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Abstract Background The transport sector in South Africa is responsible for around 11% of the country's carbon dioxide emissions, with road transport contributing an overwhelming 90% of this total, as noted by the South African Green Transport Energy of South Africa. As part of its commitment to global climate pacts, South Africa aims to reduce emissions from its road transport sector. Yet, studies focused on reducing energy consumption and related emissions in this sector have been sparse. Results Utilizing a bottom-up accounting modelling framework Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP), this research investigated five low-carbon transition scenarios alongside a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario for road transport. These scenarios comprised Fuel and Technology Switching (FTS), Modal Shift (MS), Logistics Improvement (LI), Energy Efficient (EEF), and a Combined Mitigation (CMT). The BAU scenario was established as a benchmark to demonstrate energy demand and emissions in the absence of changes to current practices or policies. According to our model, under the BAU scenario, there will be a 61% surge in final energy demand, from 769 petajoules (PJ) in 2020 to 1240 PJ by 2050, accompanied by a proportional increase in emissions. The study revealed that the implementation of any of the alternative low-carbon scenarios could yield a reduced energy demand by 2050. LI 21%, MS 33%, FTS 40%, EEF 48%, CMT 77%, Significantly, a combined approach, integrating multiple low-carbon policies, can achieve more substantial reductions in energy demand and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions than applying single policies separately. Conclusions This study emphasizes the importance of crafting province-specific solutions, acknowledging that challenges and contexts vary between provinces. Furthermore, lessening energy reliance not only diminishes the nation's fuel import bills but also improves air quality and aids in achieving low emission targets.

This review examines the extensive use and environmental consequences of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) on a global scale, specifically emphasizing their potential impact in Nigeria. Recognized for their resistance to water and oil, PFAS are under increased scrutiny for their persistent nature and possible ecotoxicological risks. Here, we consolidate existing knowledge on the ecological and human health effects of PFAS in Nigeria, focusing on their neurological effects and the risks they pose to immune system health. We seek to balance the advantages of PFAS with their potential ecological and health hazards, thereby enhancing understanding of PFAS management in Nigeria and advocating for more effective policy interventions and the creation of safer alternatives. The review concludes with several recommendations: strengthening regulatory frameworks, intensifying research into the ecological and health impacts of PFAS, developing new methodologies and longitudinal studies, fostering collaborative efforts for PFAS management, and promoting public awareness and education to support sustainable environmental practices and healthier communities in Nigeria.

Abstract This work is executed to predict the variation in global temperature and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from climate change and global warming, taking into consideration the natural climate cycle. A mathematical model was developed using a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) with Long–Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model. Data sets of global temperature were collected from 800,000 BC to 1950 AD from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Furthermore, another data set was obtained from The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) climate website. This contained records from 1880 to 2019 of global temperature and carbon dioxide levels. Curve fitting techniques, employing Sin, Exponential, and Fourier Series functions, were utilized to reconstruct both NOAA and NASA data sets, unifying them on a consistent time scale and expanding data size by representing the same information over smaller periods. The fitting quality, assessed using the R-squared measure, ensured a thorough process enhancing the model's accuracy and providing a more precise representation of historical climate data. Subsequently, the time-series data were converted into a supervised format for effective use with the LSTM model for prediction purposes. Augmented by the Mean Squared Error (MSE) as the analyzed loss function, normalization techniques, and refined data representation from curve fitting the LSTM model revealed a sharp increase in global temperature, reaching a temperature rise of 4.8 °C by 2100. Moreover, carbon dioxide concentrations will continue to boom, attaining a value of 713 ppm in 2100. In addition, the findings indicated that the RNN algorithm (LSTM model) provided higher accuracy and reliable forecasting results as the prediction outputs were closer to the international climate models and were found to be in good agreement. This study contributes valuable insights into the trajectory of global temperature and GHG emissions, emphasizing the potential of LSTM models in climate prediction.

