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The complexity of a sustainable economy is rooted in its socio-economic and environmental intricacies, particularly in formulating pathways for the harmonious integration of these parameters. This study introduces an extended input-output analysis and a multi-objective optimisation framework designed to discern trajectories for reducing CO2 emissions while simultaneously maximising GDP and employment. The economic alterations are evaluated through metrics facilitating the examination of both direct and indirect consequences stemming from perturbations within the economy. The focus of this research centres on the French economy, concentrating on pivotal sectors where reducing demand could yield the greatest reduction in CO2 emissions with minimal socio-economic ramifications. Additionally, a model is outlined for energy substitution, wherein fossil fuels in the French electricity mix are supplanted with clean energies. The ensuing effects of such a model on emission reduction pathways are scrutinised, followed by a comparison with the baseline case study.

Abstract Background There is strong evidence showing the association between obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and knee pain resulting from osteoarthritis. Regular exercise has been reported as a foundational piece of the preventive therapy puzzle for knee osteoarthritis (KOA) patients. Nonetheless, evidence-based exercise protocols for people with comorbidities, such as obesity, T2DM, and KOA are limited. Therefore, the present trial aimed to assess the effectiveness of a 12-week home-based circuit training (HBCT) protocol on various indices related to cardiometabolic health, musculoskeletal fitness, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among overweight/obese older adult patients with KOA and T2DM during the COVID-19 lockdown. Methods This is a randomized controlled trial study registered at the National Medical Research Register (ID: RSCH ID-21-01180-KGTNMRR ID-21-02367-FUM) and obtained approval on December 9, 2021. Seventy overweight or obese patients with KOA and T2DM (62.2 ± 6.1 years; 56% female) were randomly assigned to the intervention group (n = 35, HBCT) or the no-exercise control group (n = 35, CON). HBCT performed a 12-week progressive protocol (seven exercises; 15–30 repetitions per exercise, 1 min passive rest between exercises; 2–4 rounds per session; 20–60 min total session duration). Blood samples were collected, and assays were performed to assess the lipid profile, liver function, and fasting blood glucose (FBG). In addition, the 30-s Chair Stand Test (30CST) was used to evaluate lower body muscular strength and endurance while the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test was used to evaluate lower limb function, mobility, and the risk of falls for all the participants. HRQoL was assessed using the Osteoarthritis Knee and Hip Quality of Life (OAKHQoL). All the assessments were conducted at pre-, mid-, and post-training stages during the application or practice of the exercise protocol, rather than during the training sessions themselves. Results HBCT significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, FBG and knee pain (p

Este estudio, realizado en 2022, aborda la asignación de valores en la autoevaluación de posgrados, específicamente, en la Maestría en Salud Integral y Movimiento Humano (MSIMH) de la Universidad Nacional, con base en el Manual Oficial de Acreditación de carreras de Posgrado del Sistema Nacional de Acreditación (SINAES). Se destaca la importancia de realizar esta labor de manera sistemática y organizada, con un fundamento claro, para lograr un análisis objetivo de los aspectos que aseguran la calidad de la carrera. Además, se involucran diferentes agentes en el proceso de autoevaluación, incluyendo responsables, personal administrativo, docentes, estudiantes y tutores. Los resultados revelan que las dimensiones "Recursos" y "Proceso Educativo" son centrales, con una atención especial en los componentes "Infraestructura", "Investigación" y "Personal académico". Aunque componentes como el plan de estudio y la metodología de enseñanza y aprendizaje son relevantes, también se resalta la importancia de la gestión académica y financiera para el desarrollo y sostenibilidad de la carrera. En futuras investigaciones, se recomienda contrastar los resultados de la ponderación con los hallazgos de la autoevaluación de la MSIMH para identificar fortalezas y áreas de mejora en relación con los valores ponderados establecidos. En resumen, este estudio destaca la importancia de asignar valores adecuados en la autoevaluación de posgrados y promueve la participación de múltiples actores en este proceso. Por lo tanto, este documento sirve como guía para nuevos procesos de asignación de valores en este tipo de acreditaciones.

Sweat rate magnitude is a desired outcome for any wearable sensing patch dedicated to sweat analysis. Indeed, sweat rate values can be used two-fold: self-diagnosis of dehydration and correction/normalization of other physiological metrics, such as Borg scale, VO2, and different chemical species concentrations. Herein, a reliable sweat rate belt device for sweat rate monitoring was developed. The device measures sweat rates in the range from 1.0 to 5.0 µL min−1 (2 to 10 µL min−1 cm−2), which covers typical values for humans. The working mechanism is based on a new direct current (DC) step protocol activating a series of differential resistance measurements (spatially separated by 800 µm) that is gradually initiated by the action of sweat, which flows along a customized microfluidic track (~600 µm in width, 10 mm in length, and 235 µm in thickness). The device has a volumetric capacity of ~16 µL and an acquisition frequency between 0.010 and 0.043 Hz within the measured sweat rate range. Importantly, instead of using a typical and rather complex AC signal interrogation and acquisition, we put forward the DC approach, offering several benefits, such as simplified circuit design for easier fabrication and lower costs, as well as reduced power consumption and suitability for wearable applications. For the validation, either the commercial sweat collector (colorimetric) or the developed device was performed. In five on-body tests, an acceptable variation of ca. 10% was obtained. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of the DC-based device for the monitoring of sweat rate and also its potential for implementation in any wearable sweat platform.

Background Structured aerobic or resistance training alone seems to be a beneficial tool for improving glucose homeostasis, chronic systemic inflammation, resting cardiovascular function, and mental health in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of the present study was to synthesize the available data on the effectiveness of combined aerobic and resistance training (CART) on glycemic control, blood pressure, inflammation, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and quality of life (QoL) in overweight and obese individuals with T2DM. Methods A database search was carried out in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar from inception up to May 2023. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess eligible studies, and the GRADE method to evaluate the reliability of evidence. A random-effects model was used, and data were analyzed using standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals. The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (ID: CRD42022355612). Results A total of 21,612 studies were retrieved; 20 studies were included, and data were extracted from 1,192 participants (mean age: 57 ± 7 years) who met the eligibility criteria. CART demonstrated significant improvements in body mass index, glycated hemoglobin, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, CRF, and QoL compared to ST. These findings highlight the significance of exercise interventions such as CART as essential elements within comprehensive diabetes management strategies, ultimately enhancing overall health outcomes in individuals with T2DM and overweight/obesity.No differences were found in resting heart rate between CART and ST. An uncertain risk of bias and poor quality of evidence were found among the eligible studies. Conclusion These outcomes show clear evidence considering the positive role of CART in inducing beneficial changes in various cardiometabolic and mental health-related indicators in patients with T2DM and concurrent overweight/obesity. More studies with robust methodological design are warranted to examine the dose-response relationship, training parameters configuration, and mechanisms behind these positive adaptations.

