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The current study aims to explore the efficacy of antifungal photodynamic therapy (PDT) on C. albicans biofilms by combining photosensitizers, bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), and melatonin (MLT) or acetyl-melatonin (AcO-MLT). Additionally, the relationship between different types of reactive oxygen species and PDT's antifungal efficacy was investigated. BDMC, MLT and AcO-MLT were applied, alone and in combination, to 48-hour C. albicans biofilm cultures (n = 6/group). Blue and red LED light (250 mW/cm 2 with 37.5 J/cm 2 for single or 75 J/cm 2 for dual photosensitizer groups) were used to irradiate BDMC groups and MLT/AcO-MLT groups, respectively. For combination groups, blue LEDs and subsequently red LEDs were used. Drop plate assays were performed at 0, 1 and 6 h post-treatment. Colony forming units (CFUs) were then counted after 48 h. Hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen were measured using fluorescence spectroscopy and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Additionally, cell cytotoxicity was tested on human oral keratinocytes. Significant CFU reductions were observed with combinations 20 µM BDMC + 20 µM AcO-MLT and 60 µM BDMC + 20 µM MLT at 0 and 1 h post-treatment, respectively. Singlet oxygen production increased with the addition of MLT/AcO-MLT and had moderate-substantial correlations with inhibition at all times. Hydroxyl radical production was not significantly different from the control. Additionally, BDMC exhibited subtle cytotoxicity on human oral keratinocytes. PDT using BDMC + MLT or AcO-MLT, with blue and red LED light, effectively inhibits C. albicans biofilm through singlet oxygen generation. Melatonin acts as a photosensitizer in PDT to inhibit fungal infection., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

According to our preliminary study, melatonin and its N -amide derivatives ( N -(2-(1-4-bromobenzoyl-5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)acetamide (BBM) and 4-bromo- N -(2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)benzamide (EBM)) inhibited the marker of acute inflammation in tests in vitro and in vivo . The anti-inflammatory agent is intended for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced toxicity. In this study aimed to evaluate the effect of melatonin and its derivatives on mechanisms related to chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis by in vitro ROS and 5-FU-induced human keratinocyte cells as well as in vivo oral mucositis model. In in vitro H 2 O 2 -induced HaCaT cells, BBM had the highest level of protection (34.57%) at a concentration 50 µM, followed by EBM (26.41%), and melatonin (7.9%). BBM also protected cells against 5-FU-induced to 37.69-27.25% at 12.5-100 µM while EBM was 36.93-29.33% and melatonin was 22.5-11.39%. In in vivo 5-FU-induced oral mucositis in mice, melatonin, BBM, and EBM gel formulations protected tissue damage from 5-FU similar to the standard compound, benzydamine. Moreover, the weight of mice and food consumption recovered more quickly in the BBM group. These findings suggested that it was possible to develop BBM and EBM as new therapeutic agents for the treatment of oral mucositis., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2024 Mahakunakorn et al.)

Background: Erythrosine+potassium iodide-mediated photodynamic therapy has shown an anticandidal effect. Single session, however, has inadequate fungal inhibition., Objectives: We aimed to examine the effects of multiple aPDT sessions on Candida albicans inhibition and singlet oxygen formation., Methods: 220 μM erythrosine +/-100 mM potassium iodide was applied to C. albicans biofilms for 1 min prior to irradiation at 530±10 nm using a 250 mW/cm 2 light-emitting diode. Negative and positive controls were phosphate buffer saline and nystatin, respectively. Single, double and triple irradiation sessions with a 5 min resting time between sessions were performed. Post-treatment candidal counts were done at 0, 1 6 and 24 hr while log 10 colony forming unit/ml was calculated and compared using a Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's post hoc test at a p <0.05 - Singlet oxygen amount was compared using one-way ANOVA with a post hoc test at a p < 0.05., Results: Two and three irradiation sessions to erythrosine+potassium iodide could inhibit Candida albicans at 7.92 log 10 CFU/ml ( p  < 0.001) . Singlet oxygen from a combination groups was significantly higher than for erythrosine (positive control). Moreover, the correlation coefficient (r) between singlet oxygen production and decreased Candida albicans counts was equal to 1., Conclusion: Multiple sessions PDT of 220 μM erythrosine+100 mM potassium iodide effectively inhibited a Candida biofilm., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

