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Introduction The purpose of the research was to analyse the injuries of primary school children in the framework of organised sports activities at school and in clubs or associations, and in leisure time without professional guidance. Methods We surveyed 631 participants, of which there were 282 boys and 349 girls from eight Slovenian primary schools. Frequencies were calculated and a Chi-square test was performed. Results In physical education (PE) at school, 32% of the participants were injured in one school year, and there were no statistically significant differences in the number of injuries according to sex (p=0.18) and age (p=0.12). Most injuries were recorded in the lower extremities (50%), in the form of wounds. The participants were injured less often in PE at school than in a club or association, and more often than in their leisure time. The participants were absent from PE classes for longer after an injury in a club or association than in PE, while no significant differences in absences after injury were found. At school, the participants were most often injured in ball games, boys in football (43%) and girls in volleyball (19%). In activities in a club or association, we recorded the most injuries in boys in martial arts (18%) and dance for girls (19%). In their leisure time, boys suffered the most injuries from football (26%) and cycling, while girls suffered the most from running and rollerblading. Conclusion In the last ten years, the number of injuries in PE has increased in Slovenia. Based on the obtained results, we propose measures to reduce injuries and thus encourage more sports activities among children and adolescents, while ensuring their safety.

The hamstrings are biarticular muscle group that plays an important role in the occupational performance of military personnel. The single leg hamstring bridge test (SLHBT) could be a good test to screen military personnel performance. The aims of our study were to assess the reproducibility of the SLHBT in the military population and to use receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis to examine the ability of the SLHBT to discriminate between soldiers with poor and good baseline fitness. A cross-sectional study was performed on 201 male members of the Slovenian Armed Forces (SAF). They undertook army physical fitness testing (APFT) and functional physical fitness testing (FPFT), which included the SLHBT. The SLHBT showed acceptable reproducibility in a military setting and had moderate predictive validity to discriminate between soldiers with poor and good overall physical fitness performance using a cut-off value of 20 repetitions. In conclusion, the SLHBT could be a good candidate test for the military population as the ROC analysis showed the ability of the SLHBT to discriminate between soldiers with poor and good baseline fitness. The SLHBT represents a simple and affordable test that can be used to evaluate performance and form preventive guidelines for military personnel.

Background: The development of the sports industry was impacted by the era of Big Data due to the rapid growth of information technology. Unfortunately, that has become an increasingly challenging Issue. Objectives: The purpose of the research was to analyze the scientific production of Big Data in sports and sports-related activities in two databases, Web of Science and Scopus. Methods/Approach: Bibliometric analysis and topic mining were done on 51 articles selected after four exclusion criteria (written in English, journal articles, the final stage of publication, and a detailed review of all full texts). The software tool used was Statistica Data Miner. Results: We found that the first articles appeared in Scopus in 2013 and WoS in 2014. USA and China are countries which produced the most articles. The most common research areas in WoS and Scopus are Public environmental and occupational health, Medicine, Environmental science ecology, and Engineering. Conclusions: We conducted that further research and literature review will be required as this is a broad and new topic.

Background: This study was designed to perform isokinetic knee testing of male judokas competing in the under 73 kg category. The main aims were: to establish the concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) strength profile of hamstrings (H) and CON profile of quadriceps (Q) muscles; to evaluate the differences in CON and ECC peak torques (PT) with various strength ratios and their bilateral asymmetries; the calculation of the dynamic control ratio (DCR) and H ECC to CON ratio (HEC); Methods: 12 judokas competing on a national and international levels with a mean age of 19 ± 4 years, a weight of 75 ± 2 kg and with a height of 176 ± 5 cm were tested. All the subjects were right-hand dominant. Isokinetic testing was performed on iMOMENT, SMM isokinetic machine (SMM, Maribor, Slovenia). The paired t-test was used to determine the difference between paired variables. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05; Results: Statistical differences between left (L) and right (R) Q PT (L 266; R 241 Nm), H ECC PT (L 145; R 169 Nm), HQR (L 0.54; R 0.63), DCR (L 0.55; R 0.70), HEC (L 1.02; R 1.14) and PTQ/BW (L 3.57; R 3.23 Nm/kg) were shown. Bilateral strength asymmetries in CON contraction of 13.52% ± 10.04 % for Q, 10.86% ± 7.67 % for H and 22.04% ± 12.13% for H ECC contraction were shown. Conclusions: This study reports the isokinetic strength values of judokas in the under 73 kg category, emphasising eccentric hamstring strength and eccentric derived strength ratios DCR and HEC. It was shown that asymmetries are better detected using eccentric testing and that the dominant leg in judokas had stronger eccentric hamstring strength resulting in higher DCR and HEC.

IntroductionThe prevalence of overweight subjects in military cohorts increases despite the obligatory army physical fitness test (APFT) requirements and the negative consequences of possible test failure due to the increased body mass index (BMI). Studies that have examined the association of BMI with baseline fitness in the military are showing conflicting evidence. The primary aim of the study is to examine BMI effects on baseline fitness that was measured by APFT and additional functional performance tests (FT) (vertical countermovement jump with and without load, loaded prone plank, single-leg hamstring bridge test and pull-ups). Our secondary goal is to explore if regular strength training modifies the BMI effect on baseline fitness.MethodsA cross-sectional study on a sample of 118 male infantry soldiers that have performed APFT and FT was carried out. Body mass and body height measurements were used to calculate BMI, and to categorise participants into BMI ranks. Two independent categorical variables (BMI rank and strength training) were used to evaluate their influence on dependent variables of physical performance acquired from APFT and FT.ResultsA significantly large size effect of BMI rank (F=1.69, p=0.037; effect size (ES)=0.15) and regular strength training (F=2.66, p=0.006; ES=0.21) on physical performance was found. It was shown that strength training had a medium ES on push-up and pull-up performance, as well as on the overall APFT score and loaded plank.ConclusionsThe importance of regular strength training and normal BMI for better overall baseline fitness in infantry members was highlighted. Most importantly, it was shown that performance is not affected in overweight soldiers who are performing regular strength training in addition to their daily physical training.Trial registration numberNCT03415464

This was the first qualitative study of the inclusion of children with special needs into regular schools in Slovenia that focused on inter-professional collaboration and its contributions to the i...

