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Genetic and environmental factors have important role in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic diseases. We hypothesized that genes involved in energy intake, cellular lipid metabolism and pro-inflammatory adipokines influence obesity-related metabolic disturbances and food intake. We explored the association of GHRL (rs26311G>C and rs4684677A>T), PLIN1 (rs2289487G>A and rs894160G>A), RETN (rs3745367C>T and rs7408174G>A), and NAMPT (rs1319501T>C) variants with obesity, metabolic and inflammatory markers, and food intake composition. Clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory data were obtained from 237 adults. Genomic DNA was extracted and genetic variants were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Food intake was assessed in 81 subjects with obesity, who underwent a 9-week nutritional orientation program. Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted by covariates showed association of GHRL rs26311-G and rs4684677-A alleles with risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and/or metabolic syndrome (P < .05), and RETN rs7408174-C allele with risk of T2D and obesity (P < .05). Covariate-adjusted multivariate linear regression analysis showed association of PLIN1 rs894160-G allele with increased waist-to-hip ratio (P = .003). The nutritional orientation program reduced carbohydrate and total fat intake, in subjects with obesity (P < .05). Analysis of basal data revealed associations of PLIN1 rs894160-G with increased body mass index, PLIN1 rs2289487-A with reduced intake of total fat, monosaturated fatty acids and cholesterol, and RETN rs3745367-A with increased intake of protein and saturated fatty acids (P < .05). GHRL rs26311-G was associated with increased postprogram protein intake (P = .044). In conclusion, variants in GHRL, RETN, and PLIN1 are associated with obesity, T2D, metabolic syndrome, and increased waist-to-hip ratio, and influence food consumption in adults with obesity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no conflict of interests to declare., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Patients with psoriatic arthritis have some lipid metabolism changes and higher risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular diseases, regardless of traditional risk factors, suggesting that chronic inflammation itself plays a central role concerning the atherosclerosis. However, there is a lack of information regarding atherogenic pattern and lipoprotein subfractions burden in these individuals., Aim: To evaluate the HDL and LDL-cholesterol plasmatic levels and their subfractions after a nutritional intervention in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA)., Methods: This was a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of a 12-week nutritional intervention. PsA patients were randomly assigned to 1-Placebo: 1 g of soybean oil daily, no dietetic intervention; 2-Diet + Supplementation: an individualized diet, supplemented with 604 mg of omega-3 fatty acids, three times a day; and 3-Diet + Placebo: individualized diet + 1 g of soybean oil. The LDL subfractions were classified as non-atherogenic (NAth), atherogenic (Ath) or highly atherogenic (HAth), whereas the HDL subfractions were classified as small, medium, or large particles, according to the current recommendation based on lipoproteins electrophoresis., Results: A total of 91 patients were included in the study. About 62% of patients (n = 56) had an Ath or HAth profile and the main risk factors associated were male gender, longer skin disease duration and higher BMI. Thirty-two patients (35%) had a high-risk lipoprotein profile despite having LDL plasmatic levels below 100 mg/dL. The 12-week nutritional intervention did not alter the LDL subfractions. However, there were significant improvement of HDL subfractions., Conclusion: Recognizing the pro-atherogenic subfractions LDL pattern could be a relevant strategy for identifying PsA patients with higher cardiovascular risk, regardless total LDL plasmatic levels and disease activity. In addition, a short-term nutritional intervention based on supervised and individualized diet added to omega-3 fatty acids changed positively the HDL LARGE subfractions, while LDL LARGE subfraction was improved in hypercholesterolemic individuals., Clinicaltrials: gov identifier: NCT03142503 ( http://www., Clinicaltrials: gov/ )., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Phytosterols are natural components of plant-based foods used as supplements because of their known cholesterol-lowering effect. However, their effects on lipoprotein subfractions and the quality of the LDL particle have not been studied in greater detail. We aimed to evaluate the effects of phytosterols supplements on lipids, lipoproteins subfractions, and on the quality of LDL. A prospective, pilot-type, open label, cross-over study, randomized 23 males in primary prevention of hypercholesterolemia to receive diet or diet plus phytosterol (2.6 g in 2 doses, with meals) for 12 weeks, when treatments were switched for another 12 weeks. Lipoprotein subfractions were analyzed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel (Lipoprint System®). The Sampson equation estimated the small and dense (sd) and large and buoyant (lb) LDL subfractions from the lipid profile. Quality of LDL particle was analyzed by Z-scan and UV-vis spectroscopy. Primary outcome was the comparison of diet vs. diet plus phytosterols. Secondary outcomes assessed differences between baseline, diet and diet plus phytosterol. Non-parametric statistics were performed with p < 0.05. There was a trend to reduction on HDL-7 (p = 0.05) in diet plus phytosterol arm, with no effects on the quality of LDL particles. Heatmap showed strong correlations (ρ > 0.7) between particle size by different methods with both interventions. Diet plus phytosterol reduced TC, increased HDL-c, and reduced IDL-B, whereas diet increased HDL7, and reduced IDL-B vs. baseline (p < 0.05, for all). Phytosterol supplementation demonstrated small beneficial effects on HDL-7 subfraction, compared with diet alone, without effects on the quality of LDL particles.This trial is registered in Clinical Trials (NCT06127732) and can be accessed at https://clinicaltrials.gov ., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objectives: Subgingival instrumentation (SI) with probiotics may be a proposal for the treatment of periodontitis (P), for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The Lactobacillus reuteri probiotic as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of P associated with T2DM was evaluated., Materials and Methods: Forty diabetic participants diagnosed with P (stage III and IV, grade B) were randomized into SI + Placebo (n = 20): subgingival instrumentation plus placebo lozenges and SI + Probi (n = 20): subgingival instrumentation plus probiotics. Probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BoP), and PISA index were performed at baseline and 30, 90, and 180 days. Cytokine concentration in the gingival crevicular fluid, subgingival biofilm sample, and LDL and HDL subfractions were evaluated., Results: In the deep pockets, PD in SI + Probi showed increased values (p = 0.02) compared to SI + Placebo at 90 days. For CAL, SI + Probi showed increased values compared to SI + Placebo, with a significant difference at 30 days (p = 0.03), 90 days (p = 0.02), and 180 days (p = 0.04). At #PD ≥ 7 mm, SI + Probi had a more frequent number of sites (p = 0.03) compared to SI + Placebo only at baseline. For the PISA, SI + Probi showed a significant difference (p = 0.04) compared to SI + Placebo at 90 days. For cytokines, SI + Probi showed higher quantification than SI + Placebo for IL-10 (p < 0.001) at 90 days, IL-12 (p = 0.010) at 90 days, IL-1β (p = 0.035) at 90 days, and IL-8 (p = 0.003) at baseline. SI + Placebo showed higher quantification of IL-1β (p = 0.041) compared to SI + Probi only at 30 days. There was a reduction in all microbial complexes. SI + Probi improved LDL size (246.7 nm vs 260.4 nm; p < 0.001), while large HDL subfractions were reduced aft 180 days of treatment (24.0% vs 20.3%; p = 0.022) when compared with SI + Placebo; this response was dependent of probiotics (1.0 mg/dL vs - 6.2 mg/dL; p = 0.002)., Conclusion: Subgingival instrumentation improved the clinical periodontal parameters in patients with T2DM. The use of L. reuteri probiotics had no additional effects compared with the placebo; however, there was a positive effect on the lipoprotein subfraction., Clinical Relevance: Scientific rationale for study: subgingival instrumentation with probiotics may be a proposal for the treatment of periodontitis (P), especially for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)., Principal Findings: the use of L. reuteri probiotics had no additional effects compared with the placebo; however, there was a positive effect on the lipoprotein subfraction.  Practical implications: L. reuteri as an adjunct to subgingival instrumentation may have significant therapeutic implications in dyslipidemia., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background and Aims: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are major causes of mortality worldwide, leading to premature deaths, loss of quality of life, and extensive socioeconomic impacts. Alterations in normal plasma lipid concentrations comprise important risk factors associated with CVD due to mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Genetic markers such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are known to be associated with lipid metabolism, including variants in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene. Thus, the study's objective was to assess the relationship among lipid profile, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, health status, inflammatory biomarkers, and CETP genetic variants in individuals living in a highly admixed population., Methods: The study comprises an analysis of observational cross-sectional data representative at the population level from a highly admixed population, encompassing 901 individuals from three age groups (adolescents, adults, and older adults). Socioeconomic, demographic, health, and lifestyle characteristics were collected using semi-structured questionnaires. In addition, biochemical markers and lipid profiles were obtained from individuals' blood samples. After DNA extraction, genotyping, and quality control according to Affymetrix's guidelines, information on 15 SNPs in the CETP gene was available for 707 individuals. Lipid profile and CVD risk factors were evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA), and associations between lipid traits and those factors were assessed through multiple linear regression and logistic regression., Results: There were low linear correlations between lipid profile and other individuals' characteristics. Two principal components were responsible for 80.8 % of the total variance, and there were minor differences in lipid profiles among individuals in different age groups. Non-HDL-c, total cholesterol, and LDL-c had the highest loadings in the first PC, and triacylglycerols, VLDL-c and HDL-c were responsible for a major part of the loading in the second PC;, whilst HDL-c and LDL-c/HDL-c ratio were significant in the third PC. In addition, there were minor differences between groups of individuals with or without dyslipidemia regarding inflammatory biomarkers (IL-1β, IL- 6, IL-10, TNF-α, CRP, and MCP-1). Being overweight, insulin resistance, and lifestyle characteristics (calories from solid fat, added sugar, alcohol and sodium, leisure physical activity, and smoking) were strong predictors of lipid traits, especially HDL-c and dyslipidemia (p < 0.05). The CETP SNPs rs7499892 and rs12691052, rs291044, and rs80180245 were significantly associated with HDL-c (p < 0.05), and their inclusion in the multiple linear regression model increased its accuracy (adjusted R 2 rose from 0.12 to 0.18)., Conclusion: This study identified correlations between lipid traits and other CVD risk factors. In addition, similar lipid and inflammatory profiles across age groups in the population suggested that adolescents might already present a significant risk for developing cardiovascular diseases in the population. The risk can be primarily attributed to decreased HDL-c concentrations, which appear to be influenced by genetic factors, as evidenced by associations between SNPs in the CETP gene and HDL-c concentrations, as well as potential gene-diet interactions. Our findings underscore the significant impact of genetic and lifestyle factors on lipid profile within admixed populations in developing countries., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The effects of regular physical activity on two important anti-atherosclerosis functions of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), namely its capacity to receive both forms of cholesterol and its anti-oxidant function, were investigated in this study comparing older adults with young individuals. One-hundred and eight healthy adult individuals were enrolled and separated into the following groups: active older (60-80 yrs, n = 24); inactive older (60-79 yrs, n = 21); active young (20-34 yrs, n = 39); and inactive young (20-35 yrs, n = 24). All performed cardiopulmonary tests. Blood samples were collected in order to assess the following measures: lipid profile, HDL anti-oxidant capacity, paraoxonase-1 activity, HDL subfractions, and lipid transfer to HDL. Comparing active older and active young groups with inactive older and inactive young groups, respectively, the active groups presented higher HDL-C levels ( p < 0.01 for both comparisons), unesterified cholesterol transfer ( p < 0.01, p < 0.05), and intermediate and larger HDL subfractions ( p < 0.001, p < 0.01) than the respective inactive groups. In addition, the active young group showed higher esterified cholesterol transfer than the inactive young group ( p < 0.05). As expected, the two active groups had higher VO 2 peak than the inactive groups; VO 2 peak was higher in the two younger than in the two older groups ( p < 0.05). No differences in unesterified and esterified cholesterol transfers and HDL subfractions were found between active young and active older groups. HDL anti-oxidant capacity and paraoxonase-1 activity were equal in all four study groups. Our data highlight and strengthen the benefits of regular practice of physical activity on an important HDL function, the capacity of HDL to receive cholesterol, despite the age-dependent decrease in VO 2 peak.