Objective:  Incorporating an enhancer such as nano-titanium dioxide into antimicrobial photodynamic therapy can improve treatment outcome.This study aimed to compare the anticandidal efficacy of photodynamic therapy by erythrosine with nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO 2 ) stimulated by a blue light emitting diode with three standard dental antifungal agents., Materials and Methods:   Candida albicans biofilms on acrylic resin plates were treated for 15 minutes with either nystatin, fluconazole, Polident, 220µM erythrosine + 1% (w/w) nano-TiO 2  + 15 J/cm 2 blue light photodynamic therapy (Ery PDT), or distilled water. For the Ery PDT group, blue light was applied for 1 minute after incubation. After 1, 3, and 6 hours, the colony forming units in log10 (log 10 CFU/mL) were compared. The ultrastructure of C. albicans on the acrylic resin plates treated with erythrosine + nano-TiO 2  + blue light was examined using transmission electron microscopy at magnification of 30,000x., Results:  After 1 hour, nystatin, Polident, and Ery PDT indifferently inhibited C. albicans . At 6 hours, Ery PDT reduced the number of viable C. albicans in biofilms by 0.28log 10 CFU/mL, which was equal to the effect of fluconazole and Polident. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that Ery PDT altered the C. albicans cell morphology by inducing cell wall/membrane rupture., Conclusion:  Photodynamic therapy with erythrosine + nano-TiO 2  + blue light at low light power density (15 J/cm 2 ) was as effective at inhibiting C. albicans biofilm on acrylic resin as fluconazole and Polident., Competing Interests: None declared., (The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).)

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is emerging as a promising way to treat infections with minimal side effects. Typically, a single photosensitizer used in photodynamic therapy is capable of generating only one type of reactive oxygen species, which may have inadequate capability to eradicate certain types of microbes, especially Candida species. Thus, the use of combined photosensitizers is examined as a means of achieving superior antimicrobial results. We postulate that bisdemethoxycurcumin, a type I reactive oxygen species generator, combined with potassium iodide, an antimicrobial iodide molecule, might exhibit superior antimicrobial effects compared to a single photosensitizer-mediated photodynamic therapy. The effects of bisdemethoxycurcumin + potassium iodide + dental blue light on Candida albicans reduction were examined. Candida biofilms were treated with 20, 40 or 80 μM bisdemethoxycurcumin, 100 mM potassium iodide or a combination of these species for 20 min before irradiation with a dental blue light (90 J/cm 2 ). The negative and positive controls were phosphate buffer saline and nystatin at 1 : 100,000 units/ml, respectively. Candidal numbers were quantified at 0, 1, 6 and 24 h. Hydroxyl radicals were spectrophotometrically measured using 2-[6-(4'amino phynoxyl-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl)] benzoic acid or APF probe-mediated fluorescence intensity (Varioskan) at 490/515 nm (excitation/emission). Candidal counts and hydroxyl radical comparisons were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and one-way ANOVA, respectively. Correlations between candidal numbers and hydroxyl radical levels were done with a Pearson correlation test. Forty μM bisdemethoxycurcumin+100 mM KI could provide a 3.5 log 10  CFU/ml reduction after 6 h. Bisdemethoxycurcumin alone generated OH levels that were strongly correlated with candidal reduction. In conclusion, 40 μM bisdemethoxycurcumin+100 mM KI could reduce C. albicans biofilm., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Objective: To explore the potential for development of Thai propolis extract as a pulp capping agent to suppress pulpal inflammation from dental pulp infections. This study aimed to examine the anti-inflammatory effect of the propolis extract on the arachidonic acid pathway, activated by interleukin (IL)-1β, in cultured human dental pulp cells., Methodology: Dental pulp cells, isolated from three freshly extracted third molars, were first characterized for their mesenchymal origin and treated with 10 ng/ml of IL-1β in the presence or absence of non-toxic concentrations of the extract from 0.08 to 1.25 mg/ml, as determined by the PrestoBlue cytotoxic assay. Total RNA was harvested and analyzed for mRNA expressions of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Western blot hybridization was performed to investigate COX-2 protein expression. Culture supernatants were assayed for released prostaglandin E2 levels. Immunofluorescence was conducted to determine involvement of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) in the inhibitory effect of the extract., Results: Stimulation of the pulp cells with IL-1β resulted in the activation of arachidonic acid metabolism via COX-2, but not 5-LOX. Incubation with various non-toxic concentrations of the propolis extract significantly inhibited upregulated COX-2 mRNA and protein expressions upon treatment with IL-1β (p<0.05), resulting in a significant decrease in elevated PGE2 levels (p<0.05). Nuclear translocation of the p50 and the p65 subunits of NF-kB upon treatment with IL-1β was also blocked by incubation with the extract., Conclusions: Upregulated COX-2 expression and enhanced PGE2 synthesis upon treatment with IL-1β in human dental pulp cells were suppressed by incubation with non-toxic doses of Thai propolis extract via involvement of the NF-kB activation. This extract could be therapeutically used as a pulp capping material due to its anti-inflammatory properties.