The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is a widely used test for the indirect measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness in various cancer populations. Although the 6MWT is a simple test, there are no normative values for breast cancer survivors (BCS) or comparisons of results with healthy counterparts. A systematic review with a meta-analysis was carried out, which included studies from 2007 to 2020. Ninety-one studies were found, 21 of which were included in the quantitative synthesis. Among them were 9 randomized controlled trials (RCT), 8 prospective cohort studies and 4 cross-sectional studies. A total of 1084 BCS were included. Our results revealed that healthy subjects (n = 878) covered a significantly greater distance than BCS during the 6MWT (589.9 m vs. 477.4 m, p < 0.001), and the results of the meta-regression analysis showed that the 6MWD was predicted by the participants’ BMI (p < 0.001), but not by their age (p = 0.070). After adjustment for BMI, the healthy subjects also covered greater distances than the BCS (103 m; p < 0.001). The normative values of 6MWT were presented for BCS. Besides, 6MWT distances distinguish between their healthy counterparts, therefore, the 6MWT distance is a relevant parameter for the assessment and monitoring of cardiorespiratory fitness in medical and exercise interventions for BCS.

Objective. The aim of this study was to analyze the opinions of educators about the occurrence of injuries in children of different ages during organized and non-organized physical activities in kindergarten. Methods. Our sample included 322 teachers from 53 kindergartens in Slovenia. We calculated the frequencies and performed a chi-square test. Results. Most of the children have organized physical activity in kindergarten 1 to 2 times per week; for children in the first age group, it usually lasts for 20 minutes or less; for children in the second age group, it lasts for 20 to 30 minutes. Most physical activities take place in the playroom, where the majority of injuries also occur. Injuries most frequently occur when running and jumping and less frequently during other physical activities. During free play, children are often injured in the outer court between 9 and 12 a.m. Boys are more often injured than girls. Educators indicate unforeseen situations as the most common cause of injury. The most common injuries are bumps on the head, especially in younger children, who stay at home for a few days as a result of these injuries. Parents of younger children are not as satisfied with the actions of educators when injuries occur as parents of older preschool children. Educators rehabilitate the children’s injuries themselves and inform parents about it. Only one third of the educators make a record of injuries, and half of them only when a serious injury has occurred. Conclusions. The analysis results showed statistically significant differences between children of different ages according to the cause of injury, time of injury, the place where the child was injured during organized physical activity, type of activity at the time of injury, injured part of the body, and parental satisfaction with the action of the educator. Based on the results, we proposed some actions to reduce injuries in preschool children in kindergarten.

In our study, we aimed to determine which tests differentiate Slovene military pilots from control groups (general population, sports pilots, and soldiers), and produced a profile of a military pilot, which is an important factor for military pilot selection. Indeed the performance of a pilot also depends on a pilot's motor abilities, his or her personality profile, and his or her stress coping style. We administered some motoric tests, some of the tests in the Complex Reactionmeter Drenovac series, the Big Five personality questionnaire, and a stress coping questionnaire called the Coping Responses Inventory. The analysis of variance was used to test research aims. SPSS 16.0 was used to analyze the data. The results show that the special characteristics of military pilots include better emotion control, a higher level of emotional stability, extrovertedness, and higher impulse control. Slovene military pilots use strategies focused on a problem, they cope with problem situations effectively, and they hav...

Background: A part of the population of people with intellectual disability is historically inclined to obesity and in a poorer health condition. That is the reason why sport should play an important role in their lives. Designing scientifically and professionally valid training programmes, consisting of the necessary methodology and didactical instructions for sport engagement of people with intellectual disability, is not only a challenge but has become a necessity for the near future. Objective: The aim of the study was to establish a correlation between selected motor abilities and motor skills of martial arts as well as how and to what extent a group of people with intellectual disability (ID) who regularly practice Gan (inclusive) judo can achieve progress in their martial arts skills (judo, karate, boxing and fencing) after an eight-week training programme. We were also interested in whether there were any changes in selected motor abilities. Methods: Measurement of motor abilities and selected martial art skills was conducted twice: in March 2008, one week before the eight-week training started, and in May 2008, one week after it had been completed. The training programme lasted for two months, with two sessions per week. The sample of subjects comprised 5 women and 18 men aged between 16 and 36, with mild and moderate intellectual disability. The study was conducted using 8 tests to assess motor abilities and 9 tests to assess martial art skills. Results: The results of a t-test for dependent samples showed statistically significant differences between the initial and final measurements in seven tests of motor abilities and eight tests of martial arts skills, while a significant correlation was found between the overall average score of martial arts and results of seven motor ability tests in the initial and five in the final measurement. Conclussions: After the training process positive changes in motor abilities and motor skills of Gan judokas had been noted. The effects of the training program should be verified in future studies. It is worth reiterating that by improving motor abilities and expanding the boundaries of skills, people with intellectual disability enhance their quality of life. Attention in the future and thus contributes to a higher quality of intellectually disabled people's engagement in sport as well as in life.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of workplace manual technique interventions for female participants on the degree of joint range of motion and on the level of musculoskeletal ache, pain, or discomfort experienced when performing workplace responsibilities.Nineteen (19) female volunteers were given chair massages on-site twice per week for 1 month.Participants included individuals in administration and management from a company in Ljubljana, Slovenia.A total of 19 female volunteers 40-54 years of age enrolled for this study. Fifteen (15) of them completed all measurements.The Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire was used, and range-of-motion measurements in degrees were taken.Subjects completed a series of self-report questionnaires that asked for information concerning musculoskeletal discomfort for the neck, upper back, and lower back in the form of a body diagram. A range-of-motion test (to compare the change in joint angles) was performed with a goniometer to assess cervical lateral flexion, cervical flexion, cervical extension, lumbar flexion, and lumbar extension.Between the first and the last measurements, a significant difference (p0.05) was found in increased range of motion for cervical lateral flexion (28.8%). Wilcoxon signed rank test showed a significant increase (p0.05) in range of motion for cervical lateral flexion (42.4±6.3 to 48.3±7.3), cervical extension (63.2±12.4 to 67.2±12.3), and a significant decrease (p0.05) in the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire values for the neck (2.7±0.8 to 1.9±0.6) and the upper back (2.7±0.7 to 2.2±0.8) from the phase 2 to 3. Significant reductions were also shown in the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire values for the neck (2.8±0.8 to 1.9±0.6) and the upper back (2.7±0.8 to 2.2±0.8) from the phase 1 to 3.On-site massage sessions twice per week for 1 month are the most effective interventions (compared to one session or no massage intervention) for decreasing the duration of musculoskeletal ache, pain, or discomfort and for increasing range of motion.