Background: While Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 and n-6 PUFAs) have established effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, little is known about their impacts on LDL quality markers., Objective: To assess the associations of n-3 and n-6 PUFA within red blood cells (RBC) with LDL particle size, small dense LDL-c (sdLDL-c), and electronegative LDL [LDL(-)] in adults with CVD risk factors., Methods: Cross-sectional study involving 335 men and women aged 30 to 74 with at least one cardiovascular risk factor. Analyses were conducted on biochemical parameters, such as glucose, insulin, HbA1c, C-reactive protein (CRP), lipid profile, lipoprotein subfractions, electronegative LDL particle [LDL(-)] and its autoantibody, and RBC n-3 and n-6 PUFAs. Independent t-test/Mann-Whitney test, one-way ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis test, and multiple linear regressions were applied. All tests were two-sided, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: The RBC n-6/n-3 ratio was associated with increased LDL(-) (β = 4.064; 95% CI = 1.381 - 6.748) and sdLDL-c (β = 1.905; 95% CI = 0.863 - 2.947) levels, and reduced LDL particle size (β = -1.032; 95% CI = -1.585 - -0.478). Separately, n-6 and n-3 PUFAs had opposing associations with those parameters, reinforcing the protective effects of n-3 and showing the potential negative effects of n-6 on LDL particle quality., Conclusion: RBC n-6 PUFA was associated with increased cardiometabolic risk and atherogenicity of LDL particles, while n-3 PUFA was associated with better cardiometabolic parameters and LDL particle quality.