In photodynamic therapy, intermittent irradiation modes that incorporate an interval between pulses are believed to decrease the effect of hypoxia by permitting an interval of re-oxygenation. The effect of the irradiation intermittency factor (the ratio of the irradiation pulse time to the total irradiation time) on singlet oxygen formation and inflammatory cytokine production was examined using azulene as a photosensitizer. Effects of difference intermittency factor on singlet oxygen formation and inflammatory cytokine were examined. Azulene solutions (1/10 μM) were irradiated with a 638-nm 500 mW diode laser in fractionation (intermittency factor of 5 or 9) or continuous mode using 50 mW/cm 2 at 4 or 8 J/cm 2 . Singlet oxygen measurement was performed using a dimethyl anthracene probe. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated by 10 ng/ml rhTNF-α for 6 h, before addition of 1 and 10 μM azulene solutions and irradiation. PGE 2 measurement was undertaken using a human PGE 2 ELISA kit. Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn Bonferroni test was used for statistical analyses at p < 0.05.Irradiation of 1 μM azulene+4 J/cm 2 +intermittency factor of 9 increased singlet oxygen 3-fold (p < 0.0001). Irradiation of 10 μM azulene at either 4 J/cm 2 +intermittency of 9 or 8 J/cm 2 +intermittency factor of 5 reduced PGE 2 expression in PBMCs to non-inflamed levels. Thus, at 50 mW/cm 2 , 10 μM azulene-mediated photodynamic therapy with a high intermittency factor and a low energy density generated sufficient singlet oxygen to suppress PGE 2 in Inflamed PBMCs., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V.)

An anthocyanin complex (AC), composed of extracts of purple waxy corn and blue butterfly pea petals, and AC niosomes, bilayered vesicles of non-ionic surfactants, were compared in in vitro and clinical studies. Cultured fibroblasts subjected to a scratch wound were monitored for cell viability, cell migration, nuclear morphology and protein expression. Scratched cells showed accelerated wound healing activity, returning to normal 24 h after treatment with AC niosomes (0.002 mg/mL). Western blots and immunocytochemistry indicated upregulation of type I, III and IV collagens, fibronectin and laminins in AC niosome-treated scratched cells. A randomized block placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial in 60 volunteers (18-60 years old) with oral wounds indicated that AC niosome gel accelerated wound closure, reduced pain due to the oral wounds and improved participants' quality of life more than AC gel, triamcinolone gel and placebo gel. These data are consistent with enhanced delivery of AC to fibroblasts by use of niosomes. AC niosomes activated fibroblasts within wounded regions and accelerated wound healing, indicating that AC niosomes have therapeutic potential., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The main purpose of this study was to assess a lidocaine hydrochloride-loaded chitosan-pectin-hyaluronic polyelectrolyte complex for rapid onset and sustained release in dry socket wound treatment. Nine formulations (LCs) of lidocaine hydrochloride (LH) loaded into a chitosan-pectin-hyaluronic polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) were assessed using full factorial design (two factors × three levels). The formulations ranged between 4 and 10% w/w LH and 0.5-1.5% w/w HA. The following physicochemical properties of LCs were characterized: size, zeta potential, % entrapment efficiency, viscosity, mucoadhesiveness, % drug release, morphology, storage stability, and cytotoxicity. The particle size, zeta potential, % EE, viscosity, and % mucoadhesion increased with increasing LH and HA concentrations. Rapid release of LH followed a zero-order model, and a steady-state percentage of the drug was released over 4 h. LCs were found to be non-cytotoxic compared to LH solution. LH loaded into PEC demonstrated appropriate characteristics-including suitable rate of release-and fit a zero-order model. Furthermore, it was not cytotoxic and showed good stability in a high-HA formula, making it a promising candidate for future topical oral formulations., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2021 The Author(s).)