The aim of this study was to identify the symptoms of stress and to establishgender differences in stress symptoms. We tried to find out ifthere are gender differences in the stress level at work, if there aregender differences in terms of stress symptoms frequency, and if thereare gender differences in terms of the intensity of experiencing stresssymptoms. In this study 85 randomly selected managers from Slovenecompanies participated. The results of the study have shown that thereare gender differences in terms of all the above mentioned factors,namely a statistically higher level of stress in women. In terms of stresssymptoms occurrence there are gender differences in some stress symptomsas well as in the intensity of experiencing stress symptoms.

The aim of this study was to identify the symptoms of stress and to establish gender differences in stress symptoms. We tried to find out if there are gender differences in the stress level at work, if there are gender differences in terms of stress symptoms frequency, and if there are gender differences in terms of the intensity of experiencing stress symptoms. In this study 85 randomly selected managers from Slovene companies participated. The results of the study have shown that there are gender differences in terms of all the above mentioned factors, namely a statistically higher level of stress in women. In terms of stress symptoms occurrence there are gender differences in some stress symptoms as well as in the intensity of experiencing stress symptoms.

Our self-concept is how we see ourselves in our minds. The goal of this research was to discover any significant differences in the dimensions of self-concept between clinical nurses employed in an intensive care unit in Slovenia and Slovenian women from the general population, who represented the control group. The research included 603 women aged 20—40 years (mean 29.94; standard deviation ±6.0) who had a high-school education. To determine the differences between the groups statistically we used one-way analysis of variance. The results revealed that clinical nurses had a more positive self-concept than members of the control group. Self-concept is very important in nursing because it is closely connected to the existing value system of individuals and their behaviour. Self-concept gives nurses a sense of how they use their abilities and how they perform in relation to patients.

The aim of this study was to determine the differences in sociodemographic characteristics such as sports activity, health condition and lifestyle of Casino Park employees considering the frequency of experiencing stress. The study included 251 employees. Data analysis was performed using basic statistical parameters and chi-square. The results of the study have shown that 129 (51.4%) employees are regularly physically active. Most employees experience stress occasionally 115 (45.8%), among them 63 (47.7%) women and 52 (43.7%) men. Individuals who evaluate their health condition as excellent never experience stress and also have less health problems than others.

The aim of this study was to determine the differences in sociodemographic characteristics such as sports activity, health condition and lifestyle of Casino Park employees considering the frequency of experiencing stress. The study included 251 employees. Data analysis was performed using basic statistical parameters and chi-square. The results of the study have shown that 129 (51.4%) employees are regularly physically active. Most employees experience stress occasionally 115 (45.8%), among them 63 (47.7%) women and 52 (43.7%) men. Individuals who evaluate their health condition as excellent never experience stress and also have less health problems than others.

Research Question (RQ): What are the attitudes of Slovenian primary school teachers towards the inclusion of children with special needs into regular school programs? Purpose: The purpose of the study was to encourage teachers to share and reflect on their personal experiences with inclusive education in Slovenia. This could help in the development of more successful models of practice. Method: This was a qualitative study. Focus interviews and individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted. Data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Five categories emerged from the data. This article focuses on three of the categories and explores the robust division of teachers into two groups depending on their overall attitudes towards the inclusion and children with special needs. Organization: The findings of this study suggest that Slovenian education system is not fully transitioned into the inclusive model. Teacher training and practical support are often insufficient and inter-professional cooperation is not always satisfactorily established. Society: Inclusion of children with special needs reflects the quality of the whole school system and has implications for the functioning of the society. Originality: This is the first study in Slovenia that explored teachers’ attitudes towards inclusion. It deepened the understanding of the phenomenon of inclusion and linked the findings with international studies on inclusion. Limitations / further research: Future research should explore the development and implementation of relevant teaching programs and courses as well as the development of better support networks within an inclusive model of education that should champion collaboration and cooperation.