The study aimed to develop a microencapsulated probiotic (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum) delivery method, cryoprotected by chitosan-inulin complex microcapsules and freeze-dried to obtain maximum cell viability. Probiotic viability was assessed using simulated gastrointestinal conditions and storage at different temperatures. The L. plantarum microcapsules were developed using a Box-Behnken experimental design with varied concentrations of CaCl2, chitosan, and Inulin as an encapsulant agents. In addition, the current study used the response surface approach to explore the influence of various formulations and storage capsulate viabilities to verify an optimized L plantarum formulation. Under optimum conditions, small microbeads with the highest cell encapsulation efficiency were produced and the highest cell viability (68.33 %) was obtained. The results showed that the intelligent microcapsule of L. plantarum with SM significantly increased the viability of cells (p

Sampling frequency of microsensors that measure the position of the players in team sports is a variable that could affect the accuracy of the measurement. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of the sampling frequency on the measurement of a collective tactical behaviour variable: the total area (TA). Sixteen young U16 male soccer players participated in the study. They carried out three controlled tasks. Tactical variable was measured by a radio ultra-wide band technology (IMU; WIMU PROTM, RealTrack Systems, Almeria, Spain). For TA different sampling frequencies were applied (i.e. 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 4 Hz and 10 Hz). Trivial differences (p 0.05) were found between the TA values across the different amounts of inserted data per second across Task 1 (ES= 0.04-0.08), Task 2 (ES= 0.01-0.09) and Task 3 (ES= -0.03-0.04). Also High to perfect ICCs (0.91-1) and linear correlations (r= 0.961-1; p 0.01) were found among the TA values obtained through all sampling frequencies. The sampling frequency (i.e. 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 4 Hz and 10 Hz) does not affect the measurement of total area during tactical behaviour analysis but does significantly affect the change in centroid position measurement. Thus, it is recommended the use of 1 Hz to measure TA, but further studies should analyse the impact of lower than 1 Hz and greater than 10 Hz sampling frequencies to measure this collective tactical behavior.

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Este manuscrito proporciona un análisis completo de dos décadas del estudio de las Ciencia del Movimiento Humano (CMH) en Costa Rica, enfatizando la notable expansión y avance del campo en ese periodo. Con el fin de mejorar el rendimiento deportivo, evitar lesiones, tratar enfermedades y fomentar el ejercicio físico, personas investigadoras en Costa Rica han desarrollado análisis profundos, desde la mecánica básica del movimiento humano hasta la creación de métodos y tecnología novedosos para hacerlo. El artículo, también, analiza el potencial de Costa Rica para convertirse en un líder en el campo de la investigación de la ciencia del movimiento humano en la región, su futuro crecimiento y su desarrollo. Con el fin de estimular la innovación y mejorar los resultados de esta investigación, el autor reflexiona sobre la importancia de la colaboración con especialistas de todo el mundo, así como el requisito de una inversión continua en investigación y desarrollo. La sección de retos futuros entrega claves para mantener el crecimiento exponencial de los últimos años, y evolucionar en temas como la participación de la mujer en el área, la renovación permanente de los planes de estudio y la incorporación de ejes transversales de sistematización e investigación en los procesos universitarios y laborales. Al final, esta investigación ofrece un camino para el desarrollo de la ciencia del movimiento humano en Costa Rica, con el potencial de avanzar significativamente en el esfuerzo mundial para mejorar el movimiento, el rendimiento y la salud humanos.

Background: Emerging evidence suggests that the outcomes of hypoxia training may be influenced by various factors, contingent upon the chosen method, such as chamber, tent, or mask. This study aimed to examine how different training methods influence the effects of Repeated Sprints in Hypoxia (RSH) training. Methods: Sixteen well-trained cyclists were divided into two groups, experimental (tent; n = 8) and control (mask; n = 8), and carried out eight RSH sessions for four weeks. Training sessions consisted of three bouts of high-intensity sprints using a cycle ergometer. The indoor ambient conditions (CO2, temperature, and humidity), performance variables (power and relative power output), arterial oxygen saturation, local muscle oxygen of vastus lateralis, heart rate, core temperature, and physiological variables (perception of effort) were measured in each training session. Results: The experimental group reported significantly higher CO2 (p < 0.001 ES = 0.784), humidity levels (p < 0.001 ES = 0.750), thermal discomfort (p = 0.003 ES = 0.266), dehydration (p 0.025 ES = 0.097), heart rate (p = 0.017 ES = 0.113), and lower muscle oxygen amplification (p = 0.002 ES = 0.181) than the control group. Conclusion: According to the responses observed, interval training performed under hypoxic conditions inside a chamber induces a more severe physiological response.

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of CWI and passive recovery on indicators of fatigue in handball players after three consecutive days of competition. The study was applied to 41 handball players belonging to 8 handball clubs in Costa Rica (20 men and 21 women; 20.1 ± 4.08 years; weight, 68.03 ± 13.13 kg; VO2max= 42.40 ± 5.31 ml / kg / min). Four teams were selected and randomly assigned one of the two post-game treatments, one group received immersion and another passive rest, it was developed during a handball tournament of three consecutive days on a 20x40m field. Each team played one game per day with two periods of 30 min. No significant differences were found in tensiomyography, CMJ, DOMS, TQR and CK between the treatment group and the recovery group. It is concluded that CWI seems to be more effective than PR in variables such as DOMS and in Recovery Perception and the combination of different recovery methods should be analyzed in future research to better understand which the best strategies are to accelerate recovery of athletes during competitions

El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar los indicadores de carga externa e interna en balonmano juvenil durante un torneo congestionado en Costa Rica, seleccionando variables a través de Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) como técnica de reducción de datos, y determinar si existen diferencias entre sexo. Los datos se obtuvieron de 73 jugadores juveniles de balonmano (33 mujeres y 38 hombres) de ocho clubes locales durante un torneo de partidos congestionados de 3 días. Se analizaron doce partidos (seis masculinos y seis femeninos) utilizando ACP y una prueba t-Student independiente para las diferencias relacionadas entre sexos. Se identificaron seis indicadores principales de carga, cinco de carga externa [distancia relativa (DR); cantidad de aceleraciones (AceR), aceleración máxima (AceMáx), velocidad máxima (VMáx), y diferencia entre aceleraciones y deceleraciones (DfAce-Dec)] y uno de carga interna [frecuencia cardíaca media (FCmedia)]. En hombres, los indicadores más representativos fueron la DR, la FCmedia y AceMáx, explicaron el 39,6% de la varianza. En mujeres fueron la VMáx y AceMáx explicando el 44,4% de la varianza. AceR (p< 0,01), AceMáx (p< 0,01), VMáx (p< 0,01) fueron mayores en hombres respecto a las mujeres. Mientras que la FCmedia (p= 0,02) fue mayor en mujeres que hombres. Se concluye que la carga externa e interna mostró diferencias entre jugadores masculinos y femeninos. Hombres caracterizados por variables asociadas con el volumen, mientras que, para las mujeres fueron más comunes indicadores relacionados con la intensidad. Para torneos congestionados, es importante individualizar según sexo las cargas de entrenamiento, así como priorizar las cualidades físicas a entrenar.