The pineal gland is a neuroendocrine organ that plays an important role in anti-inflammation through the hormone melatonin. The anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin and its derivatives have been reported in both in vitro and in vivo models. Our previous study reported the potent antioxidant and neuroprotective activities of bromobenzoylamide substituted melatonin. In silico analysis successfully predicted that melatonin bromobenzoylamid derivatives were protected from metabolism by CYP2A1, which is a key enzyme of the melatonin metabolism process. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory activities of melatonin and its bromobenzoylamide derivatives BBM and EBM were investigated in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and croton oil-induced ear edema in mice. The experiments showed that BBM and EBM significantly reduced production of the inflammatory mediators interleukin-6 (IL-6), prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2 ), and nitric oxide (NO) in a dose-dependent manner, but only slightly affected TNF-α in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. This suggests that modifying melatonin at either the N1 -position or the N -acetyl side chain affected production of NO, PGE 2 and IL-6 in in vitro model. In the croton oil-induced mouse ear edema model, BBM, significantly decreased ear edema thickness at 2-4 h. It leads to conclude that bromobenzoylamide derivatives of melatonin may be one of the potential candidates for a new type of anti-inflammatory agent.

This study focuses on the role of photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. The photosensitizers were prepared in combinations of 110/220 µM erythrosine and/or 10/20 µM demethoxy/bisdemethoxy curcumin with/without 10% ( w/w ) nano-titanium dioxide. Irradiation was performed with a dental blue light in the 395-480 nm wavelength range, with a power density of 3200 mW/cm 2 and yield of 72 J/cm 2 . The production of ROS and hydroxyl radical was investigated using an electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer for each individual photosensitizer or in photosensitizer combinations. Subsequently, a PrestoBlue ® toxicity test of the gingival fibroblast cells was performed at 6 and 24 h on the eight highest ROS-generating photosensitizers containing curcumin derivatives and erythrosine 220 µM. Finally, the antifungal ability of 22 test photosensitizers, Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), were cultured in biofilm form at 37 °C for 48 h, then the colonies were counted in colony-forming units (CFU/mL) via the drop plate technique, and then the log reduction was calculated. The results showed that at 48 h the test photosensitizers could simultaneously produce both ROS types. All test photosensitizers demonstrated no toxicity on the fibroblast cells. In total, 18 test photosensitizers were able to inhibit Candida albicans similarly to nystatin. Conclusively, 20 µM bisdemethoxy curcumin + 220 µM erythrosine + 10% ( w/w ) nano-titanium dioxide exerted the highest inhibitory effect on Candida albicans .

