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In the last decades, numerous financial scandals were reported, many related to earnings manipulation and fraud financial reporting. Analytical models were designed and estimation techniques were improved. However, current design of those models suffers from some limitations. The objective of our study is to bring improvements to the analytical models of detection of potential fraudulent financial reporting practices. Therefore, we separately evaluate the impact of real activities earnings management and innate accruals component on the probability of potential fraudulent financial reporting. The empirical analysis is made on a sample of firms with headquarters in G7 countries and the research methodology consists of time series analysis. The results show that, on a long term, the F score is negatively affected by real earnings management activities. Instead, the innate component of accruals seems to reverse over time, having no significant impact in the long run on the probability of fraudulent financial reporting.

Teleworking is known as a way of the future that enhances economic growth as an accumulation of physical as well as human capital. Using digitalization that increase the procedures and services efficiency and reduce the repetitive work of employers by using technology, teleworking improves firm performance by enhancing efficiency, motivation, and knowledge creation. This paper aims to analyze the influence of teleworking, based on its characteristics and determinants under the influence of financial and pandemic crises, on economic growth as measured by GDP growth; this was performed using econometric models from the literature and fuzzy logic. The econometric analysis included a two-step approach regarding the years 2008–2020 (including COVID-19 pandemic period) for the 27 member states of the EU. The research results suggest that access to the Internet, employment ratio, and average wage significantly influenced the teleworking ratio of the employees. Furthermore, the access to the Internet made a significant difference in using teleworking, given the infrastructure that was already created in the first COVID-19 pandemic wave. Employees took advantage of it and continued, at a lower scale, to maintain social distancing, although the measures taken in the second wave were not perceived to be as tough as in the first one.

Direct foreign investments (DFI) reflect an important characteristic in the development of the world economy, representing the main external funding source for any type of economy, both developed and less developed. These are considered stable motors of the economic growth, as they are based on the long-term relation between the investors and the concerned countries, increasing the flow of foreign investments and thus becoming a target pursued by any government. The objective of this article is the analysis of DFI, the relations between them, the benefits it brings to the economy, the impact of the main macroeconomic indicators on the economic growth with accent on DFI and last, but not least, of the effect that it may have on the economy in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

In this article we present aspects regarding the development of the human resources budget, the calculation methods for the wage bill and the decisions related to the wage policy, alongside a series of examples, in order to convey a better understanding of the topic.

In this article we present aspects regarding the budgetary management of sales and the forecasting techniques used in the budgetary management of sales, as well as a model for the retail (distribution) activity budget. The budgetary management of sales represents the first step in the budget network of a business, defined as a volume calculation that enables the determination of the level of activity for the distribution services and as a value calculation of the proceeds through which the business’s resources are determined.

The aim of this article is to present the techniques for production management, linear programming, the calculation of the needs in components, as well as the methods of charging and bottlenecks, alongside a series of examples, in order to provide the best understanding as possible.

Accounting information can be used to set prices, especially in the case in which the company is a market leader and can impose its own price-setting policy on its market. So, prices are generally already set by market leaders and the existence of competition in the case of similar products requires other organization to adapt their prices in order to match theirs. Even in these circumstances, knowing and understanding costs helps managers make decisions regarding the choice of product/service that must be carried out, the quantity that should be sold and whether the market price justifies the business risk involved in any decision to sell on this market. At the same time, understanding the adopted marketing strategy is crucial to using the information provided by management accounting (regarding costs) for price-related decisions.

The crisis generated by the new coronavirus will lead to fundamental changes and we must start thinking unconventionally and realistically in the face of the future economic state. The new coronavirus is a global issue. In the meantime, this is a fact acknowledged by everyone. We might be inclined to think that a global issue should also lead to a global solution. Nevertheless, Europe and other parts of the globe are not showing much of a change. Instead, we are witnessing not only a “social distancing”, but also an actual “national distancing”. The economic disruption caused by COVID-19 rapidly reduces the number of jobs worldwide, but in most cases, people affected by unemployment have access to government financial support.