This manuscript provides a thorough analysis of the two-decade study of human movement science in Costa Rica, emphasizing the noteworthy expansion and advancement of the field. To enhance athletic performance, avoid injuries, treat diseases, and encourage physical exercise, researchers in Costa Rica have developed in-depth analyses, from the basic mechanics of human movement to the development of novel methods and technologies to do so. This article also looks at the potential for Costa Rica to become a leader in the field of human movement science research in the region, as well as its future growth and development. To spur innovation and enhance the outcomes of this research, the author discusses the significance of collaboration with specialists from across the world as well as the requirement for ongoing investment in research and development. The future challenges section provides keys to maintaining the exponential growth of recent years to foster development in issues such as the participation of women in the area, the permanent renewal of study plans, and the incorporation of cross-cutting axes of systematization and research in academic and labour processes. Finally, this study offers a path for the development of human movement science research in Costa Rica, with the potential to significantly move forward in the worldwide endeavour to enhance human movement, performance, and health.

The study aimed to calculate training intensity and load using muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) during two differentiated physical tasks. 29 university athletes participated in a 40-m Maximal Shuttle Run Test (MST, 10 × 40-m with 30 s recovery between sprints) and a 3000-m time trial run. Distance and time were used to calculate external load (EL). Internal load indicators were calculated based on percentage of maximum heart rate (%HRMAX) and SmO2 variables: muscle oxygen extraction (∇%SmO2) and the cardio-muscle oxygen index (CMOI) was also provided by relating ∇%SmO2 ÷ %HRMAX, and the training load were calculated as the product of speed (m/min × IL) and the efficiency index [Effindex (m/min ÷ IL)]. A student t test was applied based on Bayesian factor analysis. As expected, EL differed in the 40-m MST (331 ± 22.8) vs. 3000-m trials (222 ± 56.8) [BF10 = 6.25e+6; p = 10 = 1.70; p = 0.039]. Training load was greater in 40-m MST (85.77 ± 27.40) vs. 3000-m (15.55 ± 6.77) [(m/min × ∇%SmO2): BF10 = 12.5; p = 0.003] and 40-m MST (129.27 ± 49.44) vs. 3000-m (70.63 ± 32.98) [(m/min × CMOI): BF10 = 169.6; p = index was higher in 40-m MST (10.19 ± 4.17) vs. 3000-m (6.06 ± 2.21) [(m/min × ∇%SmO2): BF10 = 137.03; p = 10 = 1.86; p = 0.035]. This study demonstrates calculations of training intensity and load based on SmO2 as an internal load indicator along with speed as an external load indicator during two differentiated exercises.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir un perfil antropométrico, aeróbico y de potencia muscular de basquetbolistas juveniles costarricenses según sexo, posiciones de juego y categoría de edad. Se evaluaron 99 jugadores juveniles (43 mujeres y 56 hombres; 18 bases, 51 aleros y 30 pívots; 42 categoría U16 y 57 categoría U18) de ocho equipos diferentes. La experiencia deportiva de los jugadores fue de 6.5 ± 3.1 años. Se realizaron las siguientes evaluaciones: altura, peso, índice de masa corporal, masa músculo-esquelética, porcentaje de grasa, prueba de contramovimiento (CMJ) y prueba de Yo-Yo de Recuperación Intermitente Nivel I. Los principales resultados mostraron valores significativamente mayores en hombres que en mujeres en peso, talla, masa músculo-esquelética, distancia recorrida en la prueba Yo-Yo, en el VO2max, altura en el CMJ y en el tiempo de vuelo. El porcentaje de grasa fue mayor en mujeres que en hombres. Los jugadores pívots presentaron significativamente mayor estatura, peso corporal y porcentaje degrasa que las otras posiciones de juego. Los bases y los aleros cubrieron más metros en la prueba Yo-Yo y tuvieron mayor VO2máx que los pívots. Entre las categorías U16 y U18 no se encontraron diferencias significativas en ninguna variable. Modelos de regresión mostraron la influencia del peso, porcentaje de grasa corporal, masa músculo esquelética y la edad sobre el VO2máx y CMJ. Como conclusión, según el sexo y las posiciones de juego de los jugadores, estos indicadores variaron. Además, esta información será útil para procesos de promoción, desarrollo y diseño de entrenamientos de baloncesto juvenil en Costa Rica.

En esta sección se publican los resúmenes en español de artículos que han sido publicados por investigadoras/es de universidades costarricenses en otras revistas en el mundo, con su debida referencia al trabajo original, y con una breve explicación de dónde se realizó la investigación.