Properly selected and prescribed physical activity during pregnancy has a favorable effects on the health of pregnant women and the fetus, and is excellent preparation for childbirth. Absolute and relative contraindications to exercise during pregnancy are well defined, as well as the warning signs to terminate exercise while pregnant. Knowledge of these is essential for physically active pregnant women and exercise professionals that work with pregnant women. Pregnant women should be moderately physically active every day of the week for at least 30 minutes. The term moderate is thoroughly and clearly defined in the guidelines. Resistance exercises during pregnancy are safe but it is advised to use light loads and a large number of repetitions (e.g. 15-20 repetitions). Strength exercises for the pelvic floor muscles deserves a special place during pregnancy. Appropriate forms of physical activity for pregnant women are walking and jogging, swimming and aquatic exercise, cycling, Pilates and yoga, aerobics, fitness and cross-country skiing. Certain forms of physical activity need special adjustments (alpine skiing, ice skating and rollerblading, racket sports, team ball games, horseback riding and scuba diving).

Objective: To evaluate bilateral quadriceps and hamstrings strength, at two different ranges of motion (RoM): 30 ◦ (SRoM) and 90 ◦ (FRoM), using different angular velocities. Background: Recent studies have indicated that short RoM isokinetic testing of knee muscles yielded strength findings that were compatible with those derived from a much larger RoM. However, findings were based on a single adjusted velocity in each of the RoMs. Method: Sixteen healthy male students volunteered to participate in this study. Two testing sessions, a week apart, were performed. In the first session testing started with a RoM of 90 ◦ (FRoM, 0 ◦ - full extension) and angular velocities of 60 and 180 ◦ /s. Measurements related to concentric (quadriceps and hamstring) and eccentric (quadriceps only) contractions. In the second part of the test, the RoM was adjusted to 30 ◦ (SRoM, 30-60 ◦ knee flexion) with velocities of 30 and 60 ◦ /s, respectively. The order of RoM testing was reversed in the second session. All tests were conducted bilaterally. Results: Both FRoM- and SRoM-based scores have shown good reproducibility based on the Bland Altman plots and low values of standard error of measurement and coefficient of variance of standard deviation. No statistically significant differences were noted between the FRoM and SRoM-based strength scores. The results suggest that range of motion used in isokinetic testing alone or in combination with other factors, namely side tested and isokinetic velocity, does not significantly influences changes in peak torque values for both quadriceps and hamstrings. Conclusion: This study suggests that SRoM isokinetic testing provides an effective alternative to the commonly applied range.

Research Question (RQ): What kind of lifestyle do the principals and entrepreneurs lead? Does the lifestyle of principals and entrepreneurs influence burnout? Purpose: To find out, based on the results of a questionnaire, what kind of lifestyle both researched groups lead. Does lifestyle have an influence on the occurrence of the phenomenon of burnout. Method: We used the method of data collection by questionnaire. Acquired data were analyzed using SPSS, descriptive and inference statistics. Results: Results showed, that both groups lead a similar lifestyle and that lifestyle influences burnout with principals, as well as entrepreneurs. Organization: School principals and entrepreneurs are the heads of individual organizations or companies, the goal of which is success. To be successful in their work, they must adapt their lifestyle, which can be healthy or unhealthy. If their lifestyle is unhealthy, it can lead to burnout. Society: With results of the questionnaire we would like to answer the question about the lifestyle of both groups and its influence on the occurrence of burnout. Originality: The study of lifestyle and the occurrence of burnout in these two groups is the first study in this area. Limitations/Future Research: In continuation, research groups could be submitted to the research fields of effort physiology and tracking of certain haematological parameters, such as cholesterol, blood sugar and stress hormones - adrenaline, noradrenalin, cortisol. Thus, we could carry out an even more in depth research of the connection between lifestyle and burnout.

This study aimed at determining the frequency of truck drivers’ participation in recreational sport activities, and to find out whether there is a relationship between their own estimated state of health and stress with regard to participating in recreational sport activities. The study included 102 participants, professional truck drivers, of whom 92 (90%) were men and 10 (10%) women. The obtained data were processed with the SPSS computer programme. Research has shown that only 13.7% of the participants are engaged in a sports activity at least 2 or 3 times a week, 54% of the participants only once a month or more often they are not at all engaged in sport activities. Their free time is too passive, as supported by their smoking of cigarettes and drinking of alcohol. We also established a relationship between the truck drivers’ own estimated state of health and stress, and their participation in recreational sport activities. Professional truck drivers have difficulties arranging the schedule of regular sport activities, in particular because their schedule is largely variable and not predetermined. Employers and the designers of motorway rest areas can help them by arranging mini sports parks or mini fitness areas. Healthy and mentally sharp and rested drivers will be able to transport goods safely and quickly. In addition, they will be absent from work less due to sick leave and obtain forms of stress relief. Key words: Truck drivers, estimated state of health, estimated state of stress, sport activities.

Over the past few years, an economic crisis of global proportions has affected all aspects of our lives. Jobs are less secure, work demands are greater, and therefore, effective stress management is crucial to the success of any business. The aim of this study was to identify the stress levels experienced at work by Slovene middle-level managers; the frequency of stress symptoms among Slovene managers; stress-coping strategies applied, and gender differences in terms of the intensity of stress symptoms experienced. Altogether, 85 middle-level managers from Slovene enterprises of random choice participated in this study. The obtained data was processed with SPSS 16.0 and analysed by means of descriptive statistics, frequency distribution, t-test and Pearson correlation data processing statistic methods. The managers who participated in this research all had a huge workload and experienced their work to be on average stressful. They used strategies focused on a specific problem in order to cope with problem situations effectively. Key words: Slovenia enterprises, middle-level management, stress, stress symptoms, stress-coping strategies.