Azulene samples in ethanol/distilled water (1, 10 and 100 µm) were irradiated with a 638 nm red laser (0.5 watts, light-to-target distance 2 cm, energy density 4 or 40 J cm -2 ) by either continuous, fractionation or pulse mode. Singlet oxygen in the samples was measured using 10 µm 9,10-dimethyl anthracene (positive control 10 μm erythrosine) and relative fluorescence intensities were measured at 375/436 nm excitation/emission. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs, 1 × 10 5 cells/well) preincubated with 0.01 μg mL -1 rhTNF-α for 6 h were cultured with irradiated azulene samples in RPMI-1640 under standard conditions. PGE 2 was quantified by rhPGE 2 ELISA kit using a Varioscan® microplate reader at an excitation wavelength of 420 nm. Kruskal Wallis with Dunn`s test was performed at a significance level of P < 0.05. The highest singlet oxygen amount was found in 10 µm azulene samples irradiated at 40 J cm -2 under continuous mode (P = 0.001 when compared with 10 µm erythrosine). PGE 2 expression in rhTNF-α-induced PBMCs was reduced to 45% of control by 1 µm azulene irradiated at 40 J cm -2 under fractionation mode. Fractionation mode with intermediate laser energy density in the presence of low concentration of azulene could increase singlet oxygen and tend to reduce PGE 2 ., (© 2020 American Society for Photobiology.)