An increase in the delivery and use of oxygen to the musculature in physically active subjects are determinants of improving health-related aerobic capacity. Additional health benefits, such as an increase in the muscle mass and a decrease in fat mass, principally in the legs, could be achieved with weekly global physical activity levels of more than 300 min. The objective was to compare the muscle vascular and metabolic profiles of physically very active and inactive subjects. Twenty healthy men participated in the study; ten were assigned to the physically very active group (25.5 ± 4.2 years; 72.7 ± 8.1 kg; 173.7 ± 7.6 cm) and ten to the physically inactive group (30.0 ± 7.4 years; 74.9 ± 11.8 kg; 173.0 ± 6.4 cm). The level of physical activity was determined by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). A resting vascular occlusion test (5 min of an ischemic phase and 3 min of a reperfusion phase) was used, whereas a near-field infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device was used to evaluate the muscle oxygenation in the right vastus lateralis of the quadriceps muscle. The area under the curve of the deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) during the ischemic phase and above the curve of the tissue saturation index (TSI) during the reperfusion phase were obtained to determine muscle metabolic and vascular responses, respectively. Physically very active group showed a higher absolute HHb (3331.9 ± 995.7 vs. 6182.7 ± 1632.5 mmol/s) and lower TSI (7615.0 ± 1111.9 vs. 5420.0 ± 781.4 %/s) and relative to body weight (46.3 ± 14.6 vs. 84.4 ± 27.1 mmol/s/kg and 106.0 ± 20.6 vs. 73.6 ± 13.8 %/s/kg, respectively), muscle mass (369.9 ± 122.2 vs. 707.5 ± 225.8 mmol/kg and 829.7 ± 163.4 vs. 611.9 ± 154.2 %/s/kg) and fat mass (1760.8 ± 522.9 vs. 2981.0 ± 1239.9 mmol/s/kg and 4160.0 ± 1257.3 vs. ±2638.4 ± 994.3 %/s/kg, respectively) than physically inactive subjects. A negative correlation was observed between HHb levels and TSI (r = −0.6; p < 0.05). Physically very active men (>300 min/week) present better muscle oxidative metabolism and perfusion and perform significantly more physical activity than physically inactive subjects. Extra benefits for vascular health and muscle oxidative metabolism are achieved when a subject becomes physically very active, as recommended by the World Health Organization. In addition, a higher level of physical activity determined by GPAQ is related to better vascular function and oxidative metabolism of the main locomotor musculature, i.e., the quadriceps.

The purpose of this study was to describe an anthropometric, aerobic and muscle power profile of young Costa Rican basketball players according to sex, play positions and age. The assessment was carried outa on 99 young players (43 women and 56 men; 18 guards, 51 forwards and 30 centers; 42 in the U16 category and 57 in the U18 category) from eight different teams. The sports experience of the players was 6.5 ± 3.1 years. The following parameters were assessed: height, weight, body mass index, skeletal muscle mass and body fat percentage, countermovement test (CMJ) and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level I. The main results showed significantly higher values in men than in women in terms of weight, height, skeletal muscle mass, distance covered in the yo-yo test, VO2max, height in CMJ and in flight time. Body fat percentage was higher in women than in men. Centers showed significantly higher height, weight and body fat percentage than other play positions. Guards and forwards covered more meters in the yo-yo test and showed higher VO2max than centers. No significant differences were found between the U16 and U18 categories in any variable. Regression models showed the influence of weight, body fat percentage, skeletal muscle mass and age on VO2max and CMJ. In conclusion, these indicators varied according to the sex and play position of the players. Additionally, this information will be useful for processes of promotion, development and training design of youth basketball in Costa Rica.

The aim was to describe the prevalence, clinical manifestations, and associated factors of long-COVID. Bibliographic research of systematic reviews and meta-analyses was carried out in MEDLINE (through PubMed) until April 7th, 2022. 37 articles were found and 3 were included. Evidence quality was assessed via AMSTAR 2 criteria. Long-COVID prevalence is 43% (IC95%: 39% – 46%). Main clinical manifestations were weakness (41% [IC95%: 25% – 59%]), malaise (33% [IC95%: 15% – 57%]), fatigue (31% [IC95%: 24% – 39%]), concentration impairment (26% [IC95%: 21% – 32%]), and breathlessness (25% [IC95%: 18% – 34%]). Factors associated with long COVID were female sex, initial disease severity, age, and presence of comorbidities.

This study aimed to identify the most important variables of male and female beach handball workload demands and compare them by sex. A total of 92 elite Brazilian beach handball players (54 male: age 22.1±2.6 years, height 1.8±0.5 m, weight 77.6±13.4 kg; and 38 female: age 24.4±5.5 years, height 1.7±0.5 m, weight 67.5 ± 6.5 kg) were analyzed in 24 official matches during a four-day congested tournament. From 250 variables measured by the inertial measurement unit, fourteen were extracted for analysis using Principal Component Analysis as selection criteria. Five Principal Components (PC) were extracted that explained 81.2–82.8% of total variance (overview of workload demands during beach handball). Specifically, 36.2–39.3% was explained by PC1 (DistanceExpl, Distance, Distance4–7km/h, and Acc), 15–18% by PC2 (AccMax, Acc3–4m/s, Dec4–3m/s), 10.7–12.9% by PC3 (JumpsAvg Take-Off, JumpsAvg Landing and PLRT), 8–9.4% by PC4 (Distance > 18.1km/h, SpeedMax), and 6.7–7.7% by PC5 (HRAvg and Step Balance). Sex-related differences were found in the PC distribution of variables, as well as in selected variables(HRAvg,Dec4–3m/s, Acc3–4m/s, JumpsAvg Take-Off, JumpsAvg Landing, AccMax, Distance, Distance4–7km/h, Acc, SpeedMax) with higher values in male players (p < .05). In conclusion, the sex-related PC distribution and workload demands in beach handball should consider for training design and injury prevention programs.

This study aimed to compare physical and physiological demands in youth basketball players according to gender, playing positions, and match outcomes. 64 players (32 female and 32 male) from eight youth sub-elite basketball teams were monitored using an Ultra-Wide Band system and inertial measurement unit in three consecutive matches. The results showed some significant differences, although with magnitudes qualified as small. When the teams won, the guards covered a greater distance at 0-6 km/h than when they lost. When teams lost, the centers covered more distance at 12-18 km/h and 18-21 km/h. The winning female teams presented a lower maximal heart rate (HRmax) compared to the losing teams. The forwards of the winning teams performed greater efforts at 70-80% HRmax, while the forwards of losing teams performed more efforts at 90-95% HRmax. The greatest number of accelerations and decelerations were performed by the female guards and the male forwards. The number of jumps was higher in the male guards and forwards than in the female ones. HRmax was higher in the forwards of the female teams. Efforts at 80%-90% HRmax were higher in male centers. When the female teams won, they had a lower HRmax than when they lost. When efforts exceed 90% of HRmax the teams lost. In conclusion, despite the differences found, the effect of these contextual variables on physical and physiological demands is unclear. Nevertheless, knowing the game's requirements can help the design of training that enhances the performance of youth basketball players.