Polymorphisms in genes of leptin-melanocortin and insulin pathways have been associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that polymorphisms in IRS1, IRS2, MC3R, and MC4R influence metabolic and inflammatory markers and food intake composition in Brazilian subjects. This exploratory pilot study included 358 adult subjects. Clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory data were obtained through interview and access to medical records. The variants IRS1 rs2943634 A˃C, IRS2 rs1865434 C>T, MC3R rs3746619 C>A, and MC4R rs17782313 T>C were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Food intake composition was assessed in a group of subjects with obesity (n = 84) before and after a short-term nutritional counseling program (9 weeks). MC4R rs17782313 was associated with increased risk of obesity (P = .034). Multivariate linear regression analysis adjusted by covariates indicated associations of IRS2 rs1865434 with reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and resistin, MC3R rs3746619 with high glycated hemoglobin, and IRS1 rs2943634 and MC4R rs17782313 with increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (P < .05). Energy intake and carbohydrate and total fat intakes were reduced after the diet-oriented program (P < .05). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed associations of IRS2 rs1865434 with high basal fiber intake, IRS1 rs2943634 with low postprogram carbohydrate intake, and MC4R rs17782313 with low postprogram total fat and saturated fatty acid intakes (P < .05). Although significant associations did not survive correction for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg method in this exploratory study, polymorphisms in IRS1, IRS2, MC3R, and MC4R influence metabolic and inflammatory status in Brazilian adults. IRS1 and MC4R variants may influence carbohydrate, total fat, and saturated fatty acid intakes in response to a diet-oriented program in subjects with obesity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Several studies have associated dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with cardiovascular risk but there are still many controversies. Most of these studies have focused on the effects of palmitic acid on circulating lipids. Stearic acid usually shows a neutral effect on blood lipids, however, there is a lack of clinical studies assessing the link with inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction markers., Objective: To evaluate the association of red blood cell (RBC) SFA (palmitic and stearic acids) with circulating inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers., Methods: Cross-sectional study of 79 adults of both sexes with at least one cardiovascular risk factor but without previous events (acute myocardial infarction or stroke). Plasma biomarkers - lipids, glucometabolic markers, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) - and RBC palmitic and stearic fatty acids were analyzed. The associations were assessed by correlation and multiple linear regression analyses, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05., Results: Palmitic acid showed no significant associations with traditional cardiovascular risk factors or inflammatory markers. Stearic acid, on the other hand, was inversely correlated with blood cholesterol and triglycerides, but independently associated with hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α., Conclusion: Stearic acid is associated with inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers in individuals with at least one cardiovascular risk factor.

Dyslipidemia is common in patients with chronic kidney disease. Curcumin, a bioactive polyphenol from Curcuma longa, can improve lipid profile. This study aims to analyze the effects of Curcuma Longa extract supplementation on lipid profile and lipoprotein subfractions in hemodialysis (HD) patients. This is a longitudinal, double-blind, washout-period randomized clinical trial. The patients were randomized into two groups: the curcumin group (n = 10) (orange and carrot juice with 2.5 g of Curcuma Longa extract) and the control group (n = 11) (juice without curcumin) 3x/w during HD sessions for 3 months. After the washout period, patients continued the supplementation as a crossover for the same period. The lipid profile was measured using enzymatic assays. The high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein subfractions analyses were performed using LipoprintTM. In the curcumin group, the triglyceride values tended to decrease with a different triglyceride variation between the pre and post-intervention for the control and curcumin groups of 38.5 (19.8) mg/dL (p = 0.06). There was no statistical difference in the others parameters. In conclusion, Curcuma longa extract may be a good nutritional strategy to reduce triglyceride plasma levels in hemodialysis patients, but it seems ineffective for the other parameter., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Oxidative stress and inflammation are mediators in the pathophysiology of several non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Tree nuts and peanuts lower risk factors of cardiometabolic disease, including blood lipids, blood pressure and insulin resistance, among others. Given their strong antioxidant/anti-inflammatory potential, it is plausible that nuts may also exert a favorable effect on inflammation and oxidative stress. Evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggest a modest protective effect of total nuts; however, the evidence is inconsistent for specific nut types. In this narrative review, the state of evidence to date is summarized for the effect of nut intake on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress, and an attempt is made to define the gaps in research while providing a framework for future research. Overall, it appears that some nuts, such as almonds and walnuts, may favorably modify inflammation, and others, such as Brazil nuts, may favorably influence oxidative stress. There is a pressing need for large RCTs with an adequate sample size that consider different nut types, and the dose and duration of nut intervention, while evaluating a robust set of biomarkers for inflammation and oxidative stress. Building a stronger evidence base is important, especially since oxidative stress and inflammation are mediators of many NCDs and can benefit both personalized and public health nutrition.

Excessive meat consumption, especially red and processed meats, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The pattern of meat consumption varies in Brazil and is influenced by economic and cultural factors in the world. The study aimed to analyze the consumption of meat by adults and the elderly in a city colonized by Germans in the south of Brazil. It involved a cross-sectional population study. Sociodemographic and meat consumption data were collected using a previously validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. Frequencies and amounts were analyzed by type of meat and processing. The association between excessive meat consumption and the study variables was estimated by Prevalence Ratio. Among the 1,941 participants, the average amount of meat consumed was 250 g/day, the most consumed being white unprocessed meat (138 g/day), especially poultry (80 g/day). The prevalence of excessive consumption of red and processed meat (more than 500 g/week) was 63%, mainly among men (PR=1.6; 95%CI 1.5-1.8), aged 20 to 29 years (PR=1.4; 95%CI 1.2-1.5), and higher economic class (PR=1.2; 95%CI 1.0-1.3). Excessive consumption of red and processed meat among young men of upper economic class should be the target of public health actions for the adequacy of food consumption.