Abstract Background Abu Dhabi, a part of the United Arab Emirates, is situated in an arid region where water scarcity is a significant concern. The residential sector in Abu Dhabi consumes a large portion of the available water resources, leading to a critical need for effective water management strategies. This study aims to understand the relationship between water tariffs and water consumption in the residential sector in Abu Dhabi. It employs an integrated fuzzy logic model, a form of artificial intelligence, to assess the impact of water tariffs on water consumption. The model includes variables such as water tariffs, the level of water awareness, the level of water behavior, and the level of technology use. The objective of these variables is to evaluate their impact on the water-saving index, which represents the ratio of daily water consumption per capita in Abu Dhabi to the global average. Results The findings of this study, based on a survey measuring the level of water awareness, behavior, and technology use, revealed a potential strategy for reducing water consumption in Abu Dhabi’s residential sector. It was observed that increasing water tariffs, while maintaining current levels of water awareness, behavior, and technology use, could lead to a reduction in water consumption. However, it was also found that the impact of further tariff increases on water conservation diminishes after a certain threshold, indicating the necessity of a balanced approach in tariff adjustment. Interestingly, the study also highlights that Abu Dhabi residents demonstrate high levels of water behavior and technology use, indicating a positive trend toward water conservation. Conclusions This study emphasizes the importance of increasing water awareness among Abu Dhabi residents as a means to foster sustainable water consumption practices. While water tariffs can contribute to reductions in water consumption, the effects tend to decrease beyond a certain point. Therefore, a comprehensive approach involving water tariffs, increased water awareness, and the adoption of water-saving technologies may be the most effective strategy for water conservation. The insights from this study extend beyond Abu Dhabi and offer valuable guidance for addressing water conservation challenges worldwide. It highlights the importance of adopting a multi-faceted approach in water management, and the potential for such strategies to have international relevance in the pursuit of sustainable water consumption.

Abstract Background The global aviation industry plays a crucial role in socioeconomic advancement. However, its notable energy consumption has garnered attention due to the subsequent environmental consequences. Nigeria, holding a dominant position in Africa's economic landscape, is undergoing rapid growth in its aviation sector. This progress brings to light several energy consumption challenges emblematic of the broader industry. Main body of the abstract For this review, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of energy consumption patterns within the Nigerian aviation sector. Drawing from a diverse range of contemporary literature and global best practices, we centered our exploration on energy consumption patterns within the Nigerian aviation sector, environmental stewardship, global best practices, regulatory frameworks, and flight operations, ground support functions, and maintenance activities. This approach enabled us to pinpoint prevalent inefficiencies and to highlight opportunities for improved energy utilization. Short conclusion Our findings emphasize the pressing necessity for Nigeria to instate rigorous energy efficiency policies, further supported by enhanced regulatory structures. Given Nigeria's specific energy-related challenges, such as an inconsistent power supply and a significant reliance on non-renewable energy sources, the aviation sector confronts amplified environmental and economic threats. Addressing these issues is imperative not just for the sector's longevity but also in alignment with Nigeria's expansive fiscal aspirations. The insights garnered from this review can guide stakeholders in maneuvering the intricacies of energy management in aviation, thus paving the way for ecologically responsible expansion in burgeoning economies.

Abstract Background The transition towards renewable energy sources has become an imperative step to mitigate climate change, reduce carbon emissions and improve energy security and economic prosperity in a sustainable manner. Maximizing the cost effectiveness of electric power generation is crucial to making renewable energy sources viable and attractive options for clean energy production. The strategic allocation of wind, hydro and solar power systems is essential to achieving this goal. This paper attempts to demonstrate how the cost effectiveness of electrical power system could be maximized through the integration of wind, solar and hydropower systems and comparison at different penetration levels of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% on cost effectiveness of electric power generation. The different generator technologies were designed based on their electrical output attributions. Results The cost of electric generation for the integration of each generator at the various buses were calculated at different penetration level for fair comparison. The results indicate that the minimum money loss for the integration of solar power was $743.90 at bus 4 and at 50% penetration level, the minimum money loss for the integration of wind power was $999.00 at bus 4 and at 25% penetration level while the minimum amount loss for the integration of hydropower was $546.50 at bus 4 and at 75% penetration level. Conclusions The magnitude to which the integration of the different generator affects the cost effectiveness of power production hinges on the type of generator, the penetration level and the location of the generator in the grid.

Abstract Background Artisanal petroleum refining operations have been known to produce a significant volume of air pollutants. The highest concentration of pollutants is generated during the oven heating or crude boiling phase of the operation. The major pollutant is black carbon or soot. Although these operations are widespread, especially in developing countries, the impact of exposure to emissions from artisanal refinery on both respiratory and reproductive health remains poorly understood. Objective This study is aimed to examine the effects of controlled subacute exposure to carbon soot emissions generated during the oven heating phase of the refining process, on the respiratory and reproductive systems of male albino Wistar rats. Methods To simulate the exposure conditions found in artisanal refineries, we developed a replicable fabrication of an artisanal refinery combustion system fitted with an exposure chamber for in vivo studies. 6–8 weeks old adolescent albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups (A, B, C, & D), with group A acting as the general control group and was not exposed to any carbon soot particulate matter. Group B, C, and D were exposed subacutely for four hours each day for 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days to varying emission concentrations. Daily exposure measurements were determined using Aeroqual Series 300 Gas Monitor, and average exposure concentration of carbon soot particulate matter (PM2.5), for each exposed group were given as: (1.221 ± 0.169 mg/m3, 1.290 ± 0.214 mg/m3 1.282 ± 0.235 mg/m3). Animals from each group were euthanised on Day 3, 7, 14, 21, and Day 28, respectively. Tissue samples of the lungs and testis were collected for immunohistochemistry and oxidative stress analysis. Discussion /Conclusion: Cytoarchitecture of the lungs and testis via histology and immunohistochemistry, showed inflammatory cell infiltration, thickened alveolar walls, diminished alveolar spaces, hyperaemia, and bronchial epithelial hyperplasia in the lungs of Group B, C, and D animals that were exposed to soot. While cytoarchitecture of the testis revealed a distortion of the Leydig cells, vacuolations and mild vacuolations within the spermatid layer, loss of flagella, and some distortion of seminiferous tubule in the lumen. Notable increase in the mean expression and significant P-values determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s post hoc test, were observed on Day 14–28 (P