Introduction and Objectives: Budd-Chiari syndrome is defined as the obstruction of the hepatic venous flow. In Colombia, there is limited evidence regarding the characterization of these patients. This study aims to describe the clinical features, management, and survival of these patients in a Colombian hepatology reference center. This study aimed to describe the clinical features, management, and survival of patients diagnosed with Budd-Chiari Syndrome at a Colombian Hospital from 2010 to 2021. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive longitudinal study of a cohort of patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Adult patients diagnosed with Budd-Chiari Syndrome were included. A descriptive analysis of the data was carried out. Results: A total of 31 patients diagnosed with Budd-Chiari syndrome were included. 58.1% (n=18) were women. The median age was 27 years [interquartile range (IQR) 23-27]. Ascites was the main clinical manifestation (87.1%, n=27). At the time diagnosis was made, 48.4% (n=15) were cirrhotic. Acquired thrombophilia was the main prothrombotic risk factor (48.4%, n=15), with the antiphospholipid syndrome as the most frequent cause (73.3%). The principal location of the outflow obstruction was in the hepatic veins (73.3%, n=22). 48.3% (n=14) had a Class II Rotterdam score (intermediate prognosis). 80.6% (n=25) were on anticoagulation. A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) was placed in 6 patients (19.4%), and five patients received liver transplants (16.1%). 25.8% (n=8) died. The median time from diagnosis to death was 337.1 days [interquartile range (IQR) 46.5-647.5]. Conclusions: Budd-Chiari syndrome is an infrequent disease poorly described in Colombia. This study shows that this population has similar risk factors, clinical features, and mortality as it is described in other cohorts.

Introduction and Objectives: Liver transplant patients require a vast and complex evaluation prior to transplant surgery. Hemodynamic evaluation by Doppler echocardiography is important in the identification of systolic/diastolic alterations as a predictor of post-liver transplant outcomes, from cardiovascular alterations to graft dysfunction and mortality. This study aimed to describe the relationship between the hemodynamic variables evaluated by Doppler echocardiography and post-transplant liver outcomes in patients diagnosed with cirrhosis at LaCardio hospital. We describe the demographic variables of our cohort and outcomes such as mortality, acute kidney injury, need for dialysis and hospital admission for acute heart failure in the post-transplant period up to one year of follow-up. Materials and Methods: Retrospective cohort study. Patient with liver transplant at LaCardio hospital, in Bogotá, Colombia, between January 2005 and July 2021. Analysis of sociodemographic variables, comorbidities, echocardiography and intraoperative variables, with primary outcomes such as early graft dysfunction, acute kidney injury and intraoperative mortality. A classification and regression tree (CART) was performed. Results: 397 patients were analyzed, with 54.4% men. The median of age was 56 years and the most common etiology of cirrhosis was alcoholic. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (54%) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (24%). In 71% of patients, there was some degree of diastolic dysfunction and left ventricular hypertrophy (30.9%). The presence of graft dysfunction was present in up to 8% of patients and was associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) in 21%, requirement of multiple transfusions during surgery and renal replacement therapy with a mortality of 15% during study follow-up. In the CART model for mortality and graft dysfunction outcomes, it was related to the presence of BMI

In mathematical epidemiology, it is usual to implement compartmental models to study the transmission of diseases, allowing comprehension of the outbreak dynamics. Thus, it is necessary to identify the natural history of the disease and to establish promissory relations between the structure of a mathematical model, as well as its parameters, with control-related strategies (real interventions) and relevant socio-cultural behaviors. However, we identified gaps between the model creation and its implementation for the use of decision-makers for policy design. We aim to cover these gaps by proposing a discrete mathematical model with parameters having intuitive meaning to be implemented to help decision-makers in control policy design. The model considers novel contagion probabilities, quarantine, and diffusion processes to represent the recovery and mortality dynamics. We applied mathematical model for COVID-19 to Colombia and some of its localities; moreover, the model structure could be adapted for other diseases. Subsequently, we implemented it on a web platform (MathCOVID) for the usage of decision-makers to simulate the effect of policies such as lock-downs, social distancing, identification in the contagion network, and connectivity among populations. Furthermore, it was possible to assess the effects of migration and vaccination strategies as time-dependent inputs. Finally, the platform was capable of simulating the effects of applying one or more policies simultaneously.

Background Mining deposits often contain high levels of toxic elements such as mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As) representing strong environmental hazards. The purpose of this study was the isolation for plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPBs) that can improve phytoremediation of such mine waste deposits. Methods We isolated native soil bacteria from the rhizosphere of plants of mine waste deposits and agricultural land that was previously mine tailings from Tlalpujahua Michoacán, Mexico, and were identified by their fatty acid profile according to the MIDI Sherlock system. Plant growth promoting traits of all bacterial isolates were examined including production of 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA), siderophores, biofilm formation, and phosphate solubilization. Finally, the response of selected bacteria to mercury and arsenic was examined an in-vitro assay. Results A total 99 bacterial strains were isolated and 48 identified, representing 34 species belonging to 23 genera. Sixty six percent of the isolates produced IAA of which Pseudomonas fluorescens TL97 produced the most. Herbaspirillum huttiense TL36 performed best in terms of phosphate solubilization and production of siderophores. In terms of biofilm formation, Bacillus atrophaeus TL76 was the best. Discussion Most of the bacteria isolates showed high level of tolerance to the arsenic (as HAsNa2O4 and AsNaO2), whereas most isolates were susceptible to HgCl2. Three of the selected bacteria with PGP traits Herbispirillum huttiense TL36, Klebsiella oxytoca TL49 and Rhizobium radiobacter TL52 were also tolerant to high concentrations of mercury chloride, this might could be used for restoring or phytoremediating the adverse environmental conditions present in mine waste deposits.

The aim of this study was to analyse the muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) dynamics during a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) protocol (8 sprints x 20 meters, 20 s recovery) using near-infrared spectroscopy. Twenty-five footballers were grouped according to the levels of body-fat percentage (level 1: 11.6%) from the Spanish third division participated. During RSA, energy cost (EC), metabolic power (MP), speed and total time as external load were measured. Desaturation and resaturation rates and muscular oxygen extraction (▽% SmO2) of the gastrocnemius muscle, along with heart rate (HR) were used as indicators of internal load. ▽% SmO2 was identified as the most sensitive variable to detect the minimal change during RSA. Footballers with a lower fat percentage (level 1) achieved a higher ▽% SmO2 after the 4th sprint (Δ= –13; p= 0.001) and (Δ= 9.6; p= 0.017) vs level 2 and level 3, respectively. SmO2 was related to EC (r2= 0.57 p= 0.005), MP (r2= 0.61 p= 0.003), speed (r2= 0.59 p= 0.004) and total time (r2= 0.59 p= 0.004). Therefore, SmO2 was a better indicator of internal load than HR during RSA. The ▽% SmO2 can be used as a parameter to explore potential differences in footballers' RSA performance. Besides, we highlighted the relevance of measuring the body-fat percentage, since it is a variable that affects performance by disturbing ▽% SmO2, altering the ability to resist repeated high-speed bouts (sprints), a critical variable in football.