Background: Despite lipid-lowering and antiplatelet therapy, the pattern of residual lipoproteins seems relevant to long-term cardiovascular outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the effects of combined therapies, commonly used in subjects with acute myocardial infarction, in the quality of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles., Methods: Prospective, open-label trial, included patients with acute myocardial infarction. Patients were randomized to antiplatelet treatment (ticagrelor or clopidogrel) and subsequently to lipid-lowering therapy (rosuvastatin or simvastatin/ezetimibe) and were followed up for six months. Nonlinear optical properties of LDL samples were examined by Gaussian laser beam (Z-scan) to verify the oxidative state of these lipoproteins, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to analyze structural changes on these particles, dynamic light scattering (DLS) to estimate the particle size distribution, ultra violet (UV)-visible spectroscopy to evaluate the absorbance at wavelength 484 nm (typical from carotenoids), and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Lipoprint) to analyze the LDL subfractions., Results: Simvastatin/ezetimibe with either clopidogrel or ticagrelor was associated with less oxidized LDL, and simvastatin/ezetimibe with ticagrelor to lower cholesterol content in the atherogenic subfractions of LDL, while rosuvastatin with ticagrelor was the only combination associated with increase in LDL size., Conclusions: The quality of LDL particles was influenced by the antiplatelet/lipid-lowering strategy, with ticagrelor being associated with the best performance with both lipid-lowering therapies. Trial registration: NCT02428374., Competing Interests: I confirm that this does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The study design, data collection, statistical analysis, or publications were not influenced by the sponsors and are the exclusive responsibility of the investigators.

Aim: To evaluate whether dietary pattern changes, antioxidant supplementation or 5-10% weight loss could improve disease activity (skin and joint) in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA)., Methods: A total of 97 PsA patients were enrolled in this 12-week randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Patients were randomized into three groups: Diet-placebo (hypocaloric diet + placebo supplementation); Diet-fish (hypocaloric diet + 3 g/day of omega-3 supplementation; and Placebo. Food intake (3-day registry, Healthy Eating Index (HEI), and the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII)), body composition (whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), weight and waist circumference) and disease activity (PASI, BSA, BASDAI, DAS28-ESR, DAS28-CRP and MDA) were evaluated at baseline and after the 12-week intervention. Statistical analysis used the intention-to-treat approach. The P value was considered to indicate significance when below 0.05., Results: After 12 weeks, DAS28-CRP and BASDAI scores improved, especially in the Diet-placebo group (- 0.6 ± 0.9; p = 0.004 and - 1.39 ± 1.97; p = 0.001, respectively). In addition, a higher proportion of patients achieved minimal disease activity (MDA) in all groups. The Diet-fish group showed significant weight loss (- 1.79 ± 2.4; p = 0.004), as well as waist circumference (- 3.28 ± 3.5, p < 0.001) and body fat (- 1.2 ± 2.2, p = 0.006) reductions. There was no significant correlation between weight loss and disease activity improvement. Each 1-unit increase in the HEI value reduced the likelihood of achieving remission by 4%. Additionally, each 100-cal daily intake increase caused a 3.4-fold DAS28-ESR impairment., Conclusion: A 12-week hypocaloric intervention provided suitable control of joint disease activity in patients with PsA, regardless of weight loss. Adding omega-3 supplementation caused relevant body composition changes but not disease activity improvement., Trial Registration: The study was recorded on Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03142503)., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids have been extensively studied for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular health, but their ability to modulate HDL functionality remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of ω-3, rich in eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA), on HDL functionality. For that, 147 individuals with high cardiovascular risk were randomized in ω-3 (1 g of fish oil each - 370 mg of EPA and 230 mg of DHA, 3 times per day total EPA+DHA = 1,800 mg) or ω-6 groups (1 g of sunflower oil each - 760 mg of linoleic acid, 3 times per day; total linoleic acid = 2,280 mg). Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline time and after 8 weeks of follow-up and, and the lipid profile and glucose metabolism were evaluated from plasma. From HDL, the fatty acid profile, apolipoproteins (Apo AI, CII and CIII), paraoxonase-1 (PON1), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), subfractions and antioxidant activity were investigated. Omega-3 improved large HDL (HDL = 28.7%) and reduced small HDL (HDL10 = -10.6%) and the non-esterified fatty acids in HDL (NEFAs-HDL) level (-16.2%). A significant reduction in CETP activity was observed in the ω-3group (Δ ω-6 = 3.60 pmol/ul/h and Δ ω-3 = -1.99 pmol/ul/h; p = 0.044). The antioxidant capacity estimated by Lag time analysis did not change after the ω-3intervention. Changes in PON1 and Apo AI were inversely associated with increased incorporation of EPA (AOR = 0.446; IC = 0.200-0.994) and DHA (AOR = 0.351; IC = 0.150-0.821) in HDL, respectively. Cardioprotective profile obtained by pooled fatty acids analysis was related to a decrease in Apo CIII (r = -0.638; p = 0.002) and CETP (r = -0.341; p = 0.012) and an increase in Apo CII (r = 0.448; p = 0.042) and PON1 (r = 0.388; p = 0.003). In conclusion, omega-3 was effective in the reduction of cardiovascular risk associated with HDL functionality by size improvement and changes in its lipid, antioxidant and enzyme composition., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Cartolano, Dias, Miyamoto and Damasceno.)