The study aimed to establish the frequency of injuries in primary and secondary schools during leisure time and physical education classes in school as well as in group and individual sports. The sample included 2842 pupils from nine primary schools and 1235 students from five secondary schools in Slovenia. The data were processed with the SPSS statistical software package and the frequencies and Crosstabs were calculated. The results showed that substantially more pupils and students were injured in their leisure time than during physical education classes. Girls were more frequently injured in group and individual sports practiced during physical education classes and in individual sports practiced in their leisure time, whereas boys suffered more injuries in group sports practiced in their leisure time. As regards group sports, pupils and students were most frequently injured while playing football in their leisure time whereas, during physical education classes, they suffered most injuries in volleyball, followed closely by basketball and football; as regards individual sports, pupils and students were most frequently injured while cycling and rollerblading in their leisure time, whereas during physical education classes they suffered most injuries in athletics.

The aims of the study were to analyse the sport activity and eating habits of obese people in their childhood and adulthood. The research was underpinned by a survey questionnaire containing 37 variables which was completed by 71 people attending the obesity programme. The frequencies and contingency tables were calculated, whereas statistical significance was established at a 5% significance level. The analysis of the results showed that more than one-half of the survey respondents joined the obesity programme primarily for reasons of health and well-being. Most obese people did not engage in any organised sport activity in their childhood, nor did most of their parents. The respondents practiced sport in their childhood to a greater extent if their parents were also physically active and if they guided and encouraged their children. No less than one-third of the respondents were overweight in their childhood, of whom two-thirds did not participate in any organised sport activity. The majority of the respondents (85.9%) are currently engaged in an organised sport activity in their adulthood, mainly due to their participation in the weight reduction programme; most of them practice sport twice a week. Their eating habits are encouraging; the share of skipped meals is considerably lower and practically negligible compared to that in childhood. It has to be emphasized that most of them are of opinion that obese people have difficulties finding expert information on obesity, nutrition and sport activities as well as weight management centers and institutions.