Abstract Background This paper addresses the escalating global issue of electronic waste (e-waste), a consequence of the burgeoning demand for electronic products coupled with their transient lifespan. The rapid accumulation of e-waste is a significant concern, especially in the context of climate change, necessitating a detailed analysis of current management strategies and the development of sustainable management practices. The intricate relationship between e-waste and climate change is emphasized, illustrating how improper disposal and recycling practices substantially contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Main body of the abstract A meticulous analysis is conducted to critique the prevailing e-waste management strategies, identifying their shortcomings and the urgent need for enhancement and globalization of these protocols. The paper argues for a fortified, universal approach to e-waste management to address the deficiencies in current methodologies. A set of strategic, sustainable solutions for e-waste management is proposed, encompassing comprehensive regulatory frameworks, advanced recycling technologies, the incorporation of eco-design principles, and the enhancement of consumer awareness. These solutions pivot around the circular economy concept, viewing waste as a valuable resource rather than a disposal predicament, thereby promoting sustainability. Short conclusion The paper concludes that a consolidated, global approach to e-waste management is imperative for addressing the proliferation of discarded electronics and is pivotal in the wider context of mitigating climate change and fostering sustainable development. It underscores the transformative potential of sustainable e-waste management, transforming a formidable challenge into an opportunity for environmental conservation, economic growth, and societal progress, emphasizing the importance of viewing e-waste management as a vehicle for sustainability.

Abstract Background This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the issue of wastewater due to oil spills and pollution in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, which has led to significant environmental and socioeconomic consequences for local communities. The study employed a secondary data collection approach, drawing on various sources, including published research articles, reports, official records, and satellite imagery. Main body of the abstract Through a systematic review and synthesis of the available literature, the paper identified key challenges, mitigation and remediation strategies, policy recommendations, and areas for future research. The findings of this study revealed that the existing regulatory framework has not been fully effective in preventing and addressing oil spills and pollution in the Niger Delta region due to factors such as weak enforcement, inadequate resources, and overlapping responsibilities among regulatory agencies. Moreover, existing measures for oil spill response, clean-up, compensation, and remediation have had limited success, leaving affected communities to continue suffering from the impacts of oil spills and pollution. Short conclusion The paper highlights the potential of innovative approaches and technologies, such as advanced oil spill detection and monitoring technologies, bioremediation, and renewable energy, to enhance the effectiveness of mitigation and remediation efforts. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of collaboration and cooperation among various stakeholders, including government agencies, oil companies, local communities, civil society organizations, and international partners, in addressing the challenges posed by oil spills and pollution in the Niger Delta region. Based on the findings, the paper presents several policy recommendations, such as strengthening the regulatory framework, enhancing transparency and accountability, promoting community participation and empowerment, and encouraging investment in sustainable development and clean technologies.

Abstract Background The generation of clean and affordable energy by 2030 is a challenging task, necessitating the integration of renewable energy sources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with coal, crude oil, and natural gas. This study examines the optimization and performance analysis of a hybrid microgrid for a university campus as a potential solution to achieve this goal. The primary objective is to decrease the cost of energy and reduce CO2 emissions on the campus using a hybrid approach. Results The Howard college campus of the University of KwaZulu Natal (UKZN) was used as a case study, with meteorological data obtained from NASA and real hourly electrical load data for 2019 from the university smart meters. HOMER, an optimization software, was employed to model and simulate the case study. The results demonstrated significant savings of R15.7 million (approximately $ 820 000) in annual utility bills, a 51% reduction in CO2 emissions, a return on investment of 20%, and a payback period of 4 years. Conclusion The study's findings suggest that universities can become self-sustaining during load shedding periods, as recently experienced in South Africa. The implementation of a hybrid microgrid system on a university campus offers considerable economic and environmental benefits, providing a potential blueprint for other large institutions seeking to achieve similar sustainability goals.