Introduction: Introduction: cell integrity and fat mass had been studied as a prognostic marker for cancer survival. Objective: our aim was to evaluate the association between tumor aggressiveness and cell integrity changes and adiposity in breast cancer (BC) survivors. Methods: women with BC (n = 114) were evaluated at diagnosis and 5 years later. Percentage of lean mass, fat mass, phase angle (PA), resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) were obtained by bioimpedance (450-50 kHz). Plasma leptin was assessed by immunoassay. Changes in body composition were assessed by the paired t-test or Wilcoxon's test. The disease effect associated with the time of diagnosis was assessed by a generalized linear model. Regression models were structured to assess the prevalence ratio between tumor aggressiveness and body composition changes adjusted for age, income, and level of schooling. Results: patients with N+ (p = 0.02) and % Ki67 > 14 (p = 0.00) show a reduction in Xc. Patients with advanced clinical staging (CS) (p = 0.02), tumors > 2 cm (p = 0.01), N+ (p = 0.01), non-luminal tumors (p = 0.02), ER- (p = 0, 00) and PR- (p = 0.02) show a PA reduction, and N+ patients (p = 0.01) show a reduction in leptin during follow-up. Tumors  2 cm (CI: 0.33-0.95; p = 0.03), initial CS (CI: 0.20-0.93; p = .0.03), and luminal tumors (CI: 0.01-0.95; p = 0.04) are related to a lower reduction in PA. Initial CS (CI: 0.00-0.00; p = 0.00) are related to increased leptin. Conclusion: tumor aggressiveness is associated with cell integrity changes in women who are BC survivors.

Background: Large observational studies have shown that small, dense LDL subfractions are related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This study assessed the effects of two highly effective lipid-lowering therapies in the atherogenic subclasses of lipoproteins in subjects with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)., Methods: Patients of both sexes admitted with their first myocardial infarction and submitted to pharmacoinvasive strategy (N = 101) were included and randomized using a central computerized system to receive a daily dose of simvastatin 40 mg plus ezetimibe 10 mg or rosuvastatin 20 mg for 30 days. Intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Lipoprint System) on the first (D1) and 30th days (D30) of lipid-lowering therapy. Changes in LDL and IDL subfractions between D1 and D30 were compared between the lipid-lowering therapies (Mann-Whitney U test)., Results: The classic lipid profile was similar in both therapy arms at D1 and D30. At D30, the achievement of lipid goals was comparable between lipid-lowering therapies. Cholesterol content in atherogenic subclasses of LDL (p = 0.043) and IDL (p = 0.047) decreased more efficiently with simvastatin plus ezetimibe than with rosuvastatin., Conclusions: Lipid-lowering therapy with simvastatin plus ezetimibe was associated with a better pattern of lipoprotein subfractions than rosuvastatin monotherapy. This finding was noted despite similar effects in the classic lipid profile and may contribute to residual cardiovascular risk., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT02428374, registered on 28/09/2014., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) had a 1.5-fold increase in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) mortality, compared with those without MS. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the CVD risk in MS patients by multiple cardiometabolic indexes and to investigate associated factors., Methods: The MS group included 57 patients matched for age and sex to 57 healthy controls. They were evaluated for physical activity, smoking, anthropometric indices, blood pressure, and plasma biomarkers. Framingham risk score (FRS) and multiple cardiovascular risk indexes were calculated. Clinical course of disease, age at onset, disease duration, disease-modifying therapy, relapse rate, EDSS, physical and functional impairment were investigated., Results: The mean age was 34.6 years old. The majority (89.5%) in the MS group had a RRMS clinical course and a mild level of disability (EDSS=1.0). WC (p = 0.022) and FM% (p = 0.007) were different between the MS and control groups. The FRS was higher in the MS group (10% versus 0%) and this was related with high prevalence of dyslipidemia (43.8% versus 36.8%). The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) (0.013) and Castelli risk indexes I (CRI-I) (p = 0.017) and II (CRI-II) (p = 0.008) and non-HDL-C (p = 0.044) were higher in the MS group., Conclusion: MS patients, with controlled disease course, have a higher cardiovascular risk than comparable healthy individuals. We emphasize that the use of FRS, and the monitoring of CRI-I and II, as well as AIP, are important lipid markers to manage CVD risk in individuals with MS., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background and Aims: Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the changes in the body composition of the women survivors of breast cancer and its association with clinical staging, using the bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA), over five years of follow-up., Methods: At baseline time 114 patients (T0) were selected and after 5 years (T1) of follow-up (n = 35) data of weight, body mass index, waist circumference, phase angle, resistance/height, reactance/height, %fat free mass and %fat mass were monitored. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) and the vector displacement assessment took place according to the initial and advanced clinical staging (CS 1 and 2, respectively) and time of follow-up and have been showed using mean graph and RXc score graph., Results: Patients on CS 1 showed a reduction in reactance/height, phase angle, %fat free mass and an increase in %fat mass. The same group presented during the follow-up significant vector displacement by mean graph and a change to the 95% ellipse by the RXc score graph., Conclusions: Women with breast cancer in the initial CS showed a more significant displacement of bioelectric vectors, indicating worsening in body composition., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

We thank Ravnskov [...].

Background: This study investigated the association of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n -3 PUFA) within erythrocyte membranes and cardiovascular risk assessed by three different estimates. Methods: Inclusion criteria were individuals of both sexes, 30 to 74 years, with at least one cardiovascular risk factor, and no previous cardiovascular events ( n = 356). Exclusion criteria were individuals with acute or chronic severe diseases, infectious diseases, pregnant, and/or lactating women. Plasma biomarkers (lipids, glucose, and C -reactive protein) were analyzed, and nineteen erythrocyte membrane fatty acids (FA) were identified. The cardiovascular risk was estimated by Framingham (FRS), Reynolds (RRS), and ACC/AHA-2013 Risk Scores. Three patterns of FA were identified (Factor 1, poor in n -3 PUFA), (Factor 2, poor in PUFA), and (Factor 3, rich in n -3 PUFA). Results: Total cholesterol was inversely correlated with erythrocyte membranes C18:3 n -3 (r = -0.155; p = 0.004), C22:6 n -3 (r = -0.112; p = 0.041), and total n -3 (r = -0.211; p < 0.001). Total n -3 PUFA was associated with lower cardiovascular risk by FRS (OR = 0.811; 95% CI= 0.675-0.976). Regarding RRS, Factor 3 was associated with 25.3% lower odds to have moderate and high cardiovascular risk (OR = 0.747; 95% CI = 0.589-0.948). The ACC/AHA-2013 risk score was not associated with isolated and pooled FA. Conclusions: n -3 PUFA in erythrocyte membranes are independent predictors of low-risk classification estimated by FRS and RRS, which could be explained by cholesterol-lowering effects of n -3 PUFA.