Movement activities in the preschool period represent an important factor in children’s development process and should therefore be given as much attention as possible. At the same time, attention must be paid to each individual child; the fact that is forcing us to continuously observe and consequently adapt the physical education process. Appropriate planning and a professional approach in the educational process can help us to recognize and solve children’s problems on time. One of the more frequent problems children have is flat arch of the foot. By means of plantogram evaluation, this research investigates the frequency of a fallen arch of the foot among three-year-old boys and girls. Flat feet have been evaluated using the Clark’s method. The sample of subjects included 127 children from 18 kindergartens in Ljubljana, Slovenia. It has been ascertained that 8% children had healthy, normal feet, 20% represented the flat foot borderline cases, and 72% children had flat feet. The results of the analysis of variance indicated that there was no statisti-cally significant difference between three-year-old boys and girls in the incidence of flat feet. We are of the opinion that one of the main reasons for such a high percentage of flat feet is that the development of the arch of the foot in some three-year-old children has not yet been completed. Despite that, it is important to note that we must enable children to perform a variety of movement activities on a daily basis since the development of motor skills is an important contributor in the locomotor system development, a part of which the feet are., Uvod Spuštena stopala danas predstavljaju jedan od najvećih problema dječje populacije. Idealno stopalo, opisano u različitim medicinskim publikacijama, zapravo se vrlo rijetko nalazi. U današnje vrijeme uočava se mnogo osoba s tzv. egipatskim stopalom, koje može podnijeti veću težinu. Također se uočava visok postotak spuštenih stopala i bolesti nožnih prstiju. Svod stopala omogućava fleksibilan prijenos tjelesne mase te nosi cjelokupnu masu tijela. Svod stopala se oblikuje samo aktiviranjem stopalnih mišića i pomoću specifično oblikovanih vježbi (Brecelj, 2000). Stoga svodovi stopala zahtijevaju osobitu brigu i pažnju. Njegovatelji/ce u dječjim vrtićima, roditelji i nastavnici tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture trebali bi biti upoznati s uzrocima deformiteta stopala te djelovati u cilju prevencije ili barem umanjenja takvih poremećaja prije no što nastupe kronični i nepopravljivi problemi. S obzirom na to da spuštena stopala u današnje vrijeme predstavljaju jedan od najčešćih problema, cilj ovog istraživanja bio je analizirati učestalost pojavljivanja spuštenih stopala, kao i razinu spuštenih stopalnih svodova u trogodišnjih dječaka i djevojčica, stanovnika Ljubljane, Slovenija. Metode Uzorak ispitanika uključivao je 127 predškolske djece - 62 dječaka i 65 djevojčica u dobi od 3 godine (± 45 dana) iz 18 ljubljanskih dječjih vrtića. Uzorak je reprezentativan samo za grad Ljubljanu. U istraživanju je korištena evaluacija plantograma. Spuštena stopala evaluirana su pomoću Clarkove metode, u kojoj spojnica AB povezuje točke na medijalnoj strani pete i prednjem dijelu stopala. Točka A se zatim povezuje s točkom C, koja se određuje na najvišem rubu uzdužnog svoda. Time se dobiva kut između točaka C-A-B, koji se mjeri goniometrom (rezultati u stupnjevima - °). Kriteriji za spuštena stopala (slika 1): Točke C-A-B = > 42° zdravo stopalo Točke C-A-B = 32° - 42° granični slučaj spušte nih stopala Točke C-A-B = < 32° spušteno stopalo. Izmjereni podaci obrađeni su na Odsjeku za računalnu obradu podataka Fakulteta za šport, Ljubljana, programom SPSS-9.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Izračunati su osnovni statistički parametri. Jednosmjerna analiza varijance korištena je za određivanje razlika između dječaka i djevojčica. Rezultati, rasprava i zaključak Podaci dobiveni u ovom istraživanju klasificirani su u tri ranije objašnjene kategorije. Gotovo tri četvrtine (72%) izmjerenih ispitanika imalo je spuštena stopala, 20% ispitanika činilo je kategoriju graničnih slučajeva spuštenih stopala, a preostalih 8% imalo je zdrava stopala. Na temelju tih rezultata možemo ustvrditi da većina trogodišnje djece u Ljubljani ima spuštena stopala. Da bi se provjerilo postoji li statistički značajna razlika između vrijednosti izmjerenih u dječaka i djevojčica, koristila se analiza varijance. Rezultati su pokazali da ne postoje statistički značajne razlike između dječaka i djevojčica; drugim riječima, spol ne predstavlja čimbenik koji bi utjecao na učestalost pojavljivanja spuštenih stopala u trogodišnje djece. Rezultati jasno pokazuju da su zdrava stopala nađena kod 11% djevojčica i 5% dječaka. Prvi zaključak mogao bi biti da se svodovi stopala kod djevojčica ne spuštaju nisko kao kod dječaka. S druge strane, graničnih slučajeva je kod dječaka nađeno 24%, kod djevojčica 15%, dok su u 74% djevojčica i 71% dječaka nađeni spušteni svodovi stopala. Slijedom navedenoga možemo reći da su zdravi i spušteni svodovi češći u djevojčica, a razliku poravnava kategorija graničnih slučajeva spuštenih stopala, u kojoj je više dječaka. Visok postotak spuštenih stopala (72%) mogli su prouzročiti različiti čimbenici. Dob od tri do četiri godine predstavlja razdoblje u kojem završava razvoj svodova stopala. Međutim, neka djeca sporije rastu i razvijaju se. Kod njih se neke druge karakteristike mogu razviti brže, ali će i oni s vremenom svakako dostići i razvoj svodova stopala. Drugi uzrok spuštenih stopala mogu biti i neki prirođeni deformiteti stopala. Razlikujemo dvije skupine takvih otklona: posturalni (malpozicijske) deformiteti stopala i strukturni prirođeni deformiteti stopala. Oko 3,6% deformiteta nastaje u prenatalnom periodu, a oko 2% spuštenih stopala uzrokovano je genetskim poremećajima. Oko 5% slučajeva izmjerenih u ovom istraživanju može se klasificirati u prirođene deformitete. Najčešće među njima je prirođeno spušteno stopalo. Prirođeno spušteno stopalo (pes planus, talus verticalis) je strukturni deformitet stopala. Središnji (tarzalni) dio stopala je širi, a uzdužni svod stopala je ravan ili čak konveksan. Dijete prvenstveno opterećuje metatarzalni dio stopala. Ovoj deformaciji je svojstveno da je talus postavljen okomito i spojen s navikularnom kosti. Meka tkiva medijalne strane stopala su duža ili istegnuta. Meka tkiva, ligamenti i tetive lateralne i stražnje strane stopala su skraćena. Drugi oblik spuštenog stopala karakterizira potpuno nepostojanje uzdužnog svoda. Uslijed nepravilnog razvoja ligamenata, sve su kosti stopala na istoj razini. Ova deformacija zahtijeva kirurško liječenje prije no što dijete započne hodati. Unatoč gore navedenim razlozima, postotak spuštenih stopala još uvijek je vrlo visok. Ne možemo osporiti činjenicu da već u ovoj dobi velik broj djece ima spuštena stopala ili su im se svodovi stopala već počeli spuštati ili još nisu potpuno razvijeni. Uzroci takve situacije mogu se također tražiti u neprikladnoj obući, preranim pokušajima da se djeca osove na noge ili su, pak, posljedica različitih bolesti, poput zaraznih bolesti, pretilosti, anemije, prijeloma, nedovoljnog hodanja bosih nogu ili, općenito, nedovoljnoga kretanja (Brecelj, 1997). Važno je da roditelji, njegovatelji/ce u dječjim vrtićima i nastavnici tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture dobro surađuju. Svojim dobrim primjerom, pokazivanjem i ohrabrenjem, djecu mogu poštedjeti brojnih problema. Problem spuštenih stopala morao bi biti dobro poznat svom osoblju svih dječjih vrtića, a ne samo medicinskom osoblju zaduženom za redovite zdravstvene preglede. Njegovatelji/ce u suradnji s medicinskim osobljem mogu znatno pridonijeti preventivnim i kurativnim tretmanima u ovom području. Djeca su, naime, naše bogatstvo i moramo dobro brinuti o njima i njihovu razvoju., Bewegungstätigkeiten in der Vorschulperiode stellen einen wichtigen Faktor im Entwicklungsprozess der Kinder dar, und sollten folglich so viel Aufmerksamkeit gegeben werden, wie möglich. Gleichzeitig muss jedes einzelne Kind beachtet werden; die Tatsache, die uns zwingt, den Leibeserziehungsprozess ununter-brochen zu beobachten und anzupassen. Passende Planung und professioneller Zutritt im pädagogischen Prozess können uns helfen, Probleme der Kinder zu erkennen und zu lösen. Eins der häufigeren Probleme, die die Kinder haben, sind flache Füße. Mittels des Plantogramsauswertung analysiert diese Forschung die Frequenz des gefallenen Fußbogens unter dreijährigen Jungen und Mädchen. Flache Füße wurden mit der Clarks Methode ausgewertet. Wir haben 127 Kinder aus 18 Kindergärten in Ljubljana gemessen. Die Re-sultate zeigten, dass fast 72% Kinder flache Füße hatten. Die Resultate der Varianzanalyse zeigten, dass es keinen statistisch bedeutenden Unterschied zwischen dreijährigen Jungen und Mädchen gab. Wir sind der Meinung, dass einer der Hauptgründe für einen so hohen Prozentsatz der flachen Füße war, dass die Fußbo-gen und Fußentwicklung bei dreijährigen Kindern noch nicht durchgeführt wird. Trotzdem ist es wichtig zu merken, dass man den Kindern ermöglichen muss, eine Vielzahl der Bewegungstätigkeiten täglich durchzuführen.