Background/aim: Success of tooth replantation depends on the quality and quantity of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. The aims of this study were to evaluate Thai propolis extract as a storage medium for maintaining PDL cell viability and preserving gene expressions in PDL tissues., Materials and Methods: PDL cells from human premolars were tested for cytotoxicity of the extract by PrestoBlue assay to determine a non-toxic concentration. Subsequently, 96 freshly extracted premolars were allocated into different treatment groups. Control groups were freshly extracted premolars or they had been stored dry for 12 hours. Experimental avulsed teeth were created by leaving them air-dried for 30 minutes immediately after extraction, then they were immersed in Thai propolis extract, HBSS or milk for 3, 6 and 12 hours. After tooth storage, the remaining PDL cells were determined for their cell viability. RNA isolated from PDL tissues of three premolars treated similarly was analysed for periostin and S100A4 expressions using RT-qPCR., Results: Thai propolis extract at 0.625 mg mL -1 promoted the greatest PDL cell viability. Tooth storage in 0.625 mg mL -1 Thai propolis extract, HBSS or milk showed no difference in maintaining cell viability. Periostin mRNA level was preserved by Thai propolis extract. Expression of S100A4 mRNA in PDL tissues stored in all tested media was dampened., Conclusions: PDL cells from mock avulsed teeth stored in 0.625 mg mL -1 Thai propolis extract for 3, 6 and 12 hours remained viable and the expression of periostin was preserved. This study suggests this extract as an alternative for a tooth storage medium for up to 12 hours. However, transporting an avulsed tooth in a storage medium for extended extra-oral time might affect the PDL cell phenotypes., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Introduction: Photodynamic therapy improves oral mucositis treatment. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from this reaction could contribute to an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing inflammatory cells., Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of photodynamic therapy using guaiazulene and a red laser in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)., Methods: Guaiazulene solutions (1, 2, 5, 25, 35, and 100 μM in 99.8 % methanol) were irradiated with red laser light (625 nm, 146.2 mW/cm 2 ) in continuous mode at 0, 4, and 8 J/cm 2 in black 96-well plates. ROS were measured using spin trapping technique with electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and fluorescence. The two highest concentrations were tested using cell viability (PrestoBlue®) and anti-inflammation (RANTES and PGE 2 ELISA) assay kits. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn Bonferroni tests were used for statistical analyses with significant differences at p-value < 0.05., Results: Guaiazulene solutions between 2 and 5 μM exposed to red laser light at 4-8 J/cm 2 generated significantly more singlet oxygen compared to the no guaiazulene group (p < 0.01) and reduced RANTES and PGE 2 levels in TNF-α-inflamed peripheral blood mononuclear cells without affecting cell viability., Conclusion: Photodynamic activation of guaiazulene generated singlet oxygen and suppressed inflammatory markers in PBMCs., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Glutaryl melatonin, which is synthesized from melatonin and is a pineal glandderived neurohormone with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, was comparatively investigated for its potential use as a topical anti-inflammatory agent., Objective: Glutaryl melatonin, synthesized and screened for in vitro anti-candidiasis and in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities, was formulated as a niosome gel for topical oral evaluation in 5- fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis in mice., Methods: In vitro anti-fungal activity in Candida albicans , in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in Escherichia coli liposaccharide-induced RAW cells and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity using a croton oilinduced ear edema model in ICR mice were investigated. Mucositis in mice ( n = 6/group, 10-week-old mice) was induced by intraperitoneal injections of 5-fluorouracil, and the mice were subjected to a topical oral application of niosome gel containing melatonin (2% w/w) or glutaryl melatonin (2% w/w) and were compared with mice subjected to blank, fluocinolone acetonide (0.5% w/w) and control conditions., Results: Glutaryl melatonin, at a 14.2 mM concentration, showed the highest fungicidal effect on C. albicans using the broth dilution method, indicating a nonsignificant difference from 1 μM of nystatin ( p = 0.05). Nitric oxide, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factors were analyzed by ELISA. Liposaccharide-induced RAW cells were significantly reduced by glutaryl melatonin ( p < 0.01). Ear edema inhibition of glutaryl melatonin was significant 1 h after application compared with that of melatonin ( p = 0.03). Food consumption and body weight of the 5-fluorouracil-treated mice were significantly lower than those of the normal mice before all treatments ( p < 0.05). Differences in the amount of licking behavior, which were observed in the control group for 5 min, were noticeable in the 5- fluorouracil-treated mice but not in the mice treated with the glutaryl melatonin niosome gel., Conclusion: Glutaryl melatonin exhibited mild anti-candidiasis and anti-inflammatory properties. The incorporation of glutaryl melatonin in a niosome gel formulation, demonstrated the potential for topical oral applications to reduce oral discomfort caused by 5-fluorouracil treatment in mice., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: We aimed to investigate the effect of azulene on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) viability and singlet oxygen formation., Methods: 1 × 10 5 PBMCs were cultured in a 96-well plate in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% FBS (37 °C, 5% CO 2 ) for 24 h. Each well was treated for 30 min with each azulene concentration between 0-500 μM and activated by a 625 ± 5 nm light emitting diode (power 20-23 mW) at energy densities of 0-200 J/cm 2 . MTT cell viability was recorded using a spectrophotometer at a 570 nm. 9,10-Dimethylanthracene (DMA) was utilized for the measurement of singlet oxygen, using a fluorescence spectrophotometer at 375 and 436 nm as the excitation and emission wavelengths, respectively. Optical density,　relative fluorescence units were compared using one-way ANOVA and a post-hoc test. The correlation between the cell number and singlet oxygen amount was analyzed by the Spearman correlation test., Resuts: Azulene at all concentrations with 4.2 J/cm 2 light significantly induced singlet oxygen formation. 15 μM azulene with 4.2, 100, or 200 J/cm 2 light significantly reduced PBMC viability. The inverse relationship between the cell viability and singlet oxygen amount was observed., Conclusions: An optimum azulene concentration + red light energy density decreased PBMC viability via singlet oxygen formation., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aim: An anthocyanin complex (AC), combined Zea mays and Clitoria ternatea extracts, was evaluated for topical oral wound healing in rats and a clinical trial in orthodontic patients., Methods/results: AC enhanced anthocyanin permeation in vitro. In rats, 10% w/w of AC in a mucoadhesive gel (AG) reduced erythema and sizes of oral wounds after topical applications at higher extent than its placebo gel. Acute orthodontic wounds in 68 volunteers were randomly assigned to topically receive either AG or placebo gel and double-blind assessed. Wound size reduction and wound closure enhancement were obvious in AG-treated group on day 3 (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: At 10% w/w, AC promoted wound closure and possessed a potential in healing stimulation of acute oral wounds.