Objectives: This study evaluated the adequacy of micronutrient intake from the ketogenic diet (KD) with and without micronutrient supplementation according to age in Brazilian children and adolescents with refractory epilepsy undergoing KD treatment., Methods: This study enrolled children and adolescents with refractory epilepsy who were up to 19 y of age. Nutrient intakes were monitored using 3 d food records before introducing micronutrient supplementation and 3 mo after starting KD treatment. The prevalence of micronutrient inadequacy was estimated by sex and age according to the estimated average requirement cutoff values., Results: This study included 39 children and adolescents. The KD did not provide enough content of folate, calcium, and magnesium in all patients according to the dietary reference intake. Even after starting supplementation, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium intake remained inadequate in the majority of patients. The supplementation effectively met the vitamin B 12 recommendation in all age groups., Conclusions: KD treatment did not provide adequate levels of the monitored micronutrients. The supplementation improved but did not prevent the inadequacy of micronutrients such as calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. The results highlight the importance of individual supplementation protocols and the need to monitor micronutrient intake according to age and sex., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Aims: The relationship between adiponectin and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is established; however the evidence on its role in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) functionality is still scant. The aim of this study was to assess the association of adiponectin with HDL functionality especially on the antioxidant capacity and HDL subfractions in individuals with T2DM., Methods: This case-control study enrolled 356 individuals who were divided into two groups: diabetics [T2DM (n = 188)] and non-diabetic [nT2DM (n = 168)]. The association of adiponectin level on HDL functionality parameters was done in function of the cut-off point for adiponectin [percentile p < 75 = 12.9 μg/mL versus p ≥ 75 = 12.9 μg/mL] and multiple adjustments applied in the logistic regression models., Results: Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and body fat mass (FM) were higher in T2DM. The larger HDL particles (HDL LARGE ) were lower in T2DM group in comparison with nT2DM (28.20% versus 30.40%; p = 0.016). Individuals with T2DM and simultaneous highest adiponectin (p ≥ 75) had 2.25 OR (95% CI = 1.03-4.91) and 5.14 OR (95% CI = 2.37-11.15) to present higher HDL-C and HDL LARGE concentrations. After adjustment for multiple confounders, high level of adiponectin was independently related with improvement of the HDL antioxidant capacity (OR = 2.78; 95% CI = 1.16-6.67)., Conclusions: High adiponectin level associates with a lesser negative impact of T2DM on HDL functionality by increase in APO AI, particles size, and cholesterol content. On the same token, higher adiponectin was associated with greater odds to have high antioxidant capacity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest RDS has received honoraria related to consulting, research and/or speaker activities from: Ache, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Esperion, EMS, Kowa, Novo-Nordisk, Merck, MSD, Pfizer, PTC and Sanofi/Regeneron. Others have none to declare., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Ketogenic low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diets are popular among young, healthy, normal-weight individuals for various reasons. We aimed to investigate the effect of a ketogenic LCHF diet on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (primary outcome), LDL cholesterol subfractions and conventional cardiovascular risk factors in the blood of healthy, young, and normal-weight women. The study was a randomized, controlled, feeding trial with crossover design. Twenty-four women were assigned to a 4 week ketogenic LCHF diet (4% carbohydrates; 77% fat; 19% protein) followed by a 4 week National Food Agency recommended control diet (44% carbohydrates; 33% fat; 19% protein), or the reverse sequence due to the crossover design. Treatment periods were separated by a 15 week washout period. Seventeen women completed the study and treatment effects were evaluated using mixed models. The LCHF diet increased LDL cholesterol in every woman with a treatment effect of 1.82 mM ( p < 0.001). In addition, Apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB), small, dense LDL cholesterol as well as large, buoyant LDL cholesterol increased ( p < 0.001, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively). The data suggest that feeding healthy, young, normal-weight women a ketogenic LCHF diet induces a deleterious blood lipid profile. The elevated LDL cholesterol should be a cause for concern in young, healthy, normal-weight women following this kind of LCHF diet.

Incidences of colorectal cancer (CRC) have continued to grow. Surgery is the main treatment and the only curative factor is nutritional status, which has an enormous influence on postoperative evolution. This study proposes a protocol for nutritional intervention beginning preoperatively and lasting up to three months postoperatively. Twenty patients with confirmed diagnosis of colon adenocarcinoma who underwent resection surgery were included. Anthropometric and food intake data-assessed through two 24-hour recalls, one weekday and one weekend-were collected at baseline, one month postoperative (PO), and three months PO. Anthropometric evaluation showed a decrease in the first month PO in weight, BMI, Hand grip strength, and arm circumference ( P  < 0.05), but these parameters recovered after 3 mo, PO and concomitant with the increase in protein and dietary fiber intake. In addition, collateral symptoms, such as abdominal distension, abdominal pain, and post prandial fullness, decreased between baseline and three months postoperative ( P  < 0.05). The nutritional counseling protocol for patients undergoing surgery due to CRC was positive in the recovery of nutritional status and improve of symptoms.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 6-months consumption of green-banana biomass on the LDL particle functionality in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Subjects (n = 39, mean age 65 years old) of both sexes with diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 6·5%) were randomized to receive nutritional support plus green-banana biomass (40 g) (n = 21) or diet alone (n = 18) for 6-months. Non-linear optical responses of LDL solutions from these participants were studied by Z-scan technique. UV-visible spectrophotometer was used to measure the absorbance of the LDL samples. Small Angle X-ray Scattering and Dynamic Light Scattering experiments were used to look for any structural changes in LDL samples and to determine their size distribution. The Lipoprint test was used to determine the LDL sub-fractions in terms of distribution and size. Consumption of green-banana biomass, reduced total- (p = 0.010), non-HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.043), glucose (p = 0.028) and HbA1c (p = 0.0007), and also improved the protection of the LDL particle against oxidation, by the increase in carotenoids content in the particles (p = 0.007). This higher protection against modifications may decrease the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. These benefits of the green-banana biomass encourage the use of resistant starches with potential clinical applications in individuals with pre-diabetes and diabetes.