Physical activity has been demonstrated to have a significant impact on gut microbial diversity and function. Emerging research has revealed certain aspects of the complex interactions between the gut, exercise, microbiota, and neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting that changes in gut microbial diversity and metabolic function may have an impact on the onset and progression of neurological conditions. This study aimed to review the current literature from several databases until 1 June 2023 (PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) on the interplay between the gut, physical exercise, microbiota, and neurodegeneration. We summarized the roles of exercise and gut microbiota on neurodegeneration and identified the ways in which these are all connected. The gut–brain axis is a complex and multifaceted network that has gained considerable attention in recent years. Research indicates that gut microbiota plays vital roles in metabolic shifts during physiological or pathophysiological conditions in neurodegenerative diseases; therefore, they are closely related to maintaining overall health and well-being. Similarly, exercise has shown positive effects on brain health and cognitive function, which may reduce/delay the onset of severe neurological disorders. Exercise has been associated with various neurochemical changes, including alterations in cortisol levels, increased production of endorphins, endocannabinoids like anandamide, as well as higher levels of serotonin and dopamine. These changes have been linked to mood improvements, enhanced sleep quality, better motor control, and cognitive enhancements resulting from exercise-induced effects. However, further clinical research is necessary to evaluate changes in bacteria taxa along with age- and sex-based differences.

Pesticides are chemicals used in agricultural fields for the prevention or destruction of pests. Inappropriate use of these substances, as well as handling them without using personal protective equipment, may result in serious health problems such as neurodegenerative diseases and mental disorders. Previous studies have demonstrated the adverse effects of pesticides on brain function. However, some researchers have associated pesticide poisoning with the development of disorders such as dissociative amnesia, multiple personality disorders, and depersonalization disorder. The objective of this work was to perform a bibliographic review of the relationship between pesticide poisoning and the development of dissociative disorders. Previous studies suggest that the duration of pesticide exposure is a major determinant in the development of dissociative diseases and disorders. The information obtained in this review suggests that there is no specific relationship between dissociative disorders and pesticide poisoning. However, these results point to associating the most representative symptoms of dissociative disorder (such as amnesia and memory loss) with pesticide exposure. Based on the bibliographic search, possible mechanisms of action were suggested in an attempt to explain a possible association between exposure to pesticides and the appearance of dissociative disorders.

Objetivo: Identificar la autoestima de los pacientes con onicomico-sis de la clínica de consulta externa Huixquilucan, ISSEMyM.Material y Métodos: Fue estudio descriptivo, transversal y obser-vacional, que se realizó en la clínica de Consulta Externa Huixquilu-can del 1° de agosto al 31 de septiembre de 2019. Se trató de una muestra a conveniencia de 100 derechohabientes con diagnóstico de onicomicosis; para determinar la autoestima se utilizó el cues-tionario de Rosemberg, previa autorización del comité de ética e investigación y el consentimiento informado del paciente. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa SPSS V22.Resultados: Se incluyeron 100 derechohabientes de 20 a 76 años con un promedio de 49 años; de estos 45% son hombres y 55% mujeres; el 78% presentó autoestima alta y de estos al 62% le ge-neró vergüenza padecer onicomicosis. Discusión: Este estudio no concordó con estudios realizados en Latinoamérica, donde sí se ve afectada la autoestima.Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes presentó autoestima alta a pesar de padecer onicomicosis.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the external and internal load of Costa Rican handball referees according to sex and game periods. Nine referees (6 men and 3 women) were monitored during U19 handball matches, using an ultra-wide band local positioning system (UWB) and WIMUPro™ inertial units (IMU). The results showed a total distance of 4566.54±494.02 m (46.95% at 0-6 km/h, 32.97% at 6-12 km/h, 18.11% at 12-18 km/h and 1.96% >18 km/h). 1298.34±151.42 m/s2 accelerations and 1297.73±152.09 m/s2 decelerations were performed. Maximal speed was 19.63±1.85 km/h and average speed was 4.80±0.34 km/h. Player LoadRT was 50.53±9.39 UA. Maximal and average heart rate was 170.59±18.20 bpm 143.06±16.94 bpm respectively. 60% of the efforts were 18 km/h, average speed, impacts at 3-5g and >5g, Player LoadRT, and energy expenditure decreased. In conclusion, sex does not seem to affect the external or internal load, while the game period influenced on the external load.

Entre 2017 y 2018, se realizaron experimentos de cultivo extensivo y perlicultura con la ostra perlera alada Panámica, Pteria sterna (Bivalvia: Pteriidae), en la costa de Los Órganos y Cabo Blanco (Piura, Perú). Se evaluaron tres objetivos simultáneos: eficiencia de colectores en la captación de semilla (sitios y profundidad), cría en dos tipos de artefacto (supervivencia y crecimiento) y ensayos de perlicultura por implante (Mabe) y cirugía (perla libre). Los resultados demostraron la factibilidad de impulsar el desarrollo comunitario de granjas perleras en la región.

The aim of this study was to assess the principal components (PC) of women’s field hockey players´ TL distinguishing by playing positions (i.e., back, midfielder, forward). Data were collected from sixteen players belonging to the Spanish National women’s field hockey team during 13 official matches from the European Championship, World Series, and Pre-Olympic tournament. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) grouped a total of 16 variables in five to six PC, explaining between 68.6 and 80% of the total variance. Different variables formed the PC that explain the player’s performance in different field positions. There were differences by positions in the distance covered at 21 to 24 km·h-1 (midfielders>forwards), decelerations from 5 to 4 m·s-2 (midfielders>forwards), and in maximum accelerations (midfielders>backs). Overall, strength and conditioning coaches should combine exercises which induce a high degree of aerobic endurance and power. However, some specification should be made by playing position: (1) defenders should perform training sessions with at least the same amount of volume as in the matches; (2) forwards should perform training efforts that ensure high repeated sprint ability; and (3) midfielders should perform a high training volume to develop high-intensity aerobic endurance, in combination with short-term efforts.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has not been used to assess the principal component (PC) of players´ external training loads (TL) in futsal. In addition, no previous study has analyzed the PC of players´ external TL depending on the half of the match in futsal. Thus, this study aimed to assess the PC of players´ external TL considering an entire official futsal match distinguishing by halves (1st and 2nd halves). Two teams of twelve amateur futsal players (Spanish 3rd division) participated in the final match of the futsal cup and external TL was quantified using eight antennas ultra-wideband technology. Through PCA statistical analysis, 10 variables formed the 10 PC. Specifically, three PC for the entire match, four for the 1st half, and three for the 2nd half were extracted. Considering the match as a whole, three PC explained the players´ external TL formed by eight variables: distance covered (m/min), distance covered at high speed running (m/min), distance covered at explosive speed (m/min), total accelerations (n/min), total decelerations between 2-1 m/s/s (n/min), distance covered at 24-50 km/h (m/min), total impacts between 8-100g (n/min) and Jumps performed (n/min). The PC variables differed between halves: a) in the 1st half 74.5% was explained by four PC composed of 8 variables in total, and b) in the 2nd half 67.6% was explained by three PC. The results suggest that the use of only one PC could potentially lead to an underestimation of the external TL demands in futsal matches. It seems that a combination of 3-4 PC from a total of 8 to 10 variables are required to explain senior amateur futsal official games. In addition, the match half should be considered to assess the external TL in team sports.