Anthocyanins from dietary sources showing potential benefits as anti-inflammatory in oral lesions were developed as an anthocyanin complex (AC), comprised of extracts of Zea mays (CC) and Clitoria ternatea (CT), and formulated into a niosome gel to prove its topical oral wound healing in vitro and in vivo investigations. The AC formed nano-sized clusters of crystalline-like aggregates, occurring through both intra- and inter-molecular interactions, resulting in delivery depots of anthocyanins, following encapsulation in niosomes and incorporation into a mucoadhesive gel. In vitro permeation of anthocyanins was improved by complexation and further enhanced by encapsulation in niosomes. Collagen production in human gingival fibroblasts was promoted by AC and AC niosomes, but not CC or CT. The in vivo wound healing properties of AC gel (1 and 10%), AC niosome gel (1 and 10%), fluocinolone acetonide gel, and placebo gel were investigated for incisional wounds in the buccal cavities of Wistar rats. AC gel and AC niosome gel both reduced wound sizes after 3 days. AC niosome gel (10%) gave the highest reduction in wound sizes after day 3 (compared to fluocinolone acetonide gel, p < 0.05), and resulted in 100% wound healing by day 5. Histological observations of cross-sectioned wound tissues revealed the adverse effects of fluocinolone gel and wound healing potential of AC niosome gel. Topical application of AC niosome gel exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect and promoted oral wound closure in rats, possibly due to the improved mucosal permeability and presence of delivery depots of AC in the niosome gel.

Background: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of erythrosine and cyanidin-3-glucoside as photosensitizers in PDT for the elimination of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) biofilms., Methods: P. gingivalis biofilms were prepared from a chronic periodontitis subject. Erythrosine and cyanidin-3-glucoside were prepared and randomly allocated as follows: 110, 220, 330, and 440μM erythrosine; 101, 202, 303, and 404μM anthocyanin; and 440μM erythrosine+404μM cyanidin-3-glucoside. There were 18 PDT experimental groups (non-irradiated/irradiated with a 532-nm green light diode laser at 1.29J/cm 2 for 60s). The 3 controls were grouped as follows: biofilms exposed to the photosensitizers alone, biofilms exposed to the laser alone, and biofilms exposed to 0.12% chlorhexidine. All sample groups were cultured at 1, 3 and 6h after PDT and incubated in an anaerobic chamber at 37°C for 4days. The surviving fraction was calculated from the log 10 CFU/ml. The 330 and 440μM erythrosine and the 440μM erythrosine+404μM cyanidin-3-glucoside were mixed with spin traps (TEMPO, DMPO), and the electron spin resonance spectra were evaluated., Results: The log 10 CFU/ml measurements showed that the PDT groups with 330μM or 440μM erythrosine and 440μM erythrosine+404μM cyanidin-3-glucoside had statistically significant differences from the other groups (one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's multiple comparison test, p- value≤0.05)., Conclusions: PDT using 330μM erythrosine, 440μM erythrosine or 440μM erythrosine+404μM cyanidin-3-glucoside irradiated with the laser more effectively inhibited P. gingivalis in biofilms., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The present study aims to investigate the correlation between SNP genotype patterns and periodontitis severity in Japanese type II diabetic patients. A cross-sectional study in 43 Japanese diabetic patients with periodontitis was performed. Blood samples were drawn for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses and periodontal index (probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level) was subsequently recorded. Twelve functional genes with SNPs that had been shown to be associated with diabetes and/or inflammation were genotyped using a nuclease-mediated SNP-specific ligation method. Subjects with two or more sites with clinical attachment level ≥6 mm and who additionally had one or more sites with pocket depth ≥5 mm were classified as having severe periodontitis. Proportions of risk genotypes/non-risk genotypes between severe and non-severe periodontitis were subsequently compared. A high frequency (21/43 participants, 49%) of adiponectin gene polymorphism (ADIPOQ 45T > G) homozygous risk genotype (TT genotype) was observed in the participants. The frequency of TGF-β1 SNP (29C > T) risk genotype (TT genotype) in severe periodontitis (34%, n = 11) was significantly higher than in non-severe periodontitis (0%, n = 0) (p = 0.04). Our study suggests that TGF-β1 SNPs (29C > T) may be used as one of the risk indicators for severe periodontitis in Japanese diabetic patients.