Plasma membrane repair (PMR) is an important process for cell homeostasis, especially for cells under constant physical stress. Repair involves a sequence of Ca 2+ -dependent events, including lysosomal exocytosis and subsequent compensatory endocytosis. Cholesterol sequestration from plasma membrane causes actin cytoskeleton reorganization and polymerization, increasing cell stiffness, which leads to exocytosis and reduction of a peripheral pool of lysosomes involved in PMR. These changes in mechanical properties are similar to those observed in cells exposed to oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein (oxLDL), a key molecule during atherosclerosis development. Using a human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (EAhY926) we evaluated the influence of mechanical modulation induced by oxLDL in PMR and its effect in endothelial fragility. Similar to MβCD (a drug capable of sequestering cholesterol) treatment, oxLDL exposure led to actin reorganization and de novo polymerization, as well as an increase in cell rigidity and lysosomal exocytosis. Additionally, for both MβCD and oxLDL treated cells, there was an initial increase in endocytic events, likely triggered by the peak of exocytosis induced by both treatments. However, no further endocytic events were observed, suggesting that constitutive endocytosis is blocked upon treatment and that the reorganized cytoskeleton function as a mechanical barrier to membrane traffic. Finally, the increase in cell rigidity renders cells more prone to mechanical injury. Together, these data show that mechanical modulation induced by oxLDL exposure not only alters membrane traffic in cells, but also makes them more susceptible to mechanical injury, which may likely contribute to the initial steps of atherosclerosis development., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction/ Objectives: Assuming that there is a link between lipid and glucose metabolism and inflammation in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA), our aim was to evaluate the relationships among body composition measurements, food intake, and disease activity in patients with PsA., Methods: A total of 97 patients with PsA, according to the CASPAR criteria, were included in this cross-sectional study. Body composition measurements (whole-body DXA, GE-Lunar), food intake (3-day registry) and biochemical and inflammatory serum markers were evaluated. Skin and joint disease activity were assessed by using PASI, BSA, DAS28, and minimal disease activity (MDA). The level of significance was set as p < 0.05., Results: A higher prevalence of obesity, according to the fat mass index (FMI) (92.7%), and metabolic syndrome (MetS) (54%) were found, but no significant changes regarding lean or bone mass were found. Joint disease activity was positively correlated with total body fat (r = 0.4; p < 0.001), FMI (r = 0.33; p < 0.001), body mass index (r = 0.20; p < 0.049) and waist circumference (r = 0.27; p = 0.009). In addition, joint disease activity was negatively associated with muscle mass (r = - 0.38; p < 0.001). Skin disease activity was positively correlated with total cholesterol (r = 0.3; p = 0.003) and LDL-cholesterol (r = 0.28; p = 0.006). After multiple adjustments, patients with severe joint disease activity had higher body adiposity than patients in remission or with low disease activity. Skin disease activity was associated with higher trans-fat intake and lower omega-6 consumption., Conclusions: Our data suggest a possible harmful link among fat (body adiposity, saturated fat consumption, LDL-cholesterol serum levels) and joint and skin disease activity in patients with PsA.

Cardiovascular diseases are among the main causes of mortality worldwide, and dyslipidemia is a principal factor risk. Hence the study of biochemical markers is necessary for early diagnosis., Objectives: Evaluate biomarkers to diagnose the risks of cardiovascular diseases in healthy Brazilian and African young adults., Design & Methods: Weight, height, waist circumference, percentage of body fat and systemic blood pressure were measured; and fasting blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis. Triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-c, and apolipoproteins A-I and B were measured on automated equipment using commercially available kits, in addition to the tests of antioxidant capacity of HDL and the enzymatic activity of Paraoxonase 1., Results: After statistical analysis, it was found that BMI, WC, fat (%), triglycerides, ApoB/ApoA-I ratio and Vmax were higher in Brazilians, while HDL-c, ApoA-I, Lag Time, Vmax and PON1 activity were higher in Africans. In Brazilians, the ApoB/ApoA-I ratio was related to obesity factors and lipid profile, but in Africans it was related only to lipids. The antioxidant capacity of HDL and PON1 activity was better in Africans. Through independence testing, we observed an association with moderate risk of myocardial infarction with gender in Africans. In the binary logistic regression analysis, it was found that men in general - and particularly African men - have higher risk of myocardial infarction than women; Odds Ratio 2144 (CI 95% : 1343-3424) and 2281 (CI 95% : 1082-4811), respectively., Conclusions: The anthropometric and biochemical parameters of Brazilians, especially men, predispose them to greater risks of cardiovascular diseases., (Copyright © 2019 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (p-CS) are albumin-bound uremic toxins that are difficult to remove by hemodialysis (HD). Human serum albumin (HSA) carries several compounds, including fatty acids that can bind to site II of HSA and represent competing ligands for uremic toxins. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between fatty acids and uremic toxin plasma levels in patients undergoing HD., Methods: Thirty-three HD patients (51.5% male, 54.9 ± 10.2 years old, 44.63 ± 28.4 months on HD, albumin level of 3.8 ± 0.3 g/dL) were evaluated. The erythrocyte fatty acid content (saturated fatty acid [SFA], monounsaturated fatty acid [MUFA], and polyunsaturated fatty acid [PUFA]) was measured by gas chromatography, and total IS and p-CS plasma levels were measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography., Findings: The mean percentages of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + DHA and gamma-linolenic (GLA) acid in the erythrocyte membrane were 1.35% ± 0.74%, 1.85% ± 0.79%, and 0.33% ± 0.26%, respectively. The mean levels of IS and p-CS were 19.4 ± 11.9 mg/dL and 101.5 ± 57.2 mg/dL, respectively. There was no significant association between SFA and MUFA and IS and p-CS; however, a negative correlation was found between p-CS and specific PUFAs, and the association between GLA and p-CS levels was retained after adjusting for potential confounding variables (β = -0.49, P = 0.007)., Discussion: Polyunsaturated fatty acids may contribute to the decrease in p-CS uremic toxin plasma levels in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing HD., (© 2019 International Society for Hemodialysis.)