Integrating business principles into STEM education is crucial for preparing students to navigate the rapidly evolving global economy driven by technological advancements and innovation. This paper explores the significance of integrating business principles in STEM education and the potential benefits for students, educators, and the economy in both the United States and Nigeria. We examine successful initiatives and programs that foster entrepreneurship among STEM students and identify best practices for effectively teaching business concepts in STEM contexts. Challenges and barriers hindering the successful integration of business principles into STEM education are also discussed, including resistance to interdisciplinary education, limited resources and support for entrepreneurship, and balancing technical and business skill development. In order to address these challenges, we propose recommendations and best practices such as adopting effective pedagogical approaches, engaging industry and community partners, and creating a supportive culture for entrepreneurship within STEM institutions. In addition, this article identifies several potential research areas for the future. These include longitudinal studies on the effects of business-integrated STEM education on entrepreneurial outcomes, comparative analyses of different approaches, and assessments of the scalability and adaptability of successful initiatives across different countries. The promotion of entrepreneurship and business skills among STEM students can enhance their employability, career prospects and contribute to economic growth. This paper urges further research and action to support the development of the next generation of STEM-educated entrepreneurs who can drive innovation and economic growth globally, both in the United States and Nigeria.

Introduction: This paper examines the recognition of occupational health and safety (OHS) as a fundamental human right and its implications for Nigerian workers. It highlights the need for employers and governments to prioritize workers’ safety and reviews the challenges faced by Nigerian employers in providing a safe working environment. Methods: A critical review of existing literature and secondary sources of information was conducted to explore the meaning of fundamental human rights as they pertain to OHS. The paper investigated the need for recognizing OHS as a fundamental right and the role of governments and employers in fulfilling this right. Results: The recognition of OHS as a fundamental human right is crucial in protecting workers’ lives and promoting decent work, leading to economic and social benefits. Employers, governments, and international organizations must respect, protect, and fulfill this right for all workers. The adoption of OHS as a fundamental right would encourage governments to introduce legislation promoting a culture of safety and sensitizing businesses to the need to implement policies, procedures, and processes to provide a safe working environment, including standard safety training and adequate resources. Conclusion: Adopting OHS as a human right is beneficial for the workforce but requires investments from employers to comply. The Ministry of Labor and Employment in Nigeria should ensure that all accidents are reported and recorded to build a useful database. Improving OHS in Nigeria necessitates compliance, training, and access to resources. Accurate data is crucial to develop effective solutions for workplace accidents.

Thermal systems play a main role in many industrial sectors. This study is an elucidation of the utilization of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in the modelling of thermal systems. The focus is on various heat transfer applications like steady and dynamic thermal problems, heat exchangers, gas-solid fluidized beds, and others. Solving problems related to thermal systems using a traditional or classical approach often results to near feasible solutions. As a result of the stochastic nature of datasets, using the classical models to advance exclusive designs from the experimental dataset is often a function of trial and error. Conventional correlations or fundamental equations will not proffer satisfactory solutions as they are in most cases suitable and applicable to the problems from where they are generated. A preferable option is the application of computational intelligence techniques focused on the artificial neural network model with different structures and configurations for effective analysis of the experimental dataset. The main aim of current study is to review research work related to artificial neural network techniques and the contemporary improvements in the use of these modelling techniques, its up-and-coming application in addressing variability of heat transfer problems. Published research works presented in this paper, show that problems solved using the ANN model with regression analysis produced good solutions. Limitations of the classical and computational intelligence models have been exposed and recommendations have been made which focused on creative algorithms and hybrid models for future modelling of thermal systems.

This research focused on the impact of research- and assessment-based instruction on senior high school students’ achievement in selected chemistry topics. A 3 × 2 × 2 pre-test and post-test control group in a quasi-experimental research design was used on a population of Grade 11 chemistry students in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos state. Two schools (one public and one private) were randomly assigned to each of the treatments. A sample of 240 chemistry students was used. Three research questions were answered and five hypotheses were tested. The reliability coefficient of the “Chemistry achievement test” was found to be 0.770 using the Kuder–Richardson Formula 20. Research-based, assessment-based, and conventional instruction manuals were also developed. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance. It was found that the impact of assessment- and research-based instruction on senior high school students’ achievement in the selected topics was significant (F (2,227) = 49.214, p < 0.050). It was also found that the students exposed to the assessment-based instructional mode had a higher achievement than those in the research-based and conventional groups. Male chemistry students were found to benefit more than the female students after being exposed to research- and assessment-based instructional modes. It is, therefore, recommended that assessment- and research-based instructional modes be used to teach the selected chemistry topics to enhance effective learning.