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World quinoa production is increasing due its high nutritional value. As a consequence, large quantities of stalks accumulate as unused byproducts. Here, we verify the presence of saponins in the stalks and present a biorefinery approach with quinoa stalks as feedstock, using an integrated processing scheme to separate saponins, xylan and cellulose. Saponins were extracted using pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE), optimized by a central composite experimental design (rotatable 22) with temperature and extraction time as factors. Xylan was extracted from the residual solid material after PHWE by an alkaline method using 0.5 M NaOH at 80 °C. Cellulose was purified from the remaining residuals using acetic and nitric acid at 120 °C, which resulted in recovery of white cotton-like cellulose, showing no need of further bleaching. The saponin yield was significantly increased at temperatures exceeding 110 °C, with highest amounts obtained at 195 °C (15.4 mg/g raw material). The yield in the following xylan extraction (maximum 120 mg/g raw material) was however significantly reduced when preceded by PHWE above 110 °C, indicating degradation of the polymer. Cellulose recovery (maximum 296 mg/g raw material) was less affected by variations in temperature and time in the preceding PHWE. The results obtained shows that tuning between saponin and xylan extraction is critical. This approach is foreseen to be applicable to the valorisation of residual fiber-rich biomass from various types of crops, besides quinoa.

Quinoa stalks glucuronoarabinoxylan (QSGAX) has been extracted by alkali and further utilized for production of two-types of xylooligosaccharides (XOs): i) enzymatically produced glucuronosylated-XOs (GXOs), and ii) a dilute acid produced mixture of non-substituted/substituted XOs of different degree of polymerization (DP). The respective mixtures were then separately evaluated as prebiotics by analysis of their consumption by two phylogenetically different potential probiotic bacterial strains (Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC15703 and Weissella cibaria strain 92), from which release of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) was also monitored. The GXOs mixture was produced using a glucuronosyl-requiring family 30 glycoside hydrolase (GH) Bacteroides ovatus (BoXyn30A), while the XOs mixture was produced by a 30 min acid treatment of QSGAX with H2SO4 [24.5 g/L] at 90 °C. B. adolescentis consumed both GXOs and XOs (DP 2–6), in both cases releasing acetate, lactate, propionate, formate and butyrate as metabolic products. W. cibaria only consumed XOs (DP 2–4), releasing acetate, lactate and minor amounts of butyrate. This is the first study reporting the ability of GXOs consumption by B. adolescentis and shows the potential of GXOs to selectively stimulate B. adolescentis, while XOs stimulated both types of potential probiotics (B. adolescentis ATCC15703 and W. cibaria strain 92).

The data we present below are linked to our research paper “Integrated process for sequential extraction of saponins, xylan and cellulose from quinoa stalks ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)” (Gil-Ramirez et al., 2018) [1] . The objective is to provide supplementary information in order to facilitate the comprehension of the central composite experimental design (rotatable 2 2 ) used in the integrated process of extractions. Two factors, temperature and time of extraction are considered in the design. The responses are the yield of saponin, xylan and cellulose. First, the desirable linear regression obtained by the observed vs. predicted yields plot for each variable response confirm the validation of the model ( Fig. 1 ). Second, the data presented here through Standardized Pareto Charts ( Fig. 2 ), provides information about the effect of the time and temperature, as well as their interactions, in the yield of saponins, xylan and cellulose obtained in an integrated sequential extraction.

Byproducts from quinoa are not yet well explored sources of hemicellulose or products thereof. In this work, xylan from milled quinoa stalks was retrieved to 66% recovery by akaline extraction using 0.5 M NaOH at 80 °C, followed by ethanol precipitation. The isolated polymer eluted as a single peak in size-exclusion chromatography with a molecular weight of700 kDa. Analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) combined with acid hydrolysis to monomers showed that the polymer was built of a backbone of β(1 → 4)-linked xylose residues that were substituted by 4-O-methylglucuronic acids, arabinose, and galactose in an approximate molar ratio of 114:23:5:1. NMR analysis also indicated the presence of α(1 → 5)-linked arabinose substituents in dimeric or oligomeric forms. The main xylooligosaccharides (XOs) produced after hydrolysis of the extracted glucuronoarabinoxylan polymer by thermostable glycoside hydrolases (GHs) from families 10 and 11 were xylobiose and xylotriose, followed by peaks of putative substituted XOs. Quantification of the unsubstituted XOs using standards showed that the highest yield from the soluble glucuronoarabinoxylan fraction was 1.26 g/100 g of xylan fraction, only slightly higher than the yield (1.00 g/100 g of xylan fraction) from the insoluble fraction (p0.05). No difference in yield was found between reactions in buffer or water (p0.05). This study shows that quinoa stalks represent a novel source of glucuronoarabinoxylan, with a substituent structure that allowed for limited production of XOs by GH10 or GH11 enzymes.

The genotoxic potential of solutions of the textile dye “Reactive Black 5” that were subjected to decolorizing treatments with the fungal strains Coriolopsis polyzona MUCL33483 , Penicillium sp. MUBA001 and Pycnoporus sp. MUBA002 was tested. The genotoxicity of the solutions was determined by evaluation of micronuclei formation in Vicia faba root cells and calculation of a damage index (MN ID ). Non-treated Reactive Black 5 solutions (50–1000 ppm) caused a statistically significant increase in micronuclei formation and, by then, in damage index. Solutions of dye treated with C. polyzona MUCL33483 and Pycnoporus sp. MUBA002 showed color loss, probably due to enzymatic breakdown of the colorant, but maintenance or even an increase in genotoxicity. On the other hand, the Penicillium sp. strain MUBA001 caused decolorization of the dye, apparently by adsorption on mycelia, and, for solutions that initially contained 50 ppm of colorant, an elimination of the genotoxicity was observed after three weeks of treatment.