Objective: To our knowledge, there is currently no consensus in the literature on the association between dietary fatty acids and circulating levels in plasma. The aim of this study was to assess the association of the intake of fatty acids with their relative plasma concentrations., Methods: We conducted a study with 300 adults from the population-based health survey in São Paulo city (ISA-Capital 2008). We assessed demographic, lifestyle and anthropometric data, biochemical measurements, and two 24-h dietary recalls collected on non-consecutive days. Intake distribution was adjusted for intrapersonal variance to give usual dietary intake using the multiple source method (MSM). Percentage of fatty acids in plasma were analyzed by gas chromatography. The κ statistic, Spearman's correlation, and multiple linear regression (adjusted for confounders) and ratio limits of agreement were employed to determine the relationship between plasma and dietary measurements., Results: Low correlation and agreement were found between dietary and plasma fatty acids. Docosahexaenoic acid (β = 0.25; P < 0.001) and saturated (β = 0.19; P = 0.048) fatty acids exhibited an association for means of intake adjusted by the MSM and for confounding variables. A large mean difference, with a large variation of "ratio limits," were observed between the measurements., Conclusion: Plasma and dietary polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids exhibited low correlation and agreement, as well as weak association between each other. No association between intake and plasma concentrations of monounsaturated fat was found. Plasma fatty acids are not good biomarkers of food intake., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the association of plasma and erythrocyte ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids with multiple oxidative stress biomarkers in breast cancer patients., Methods: Ninety-five women with recently diagnosed breast cancer and no previous treatment were selected for this study. The socioeconomic, clinical, and demographic profile of the patients was determined using a structured questionnaire and medical records. Body weight and height were measured to calculate body mass index. Blood samples were drawn after a 12-h fast for biochemical analyses. The oxidative stress biomarkers low-density lipoprotein (-) and its anti-low-density lipoprotein (-) antibodies, α-tocopherol, β-carotene, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, and adiponectin were measured. Plasma and erythrocyte fatty acids were assessed by gas chromatography. Factor and principal component analysis was used to identify three factors called factor 1 (anti-inflammatory), factor 2 (antioxidant), and factor 3 (oxidant). Linear regression, adjusted for confounding variables, was used to estimate the association of these factors with plasma and erythrocyte ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids and their ratios., Results: ω-3 series fatty acids showed a positive association with Factor 1. A positive association of plasma and erythrocyte ω-6 fatty acids with factors 1 and 2, respectively, was found. ω-6/ω-3 ratio (plasma) was inversely associated with the anti-inflammatory factor., Conclusion: Polyunsaturated fatty acids of the plasma and erythrocyte ω-3 and ω-6 series were associated with multiple inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in breast cancer., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To evaluate biomarkers associated with early cardiometabolic risk in obese adolescents., Methods: This cross-sectional study included 137 adolescents of both sexes aged 10 to 19 years divided into a normal weight group (NW) (n=69) and an obese group (OB) (n=68)., Results: As expected, obesity showed positive associations with homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triacylglycerol, insulin, plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids, and cholesterol ester transfer protein activity and negative associations with plasma antioxidant levels. Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and electronegative low-density lipoprotein [LDL(-)] levels were significantly higher in the OB group. Higher tertiles of oxLDL were associated with increased values of body mass index; waist circumference; fatty mass percentage (%FM); and the atherogenic lipids non-high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B and triacylglycerol. Higher tertiles of LDL(-) were robustly associated with body mass index and waist circumference. Logistic regression models (odds ratios) confirmed that increased values of lipids and apolipoprotein B were associated with increased risk of oxLDL. For LDL(-), these associations were not significant, suggesting that another mechanism is involved in generating this particle in obese adolescents., Conclusions: Obese adolescents showed increased plasma LDL(-) and oxLDL, and obese girls had more LDL(-) than obese boys. Therefore, oxLDL is strongly and independently associated with classical cardiovascular risk factors, while increased levels of LDL(-) were influenced by body mass index, waist circumference and demographic parameters in obese adolescents.

Background: Lipid accumulation product (LAP), a simple and low-cost tool, is a novel biomarker of central lipid accumulation and represents a potential surrogate marker for atherogenic lipoprotein profile. However, its association with lipoprotein subfractions has not been described in the literature., Objective: To determine whether LAP index could be used as a marker of low- and high-density lipoprotein (LDL and HDL) size in Brazilian individuals., Methods: This cross-sectional study included patients (n = 351) of both sexes and age between 30-74 years. Clinical and sociodemographic data and family history of diseases were evaluated. Lipoprotein size, and levels of total cholesterol (TC), lipoproteins, apolipoprotein AI and B (APO AI/APO B), glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were assessed in blood samples. LAP was calculated by the formulas [(waist circumference[cm]-58) × (triglycerides[mmol/L]) for women and (waist circumference [cm]-65) × (triglycerides [mmol/L]) for men]. The association between LAP and metabolic parameters were tested by linear trend (general linear model, GLM test) before and after multiple adjustments for potential confounders (sex, age, smoking, statin, fibrate, and hypoglycemic drugs) at significant level p < 0.05., Results: LAP was positively associated with TC, APO B, NEFA, glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR values, and negatively associated with HDL-C. Higher central lipid accumulation was corelated with higher percentage of intermediate HDL and of small LDL and HDL and less amount of large HDL. LDL size was also reduced in greater LAP index values. The negative impact of LAP was maintained after adjustment for multiple variables., Conclusion: LAP was robustly associated with atherogenic profile of lipoprotein subfractions, independently of multiple confounders.

Background: Atherogenic diabetes is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk and mortality in diabetic individuals; however, the impact of insulin resistance (IR) in lipid metabolism in preclinical stages is generally underreported. For that, we evaluated the capacity of IR to predict an atherogenic lipid subfraction profile., Methods: Complete clinical evaluation and biochemical analysis (lipid, glucose profile, LDL, and HDL subfractions and LDL phenotype and size) were performed in 181 patients. The impact of IR as a predictor of atherogenic lipoproteins was tested by logistic regression analysis in raw and adjusted models., Results: HDL-C and Apo AI were significantly lower in individuals with IR. Individuals with IR had a higher percentage of small HDL particles, lower percentage in the larger ones, and reduced frequency of phenotype A (IR = 62%; non-IR = 83%). IR individuals had reduced probability to have large HDL (OR = 0.213; CI = 0.999-0.457) and had twice more chances to show increased small HDL (OR = 2.486; CI = 1.341-7.051). IR was a significant predictor of small LDL (OR = 3.075; CI = 1.341-7.051) and atherogenic phenotype (OR = 3.176; CI = 1.469-6.867)., Conclusion: IR, previously DM2 diagnosis, is a strong predictor of quantitative and qualitative features of lipoproteins directly associated with an increased atherogenic risk.