The purpose of this research is to establish whether male and female schoolchildren active in sports smoke cigarettes. This research is based on a study of 101 female and 62 male 13-year-old pupils from four primary schools in Ljubljana. For research purposes, a questionnaire containing 42 variables has been used. All the variables have been “crossed” with the criterion variable “How many hours per week do you practice sports, including PE lessons?”. The results indicate that the assumed hypothesis cannot be proved; although some findings can certainly be ascertained. The analysis of results has shown that 12.9% male and 10.9% female pupils smoke. On average, the male pupils started smoking at the age of 11, whereas the female pupils started smoking at the age of 12. Care for their health is the main reason why the majority of pupils do not smoke and the reason why these pupils are active in sports. The male pupils mostly practice sports competitively, whereas the female pupils do sports recreationally and irregularly. The pupils who come from non- smoking families (i.e. parents who do not smoke) are usually more actively involved in sport activities than those pupils who come from families who smoke. There are, however, not many parents who are also active in sport, although most of them do encourage their children’s engagement in sports. In order to decrease the smoking habits among young people, various additional activities will have to be made available to them. The activities should be interesting to them on the one hand, and on the other hand, they should be available to them in their spare time. And sport activities should certainly find a place among them., Uvod Pušenje je u današnje vrijeme postalo najrašireniji oblik ovisnosti ljudi. U 1998. godini od posljedica pušenja, prema nekim podacima, umrlo su 3623 stanovnika Republike Slovenije - više nego od posljedica alkoholizma, teških droga, SIDA-e, samoubojstava, ubojstava i prometnih nezgoda zajedno. Iako podaci ukazuju na to da se broj pušača od 1988. godine smanjuje (danas puši oko 25% stanovnika, 1991. godine, pak, pušilo je 42% stanovnika R Slovenije), zabrinjavajuće su prije svega dvije stvari: povećanje broja žena pušača (uskoro će ih biti isto koliko i muškaraca, dok je 1975. godine među pušačima bilo samo 27% žena) te sve više pušača među mladima (Turk, 2000). Nedvojbeno je sport vrlo važan cimbenik u sprečavanju pušenja. Vecina pušača počinje s pušenjem u ranim godinama, što dovodi do ovisnosti. Zbog toga je utoliko važnije mladima ponuditi što više zdravih aktivnosti, među koje se nedvojbeno ubrajaju i sportske aktivnosti. Uz pomoć upitnika, koji je bio izrađen na osnovi istraživanja Debeljak i Kalan (1987) te djelomično dopunjen, željelo se analizirati sportsku aktivnost mladih i njihove pušačke navike te utvrditi odnos između sudjelovanja u sportu i pušenja školske mladeži. Metode rada Uzorak ispitanika činila su 62 učenika i 101 učenica osnovnih škola u Ljubljani, u dobi od 13 godina. U istraživanju je upotrijebljen upitnik, koji su izradile Debeljak i Kalan (1987), a sadrži 42 pit nja o sportu i pušenju školske mladeži. Podaci su obrađeni na odjelu za obradu podataka Fakulteta za sport Sveučilišta u Ljubljani, a upotrijebljen je statistički paket SPSS za Windows. Izračunate su frekvencije i kontingencije kretanja rezultata. Nakon toga upotrijebljeni su potprogrami FREQUENCIES i CROSSTABS. Vjerojatnost povezanosti između varijabli provjerena je hikvadrat testom. Rezultati i rasprava Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je 21,0% učenika i 24,8% učenica sedmog razreda osnovne škole već pokušalo pušiti. Puši 12,9% učenika i 10,9% učenica. U prosjeku, učenici su počeli pušiti u 11. godini, a učenice u 12. godini. Povezanost varijable “Koliko si satova u tjednu sportski aktivan, zajedno sa satima tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture?” s ostalim varijablama u biti se nije pokazala statisticki značajnom, ali je iz rezultata moguće izlučiti važne i zanimljive konstatacije. Ucenici se međusobno razlikuju po količini pušenja, neovisno o količini bavljenja sportom. Većina puši samo u iznimnim prilikama. Učenice koje puše samo u iznimnim prilikama sportski su aktivnije od učenica koje puše više. Više od 50% osnovnoškolaca koji puše rado bi prestalo s pušenjem. Od onih koji su već pušili, 71% je onih, a među njima prevladavaju učenice, koji su već prestali pušiti. Neki osnovnoškolci su pokušali, odnosno već i prestali pušiti, jer to šteti njihovoj tjelesnoj kondiciji i zdravlju. Iz istog razloga vecina ispitanika ne puši i mišljenja su da pušenje šteti zdravlju. Sportski aktivnih je 85,5% učenika i 77,2% učenica. Učenici se većinom natjecateljski bave nogometom, košarkom i biciklizmom, dok se učenice, većinom rekreativno ili povremeno, bave odbojkom, košarkom i plesom. Unatoč tome što nema puno roditelja koji su sportski aktivni, većina ih (90%) svojoj djeci preporučuje bavljenje sportom. Učenici i učenice iz obitelji roditelja-nepušača sportski su aktivniji u usporedbi s obiteljima gdje roditelji puše. Podaci ukazuju i na to da puše skoro svi osnovnoškolci u čijim obiteljima puše i brat i sestra. Većina mladih svjesna je da su sport i zdravlje tijesno povezani. Unatoč tome je među sportašima u osnovnoj školi čak 10% pušača. Većina trenera ne dopušta pušenje, ali, nažalost, neki od njih su još uvijek slab uzor učenicima zato što i sami puše. Isto vrijedi i za nastavnike tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture. U osnovnoj školi više je od 15% nastavnika za koje učenici sigurno znaju da puše. Isto tako puši i 5% trenera. “Sport bez cigareta” trebalo bi postati pravilo i dio sportskog morala za sve koji se bave sportom. U sportu se velika pažnja posvećuje naporima da se postigne što bolja tjelesna kondicija, a pušenje je čista suprotnost tim nastojanjima. Uvjerljivi su i zdravstveni razlozi i razlozi koji se odnose na vanjski izgled. Upravo te činjenice trebali bi znati iskoristiti svi koji se bore protiv pušenja, jer je za bavljenje sportom mladež moguće zainteresirati. Zaključak Činjenica je da je pušenje štetno, a što je još i gore – »početnik« brzo postane ovisnik. Nedvojbeno je da je vjerojatno najjači čimbenik koji može utjecati na smanjenje pušačkih navika odgovarajuća aktivnost mladih, prije svega u njihovu slobodnom vremenu, koje je potrebno odgovarajuće usmjeravati i planirati. Ovdje najvažniju ulogu imaju one aktivnosti koje svakog učenika u punoj mjeri individualno zaokupljaju. A među njih se, bez dvojbe, ubrajaju i sportske aktivnosti., Das Ziel dieser Forschung war, festzustellen, ob SchülerInnen, die Sport treiben, rauchen oder nicht. Diese Forschung basiert auf der Analyse von 101 13 jährigen Schülerinnen und 62 13jährigen Schülern aus vier Grundschulen aus Ljubljana. Zwecks dieser Forschung wurde eine 42 Variablen umfassende Umfrage angewandt. Alle Variablen wurden mit der Soll-Variable Wie viele Studen pro Woche, inklusiv Sportunterricht in der Schule, treibst du Sport? ‘gekreuzt’. Die Resultate zeigen, dass die aufgestellte Hypothese nicht bewiesen werden konnte. Andererseits, einige Ergebnisse können sicherlich festgestellt werden. Die Resultate der Analyse zeigen, dass 12,9% Jungen und 10.9% Mädchen rauchen. Im Durchschnitt haben die Jungen zu rauchen angefangen als sie 11 Jahre alt waren, wobei die Mädchen zu rauchen angefangen haben, als sie 12 Jahre alt waren. Die Sorge für die Gesundheit ist der Hauptgrund dafür, dass die Mehrzahl der Schulkinder nicht raucht und dass diese Schulkinder Sport treiben. Jungen treiben Sport aus wettkämpflichen Gründen und die Mädchen treiben Freizeitsport. Die Schulkinder, die aus den Familien stammen, deren Mitglieder nicht rauchen (z.B. die Eltern rauchen nicht) treiben häufiger Sport als die Schulkinder, die aus den Familien stammen, die rauchen. Es gibt, aber, nicht viele Eltern, die auch Sport treiben. Die Meisten von ihnen ermuntern jedoch ihre Hinder dazu, Sport zu treiben. Um die Anzahl von Schulkindern, die rauchen, zu reduzieren, verschiedene zusätzliche Tätigkeiten sollen ihnen zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Diese Tätigkeiten sollten, einerseits, das Interesse der SchülerInnen erwecken und, andererseits, den Hindern in ihrer Freizeit zur Verfügung stehen. Sport gehört sicherlich zu diesen Tätigkeiten.