Quite often, people ask questions about the size of their retirement funds, nevertheless, demographic changes are fueling an existing insecurity. Thereby, in the actual context, it is necessary to analyze the current retirement system in order to be able to provide reliable solutions in the future. The objective of the research is to elaborate an econometric analysis based on the information available for Pillar II of retirement pensions for each fund apart, but also at the market level. The mandatory private funds of Pillar II are managed by companies existing on the Romanian market. The study aims to analyze the causal relationship between the size of the fund, analyzed through the size of the total net assets, and its profitability. The research method consists in testing the connection between the two variables through a linear regression at the market and individual level, in terms of each fund. The results of the research will complete the already existing researches and, moreover, it will provide an updated base in order to evaluate the previsions regarding the investments made from these funds and act accordingly to increase the benefits that employees receive during their retirement age.

The aim of this article is to present a number of proposals that the professional accountants can suggest to the business environment in order to overcome this difficult period caused by the coronavirus pandemic.

Taxation plays a fundamental role in creating fair societies and building strong economies. It can help curtail inequalities, not just by supporting social mobility, but also by reducing market revenue inequalities. Fiscal policy can also impact employment decisions, the level of investments and the entrepreneurs’ willingness to expand their activities, which all lead to economic growth. Romania’s revenues from labour taxes is much lower than the European Union average. Nevertheless, the fiscal burden related to income from salaries is relatively high, at 39.8%, while the EU average is 38.2%. These numbers attest to the high fiscal burden in our country in relation to labour taxes.

Apparently, defining fiscal behavior is a relatively easy approach, but in essence, this concept requires the research of several elements, both economic and psychological. The taxpayer is the component of the tax system that reflects the fiscal policy and, implicitly, its changes. Thus, research in the field has shown that two types of behavior can be identified by combining several economic, psychological, religious or cultural factors: fiscal compliance or fiscal non-compliance. The research ideea may be motivated by the growing importance of tax behavior and compliance subject, especially in the current economic situation, when taxation has become a controversy at any time and in any society, regardless of the degree of democracy. Moreover, tax compliance does not refer only to the economic aspects, but also to the behavioral aspects that influence the process of raising public taxes. The econometric study analyzes the fiscal correlation between the public debt and tax variables such as tax revenues from direct and indirect taxes or social contributions, conected to the dynamics of the gross domestic product and the scale of payments balance. The study is conducted for two groups of countries: developed and emerging countries. The purpose of this research is to identify both the impact of tax revenues on direct, indirect taxes and social contributions, and that of the dynamics of gross domestic product and scale of payments balance on public debt, showing how fiscal behavior is influenced by the two groups of countries and what factors contribute to this.

The accounting profession must comply with the provisions of the Regulation no. 679 of 27 April 2016 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data and repealing Directive 95/46 (“GDPR”). GDPR requires companies to take mandatory technical and organizational measures to demonstrate that personal data has been secured. Accounting practitioners process personal data and are therefore required to comply with specific legislation in the field of personal data protection. Professionals accountants are directly affected by these provisions as they collect, store and process personal data relating to customers, employees and subcontractors. This article aims to identify the risks and implications that can appear from the application of the GDPR at the level of the economic departments of the companies operating in Romania

Social protection systems are a key factor for ensuring the long-term sustainability and stability of economies in the European Union, their reform being nowadays present in the political agenda of member states. Aging and the dependence on mandatory levies applied to the employed population on the labor market represent a threat for the sustainability of public social protection systems. In terms of sustainability, our purpose was to highlight the factors influencing social insurance budgets, considering the fiscal policies implemented in six countries of Central and Eastern Europe and their particular labor market characteristics. Therefore, a panel study based on a regression model using the Ordinary Least Squares method (OLS) with cross section random effects was used to determine the correlations between funding sources and labor market specific indicators. The data analyzed led to relevant results that emphasize the dependence of social insurance budgets on positive factors such as the average level of salaries, the share of compulsory social contributions, the unemployment rate, and the human development index, suggesting the continuing need for professional and personal development of the workforce.