AbstractPrevious research has shown that the autonomic nervous system provides essential constraints over ongoing cognitive function. However, there is currently a relative lack of direct empirical evidence for how this interaction manifests in the brain at the macroscale level. Here, we examine the role of ascending arousal and attentional load on large-scale network dynamics by combining pupillometry, functional MRI, and graph theoretical analysis to analyze data from a visual motion-tracking task with a parametric load manipulation. We found that attentional load effects were observable in measures of pupil diameter and in a set of brain regions that parametrically modulated their BOLD activity and mesoscale network-level integration. In addition, the regional patterns of network reconfiguration were correlated with the spatial distribution of the α2a adrenergic receptor. Our results further solidify the relationship between ascending noradrenergic activity, large-scale network integration, and cognitive task performance.

Las prácticas científicas son un pilar en la formación de los profesionales de las Ciencias del Movimiento Humano (CMH), lo que acerca al estudiantado a la identificación y solución de problemas del contexto. Si bien las experiencias prácticas e investigativas son inherentes al proceso de mediación y formación pedagógica, un factor vinculado con este proceso es la elaboración del trabajo final de graduación (TFG). Gracias a los procesos de autoevaluación de las carreras, se ha identificado que el TFG es uno de los factores por los cuales la eficiencia terminal es cada vez menor. Esta problemática se ha subsanado, entre otras formas, con la utilización de modalidades como la prueba de grado, que requieren de menos tiempo y son muy puntuales en el mismo factor. Lo anterior si bien solventa en cierta medida la necesidad de aumentar las tasas de eficiencia terminal, no es considerado el mejor ejercicio académico para la identificación y resolución de problemas del contexto entorno a las CMH. En este sentido, urge resignificar el TFG como un proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los conocimientos, valores y habilidades vinculados al ejercicio de la profesión y no reducirlo a una tarea al final de la etapa educativa. Para ello, debe vincularse el TFG a las prácticas de los cursos, provocando una construcción gradual del proceso investigativo y, de esta forma, implementar planes de diseño, gestión y seguimiento de los TFG.

Rojas-Valverde, D., Fallas-Campos, A. & Alpízar-Alpízar, M. (2020). Esports in times of a global pandemic: opportunities and future challenges when transforming gaming into a sport in Costa Rica. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 18(2), 1-11. In response to the COVID-19 global pandemic, the world has undergone a series of drastic changes. Due to this, postponement and cancellation of multiple annual big sports events have been announced, giving way to new digital alternatives that follow government isolation provisions. eSports has shown to be a rapidly evolving alternative to maintain the sportsmanship and passion that sports bring to the general population. In Costa Rica, like everywhere else, this sport has seen accelerated growth with a high rate of evolution. In this regard, the country faces significant challenges to promote future eSports events, professional development, and the creation of an organizational structure for its optimal practice. This paper aims to analyze how the global pandemic exposes the need to direct the attention to digital sports alternatives such as eSport and the future challenges that Costa Rica will face to develop it in an effective and efficient way.

Although many studies on collective tactical behaviour have been published in the last decade, no study has revised and summarized the findings provided for futsal. The main aim of this systematic review was to identify and discuss the geometrical centre (GC), distance and area tactical variables used to assess team behaviour in futsal. In addition, it summarizes the findings on the tactical response during futsal competition and training. A systematic review of the relevant articles provided on futsal was carried out using seven electronic databases (SPORTDiscus, ProQuest, Cochrane Plus, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Web of Science) until September 25, 2019. From a total of 1,209 studies initially found, 12 were included in the qualitative synthesis. There were some trends in the analysis of positional data in futsal with the most relevant situations analysed being 1 vs 1 and 5 vs 4+Goalkeeper. The distances and angles between two points were the most assessed tactical variables. Five types of distance variables were used to assess collective tactical behaviour in futsal: GC-GC, GC-player, player-player, player-ball and player-space. Pressure (GC-GC) was greater in shots on goal than in tackles during professional futsal matches. Area variables were reduced to occupied space, exploration space and dominant area. Occupied space was measured only during competition while the dominant area was measured only during training sessions. The surface area and dominant regions were greater when players were attacking in comparison to when they were defending. In addition, two non-linear techniques (i.e. relative phase and entropy) were applied to analyse synchronisation and complexity and regularity or predictability. Defenders were highly synchronous, while attackers tried to break this coordination to achieve possibilities for action. Task constraints are suitable to induce different regularity patterns. This review is an opportunity to develop studies aimed at bridging the gap in collective tactical behaviour in futsal

Objetivo Evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de diferentes niveles de Musa sp. en la calidad nutricional y fermentativa de ensilajes de Morus alba Linn. Materiales y Métodos Se utilizó un diseño irrestricto completamente, con cuatro tratamientos: T1-100 % M. alba; T2-85 % M. alba: 25 % Musa sp.; T3-70 % M. alba: 30 % Musa sp. y T4-55 % M. alba: 45 % Musa sp. Los ensilajes se realizaron en bolsas plásticas de 5 kg durante 40 días. En el momento de la apertura se midieron las características bromatológicas de los ensilajes, así como los indicadores de fermentación. Se utilizó un análisis de varianza y se realizaron correlaciones entre todas las variables bromatológicas y los indicadores fermentativos. Resultados El contenido de materia seca disminuyó a razón de 2,4 % puntos porcentuales por cada incremento de Musa sp. en los diferentes tratamientos. La inclusión de 45 % de Musa sp. en la mezcla generó un crecimiento del 47,7 y 58,0 % en el contenido de carbohidratos no fibrosos y pectinas, respectivamente; que representó un 27 % de almidón y 1,1 megacalorías más de energía neta de lactancia por cada kilogramo de materia seca. Mientras, los contenidos de fibra neutro detergente y digestibilidad de la fibra neutro detergente se redujeron 22 y 23 %, respectivamente, al incluir 45 % de Musa sp. en la dieta. Además, hubo mejora en los indicadores fermentativos, ya que se incrementó el contenido de ácido láctico y se redujo el pH y el nitrógeno amoniacal en los ensilados. Conclusiones La inclusión de 0 y 15 % de Musa sp. en el ensilaje de M. alba presentó los valores más altos de proteína, ceniza y fibra, mientras que en los tratamientos de 30 y 45 % mejoró el proceso de conservación del forraje y se obtuvieron indicadores de fermentación favorables, así como reducción en la cantidad de fibra y aumento de los carbohidratos no fibrosos.

