quality and EU law. - III. The CJEU’s case law on AQD. - iii.1. Public enforcement. - iii.2. Private enforcement. - IV. The JP judgement: no right to seek damages caused by air pollution. - iv.1. Damages are no longer a necessary corollary of direct effect. - iv.2. Member Staes liability for violation of EU law. - iv.3. Arts 13 and 23 AQD: rights whose infringement has no consequences attached. - iv.4. Between general and individual interests. - V. Conclusions | (Abstract) If the JP ruling were a book, it would be a thriller: not only the reader may be surprised by its outcome and by the arguments developed by the CJEU to support it, but it also contains a genuine “plot twist”, as until the end one is led to believe that the CJEU would have decided in the opposite way. While in previous cases it has constantly sought to enhance the effet utile of the EU regime on air quality, here the CJEU decided that individuals cannot claim compensation for damages suffered due to Member States’ infringements of that regime. By holding that Directive 2008/50/EC cannot confer rights to individuals because it pursues a general objective, the ruling seems inconsistent not only with the case law in this field, but also with several profiles that characterize the EU legal order from a broader perspective, such as the relation between direct effect and Member States’ liability. In addition to undermining the argument that EU law may recognize a substantive right to clean air, the ruling reduces the deterrent effect of Directive 2008/50/EC eliminating civil damages from the expected costs of air quality standards violations. The revision of Directive 2008/50/EC is currently under discussion and the Commission’s proposal – drafted before the JP ruling – recognizes the right to damages. The hope is that this point will survive the legislature procedure, reducing the relevance of the JP ruling: however, this is a feeble expectation considered the (need for Council’s approval and the) impact on Member States.

Background A novel modality of cancer treatment based on exposure to non-contact electric fields has been developed to reduce cancer incidence. However, the safety of the electric field exposure was not fully investigated. Therefore, This study aimed to observe the safety of electric field exposure on kidney and liver structures. Methods Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into one control group and three treatment groups. Animals were treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene for mammary tumour induction and exposed to non-contact electric fields individually for 10 hours a day for three weeks. Fresh samples of the kidney and liver were collected for observation of structural damage in both organs. Both organs were prepared for histopathological cross-sectioning using the paraffin method and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining followed by histological scoring using the post-examination masking method. Results Damages found in the kidney were as follows: thickening of the Bowman capsule, karyolysis, karyorrhexis, pyknosis, cloudy swelling, epithelial sloughing, inflammation, haemorrhage, and congestion. In addition, the number of inflammation and haemorrhage in the kidney structure of healthy rats that were exposed to electric fields was significantly lower than that in the control group. All damages to the kidneys were also found in the liver, but each showed a different degree of damage. Exposure to this electric field can cause haemorrhagic damage to the livers of healthy rats, but not to rats with breast cancer. Conclusions Exposure to non-contact electric fields can cause haemorrhagic damage to the livers of healthy rats, however, in other liver tissues and the kidneys, exposure to this electric field was safe. It can even decrease the number of inflammations and haemorrhages in the kidneys.