Tissue engineering is becoming promising for cartilage repair due to the limited self-repair capacity of cartilage tissue. We previously fabricated and characterized a three-dimensional silk fibroin/gelatin-chondroitin sulfate-hyaluronic acid (SF-GCH) scaffold and showed that it could promote proliferation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). This study aimed to evaluate its biological performance as a new biomimetic material for chondrogenic induction of BM-MSCs in comparison to an SF scaffold and conventional pellet culture. We found that the SF-GCH scaffold significantly enhanced the proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of BM-MSCs compared to the SF scaffold and pellet culture in which the production of sulfated glycoaminoglycan was increased in concordance with the up-regulation of chondrogenic-specific gene markers. Our findings indicate the significant role of SF-GCH by providing a supportive structure and the mimetic cartilage environment for chondrogenesis which enables cartilage regeneration. Thus, our fabricated SF-GCH scaffold may serve as a potential biomimetic material for cartilage tissue engineering., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The association between adipokines and inflammatory periodontal diseases has been studied over the last two decades. This review was intended to explore the observation that periodontal therapy may lead to an improvement of adipokines in diabetic patients. In summary, substantial evidence suggests that diabetes is associated with increased prevalence, extent and severity of periodontitis. Numerous mechanisms have been elucidated to explain the impact of diabetes on the periodontium. However, current knowledge concerning the role of major adipokines indicates only some of their associations with the pathogenesis of periodontitis in type 2 diabetes. Conversely, treatment of periodontal disease and reduction of oral inflammation may have positive effects on the diabetic condition, although evidence for this remains somewhat equivocal.

Background: To evaluate the incidence of lingula shapes in Thai adult mandibles and to compare the accuracy of panoramic radiograph measurement with the dry mandible measurements for localizing the position of the lingula., Methods: Seventy-two dry adult mandibles (144 sides) from 52 males and 20 females of Thai origin were classified as triangular, truncated, nodular or assimilated. Twenty-three mandibles, composed of both first molar and canine on the same side (33 sides), were selected for distance measurement. The ten distances from the lingula to the anterior, posterior ramus, to the coronoid notch and lower border of the mandible were measured on the dry mandibles and compared with the same distances on panoramic radiographs. The distribution of the lingula shape is described. Paired t test and correlation were used to evaluate the accuracy of panoramic radiographs in localizing the position of the lingula., Results: Truncated lingula were most commonly found (68 sides or 47%). Nodular, triangular and assimilated shapes were found in 33 (23%), 24 (17%) and 19 subjects (13%), respectively. The distance differences between the panoramic radiograph measurement and the dry mandible measurement were statistically significant (P < 0.01). The positive correlations between the panoramic and dry skull measurements were high (0.59-0.91)., Conclusions: The lingula has different shapes in different populations. In adult Thai mandibles, the truncated lingula shape is most common. Panoramic radiographs present not only the position but also the shape and number of lingula and mandibular foramen. There is a high concordance between the measured distances in panoramic radiography and dry mandibles.

Reduction of loading force to bone induces osteopenia. Although the tail suspension model is the frequently used osteopenia model, this model burdens the animals with nonphysiologic blood distribution and systemic stress. We developed a new simple animal model for osteopenia under reduced loading. Both hind legs of male ICR mice (8 weeks old) in the experimental group were inserted into plastic tubes, which then were connected with wires of three sizes. This apparatus completely immobilized both femurs while allowing the tibias to move. Animals were pair-fed and sacrificed on Days 3, 7, 10, and 14 after immobilization. Bone mineral density measurement with dual energy xray absorptiometry revealed bone loss in the immobilized femurs. Histomorphometric analysis showed increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation, which started from Day 7 and continued until Day 14, resulting in structural disorders in the cancellous bone. Osteoclast population increase before osteoblast population decrease revealed that osteoclasts initially affect the process of this type of osteopenia. Our immobilization model is simple, easy to use, well-tolerated by the animal, and has potential for evaluating the therapeutic effects of drugs to treat osteopenia caused by reduced loading.