This study aimed to describe the worst-case scenarios (WCS) of professional soccer players by playing position in different durations and analyse WCS considering different contextual variables (match half, match location and match outcome). A longitudinal study was conducted in a professional soccer team. Data were collected from different WCS durations in the total distance (TD), high-speed running distance (HSRD), and sprinting distance (SPD). A mixed analysis of variance was performed to compare different WCS durations between playing positions and contextual variables, making pairwise comparisons by Bonferroni post hoc test. Positional differences were found for TD (p < 0.01, ωp 2 = 0.02), HSRD (p < 0.01, ωp 2 = 0.01) and SPD (p < 0.01, ωp 2 = 0.02). There was a significant interaction when comparing WCS by match half in TD (F = 6.1, p < 0.01, ωp 2 = 0.07) but no significant differences in HSRD (p = 0.403, ωp 2 = 0) or SPD (p = 0.376, ωp 2 = 0). A significant interaction was identified when comparing WCS by match location in TD (F = 51.5, p < 0.01, ωp 2 = 0.14), HSRD (F = 19.15, p < 0.01, ωp 2 = 0.05) and SPD (F = 8.95, p < 0.01, ωp 2 = 0.01) as well as WCS by match outcome in TD (F = 36.4, p < 0.01, ωp 2 = 0.08), HSRD (F = 13.6, p < 0.01, ωp 2 = 0.04) and SPD (F = 7.4, p < 0.01, ωp 2 = 0.02). Positional differences exist in TD, HSRD, and SPD in match-play WCS, and contextual variablessuch as match half, match location and match outcome have a significant impact on the WCS of professional soccer players.

Reaction in team sports involves a series of systemic processes integrating functions to develop a response considering situation, time and space. The aim of this study was to analyze the agreement and reliability of a neuromuscular and cognitive test based on light stimuli to assess integrative reaction time in sports. Fourteen active participants performed two sessions with 10 repetitions of the NeuroPhys Sport Reaction Test (NPSRT). The test showed moderate to almost perfect reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient= 0.53-0.81) and good agreement (Bland-Altman Method, BIAS= -0.0004-0.029) between sessions; there were no absolute mean differences between sessions (repeated measures t-test= p 0.050) and presented moderate to high lineal correlations (Pearson r= 0.53-0.83, p 0.05). The NPSRT could be considered as a reliable test to assess reaction time in team sports. Keywords: reaction; assessment; cognition; team sport; test.

Rojas-Valverde, D., Sánchez-Ureña, B., Ugalde-Ramírez, A., Gómez-Carmona, C., Pino-Ortega, J. y Gutiérrez-Vargas, R. (2020).Variación de la velocidad y la frecuencia cardiaca durante un maratón en un ambiente caluroso. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 18(1), 1-18. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la variación de la velocidad de carrera y la frecuencia cardíaca en corredores aficionados durante un maratón en un entorno de alto índice térmico. Dieciocho corredores aficionados (peso: 65.2 ± 12.21 kg, altura: 168.4 ± 10.6cm, VO2max: 52.9 ± 7.1 ml/kg/min) corrieron un maratón (42 195 m) en cercanía al mar bajo un índice térmico de 27.8 ± 3.52ºC y con recorrido de 0-80 m.s.n.m. La prueba de Pearson mostróuna correlación significativa entre el aumento del índice de estrés termal (TGBH) y la variaciónde la velocidad (r = 0.168,p = 0.049). En este sentido, la duración total de la carrera presentó una relación directa con la velocidad (r = 0.675,p = 0.003) y la variación de la frecuencia cardíaca (r = 0.631, p = 0.007). El tiempo final de carrera se explicó en un 61.6% y 37% por la variación de la velocidad de 26 a 30 km (r 2= 0.61;F = 26.17;p < 0.001) y por la variabilidad de la frecuenciacardíaca en el lapso de 31 a 35 km (r 2= 0.37;F= 10.38;p < 0.001) respectivamente. Enconclusión, el índice térmico provoca una disminución en el ritmo de la velocidad, este efectomayor en la segunda mitad de la carrera. Por lo anterior, entrenadores deben planificarentrenamientos y estrategias para mitigar el impacto de estas condiciones en el desempeño físicoy fisiológico de los corredores amateur.

Rojas-Valverde, D., Sánchez-Ureña, B., Ugalde-Ramírez, A., Gómez-Carmona, C., Pino-Ortega, J. & Gutiérrez-Vargas, R. (2020).Speed and heart rate variation during marathon running in a hot environment. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 18(1), 1-14. The purpose of the study was to analyze the variation of running speed and heart rate in amateur runners during a marathon in a hot environment. Eighteen runners (weight: 65.2 ± 12.21 kg, height: 168.4 ± 10.6 cm, VO2max: 52.9 ± 7.1 ml/kg/min) took part of a beach-side marathon (42195 m) under a temperature of 27.8 ± 3.52 ºC and at 0-80 m altitude. Pearson’s correlationshowed a significant linear relationship between the increase in thermal stress index (WGBT) and the speed variation (r= 0.168, p= 0.049). In this respect, the total duration of the race revealed a direct relationship with speed (r= 0.675, p= 0.003) and heart rate (r= 0.631, p= 0.007) variation. Multiple regressions analysis showed that 61.6% of the final race time was explained by the speed variation in the 26 to 30 km course section (r2= 0.61; F= 26.17; p< 0.001) and 37% by the heart rate variation in the 31 to 35 km section (r2= 0.37; F= 10.38; p< 0.001). In conclusion, an increase in the environmental temperature provoked a decrease in running pacing, with a stronger effect in the second half of the race. Therefore, coaches should take these aspects into account in training and strategies to mitigate the impact of these conditions on the physical and physiological performance of amateur runners.