Esti un antreprenor/manager aflat in cautarea de noi informatii privind intelegerea anumitor aspecte referitoare la situatia actuala, dinamica si perspectivele afacerii tale? Esti un contabil interesat de extinderea portofoliului de servicii din sfera contabilitatii prin interconectarea acestora cu informatii ce vizeaza analiza economico-financiara, procesul de luare a deciziilor si managementul riscurilor? Esti un student aflat in cautarea de informatii utile crearii unei imagini de ansamblu asupra contabilitatii si domeniilor conexe acesteia in vederea crearii unei viziuni holistice asupra unei afaceri? Daca esti in una din ipostazele de mai sus sau pur si simplu doresti sa afli mai mult despre modul de obtinere si utilizarea practica a unor informatii contabile, lucrarea Contabilitatea - instrument de business pentru manageri reprezinta un instrument util pentru indeplinirea obiectivelor vizate. In principal, cartea abordeaza aspecte specifice contabilitatii din Romania, plasate insa intr-un context international. In acest sens, obtinerea si utilizarea de informatii necesare deciziilor manageriale reprezinta, spre exemplu, un “limbaj international”. In plus, analiza performantei unei afaceri este prezentata in mod dual, atat din perspectiva continentala (franceza) cat si din cea anglo-saxona. Nu in ultimul rand, cititorul are ocazia de a-si asuma “riscul” de a incerca sa inteleaga rolul instrumentelor financiare, atat din perspectiva financiara cat si contabila, pentru a putea utiliza, ulterior, informatiile respective in procesul de gestionare a riscurilor existente in cadrul unei afaceri.

The recent global financial crisis has raised a number of questions with regard to corporate governance of banking financial institutions. There was a series of “voices” that expressed their concern and even the lack of confidence in the role of corporate governance at the banking system level, and not only, in preventing the effects of this crisis. The main objective of this research is constituted by the study of the corporate governance influence at the banking system level in Romania on the risks management area and of banking financial performances. The used research methodology is predominantly quantitative. This methodology is based on a descriptive statistics, having as objective the analysis of corporate governance characteristics, the appreciation of the risks management level and the performances recorded at the level of the Romanian banking system. In the realisation of this study, the calculation of central tendency indicators, dispersion and form of distribution were used with the help of the SPSS software under Windows (Descriptive Statistics).

This paper&rsquo, s aim is to analyze the challenges that may arise to the harmonious and inclusive economic development of EU member states from Central and Eastern Europe in the larger context of the European Common Market and the free movement of capital. The theoretical framework on which this paper is based is represented by the thesis of &ldquo, structural dependence on international capital&rdquo, and &ldquo, race to the bottom&rdquo, competition to attract foreign investment and increase the convergence speed in the catching-up process. We have also tackled the consequences arising from the social cohesion perspective, pointing out that a country cannot have at the same time (1) a high degree of social equity, (2) free movement of capital, amid structural consequences that manifest themselves as a result of this freedom, and, (3) a robust position of foreign companies as a share of value added.

Increases in productivity and competitiveness of an economy are based mostly on the actions of companies in terms of providing technical capital to workers and of operations efficiency (management, financial, recruitment, finding markets and suppliers, internal and external communication, etc.) through digitalization. This paper deals with the way in which the economies and companies in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries manage to adapt to the trend that started, mostly after 2000, in digitalization, also, it analyzes the extent to which an increase in the degree of business upgrading via integrating digital technology into the business model leads to a surge in economic performances (productivity, exports) and, consequently, to a greater attractivity to foreign capital flows.

Traditional accounting has lost its instrumental ability of entailing the informational dimensions that are requested in the process of comprehending the phenomenon of identifying and reporting entity’s activity in the context of sustainable development. We would venture to suggest that the financial statements considered under the instruments of traditional accounting must be reconfigured in a larger context under the subtle influence of social and environmental attractors. Therefore, we consider that besides the principles exposed in traditional accounting, a set of principles that underpin the role of the society and of the environment in this context will develop a holistic vision of entity’s reporting. In this article, we analyze the status of development in social and environmental reporting literature and practice and focus on the issues requested for presentation and their implications on shareholders’ information needs. Also, the paper allows new approaches regarding the reporting of high quality information and its implementation into entities’ financial statements, ensuring premises for future research. The data coming from accounting literature, accounting settlers’ requirements and entities’ experience are gathered, analyzed and interpreted in order to bring to light an underlying coherence and sense for the new perspective of reporting: corporate social and environmental reporting.