Fifty-three 5.5-year-old children (25 boys and 28 girls) participated in the research that took place during a 45-minute physical education class. Before the class started, every child’s heart rate (HR) in the state of rest had been measured. During the main part of the class, the children participated in relay races, after which the highest values of HR were obtained. On the basis of the results and Karvonen’s formula the intensity of effort, ranging from 50% to 100%, was calculated for groups and for individuals. In the state of rest the HR in boys reached 99.28 beats per minute (bpm) (SD 5.08), and in girls - 98.72 bpm (SD 9.11). The highest HR value in boys was 214.24 bpm (SD 8.88), and in girls 213.71 bpm (SD 8.93). Most of the individual results differ from the results of the group, which proves that the HR is an individual feature, and that the levels of intensity of the effort calculated on the basis of HR should not be generalized., Dreiundfünfzig Kinder im Alter von 5,5 Jahren (25 Jungen und 28 Mädchen) nahmen an dieser Untersuchung während einer Schulsportstunde teil. Jedem Kind wurde vor dem Anfang der Stunde das Ruhepuls gemessen. Im Hauptteil der Stunde nahmen die Kinder an einem Staffellaufteil, wobei die höchsten Herzfrequenzen gemessen wurden. Auf Grund der Ergebnisse und der Karvonenschen Formel wurde die Anstrengungsintensität von 50% -100% für die Gruppen, sowie einzelne Kinder ausgerechnet. Bei den Jungen erreichten die Ruhepulswerte 99,28 Schlage pro Minute (SD — 5,08) und bei den Mädchen 98,72 (SD - 9,11). Die höchste beobachtete Herzfrequenz bei den Jungen war 214.24 (SD -8,88) und bei den Mädchen 213,71 Schläge pro Minute (SD — 8,93). Die meisten individuellen Ergebnisse unterschieden sich von den Gruppenergebnissen - cin Beweis dafür, dass die Herzfrequenz ein individuelles Merkmal sei und dass die Umfange der Anstrengungsintensität auf Grund der Herzfrequenz nicht verallgemeinert werden sollen.

The aim of this study was to identify the symptoms of stress in the studied sample, and to establish gender differences in stress symptoms. First, we tried to find out if there are gender differences in the stress level at work, second if there are gender differences in terms of stress symptoms frequency, and finally, if there are gender differences in terms of the intensity of experiencing stress symptoms. In this study, 85 managers from Slovene companies of random choice participated. The results of the study have shown that there are gender differences in terms of all the above-mentioned factors, namely a statistically higher level of stress in women. In terms of stress symptoms occurrence, there are gender differences in some stress symptoms as well as in the intensity of experiencing stress symptoms.