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Background: The previous review of physical activity (PA) among Croatian children and adolescents was conducted a decade ago. Therefore, the aim of this study was to summarize recent evidence on PA of Croatian children and adolescents and associated personal, social, environmental, and policy factors. Methods: Eighteen experts reviewed the available evidence and provided ratings (from the lowest grade “F” to the highest grade “A+”) for the 10 Global Matrix indicators. A systematic search with 100 keywords was conducted in Hrčak, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science for documents published from January 01, 2012, to April 15, 2022. We also conducted internet searches and secondary analyses of data (relative frequencies) from 6 studies. Results: After assessing 7562 references, we included 90 publications in the review and 18 studies (83.3% of medium-to-good quality) in evidence synthesis. We found a high prevalence of insufficient PA (especially among girls) and excessive screen time (especially among boys). PA participation of children and adolescents in Croatia has declined over time. The following grades were assigned to the indicators for Croatia: B− for overall PA, C− for organized sport and PA, C for active play, C− for active transportation, D+ for sedentary behavior, inconclusive for physical fitness, D+ for family and peers, B− for school, B− for community and environment, and D+ for government. Conclusions: Coordinated actions are needed across sectors to improve PA promotion, with a focus on increasing PA among girls, reducing sedentary screen time among boys, improving parental support for PA, and further development of national PA policies.

Background Sports associations may play an important role in the promotion of health-enhancing physical activity (HEPA) in Europe. However, no recent findings on their commitment to HEPA promotion are available. Therefore, we aimed to determine the level and correlates of the commitment of European sports associations to HEPA promotion. Methods Representatives of 1717 sports associations from 36 countries were invited to take part in a survey conducted within the Sports Club for Health (SCforH) 2015-17 project, and 536 (31%) agreed to participate. The participants were asked about their organisation's awareness of SCforH guidelines and its commitment (0-10) to the promotion of: elite sports; health-enhancing sports; health-enhancing exercise, and other types of HEPA. An overall HEPA promotion score was calculated as the arithmetic mean of the latter three. A multiple regression analysis was conducted with the overall HEPA promotion score as the outcome variable and organisation type (“national association of a specific sport” as the reference group [ref], “European sports federation”, “national umbrella sports organisation”, “national Olympic committee”, “national sport-for-all organisation”), headquarters in an EU member state (“no” [ref], “yes”), region of Europe (“Western” [ref], “Central-Eastern”, “Northern”, “Southern”), commitment to elite sports (“low” [ref], “medium”, “high”), and awareness of SCforH guidelines (“no” [ref], “yes”) as explanatory variables. Results The commitment to HEPA promotion was low (score: 0-3) in 32.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 28.1, 36.0), medium (4-6) in 39.7% (95% CI: 35.6, 43.9), and high (7-10) in 28.2% (95% CI: 24.4, 32.0) of sports associations. Being a national sport-for-all organisation (β = 1.68; 95% CI: 0.74, 2.62; p > 0.001), national Olympic committee (β = 1.48; 95% CI: 0.41, 2.55; p = 0.007), located in Central-Eastern Europe (β = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.01, 1.12; p = 0.047), and aware of the SCforH guidelines (β = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.35, 1.37; p > 0.001) was associated with greater commitment to HEPA promotion. Conclusion Relatively low commitment of European sports associations to HEPA promotion may be increased by raising awareness of the SCforH guidelines and by considering national sport-for-all organisations, national Olympic committees, and organisations in Central-Eastern Europe as role-models in this endeavour.

Background: The Global Matrix 4.0 on physical activity (PA) for children and adolescents was developed to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the global variation in children’s and adolescents’ (5–17 y) PA, related measures, and key sources of influence. The objectives of this article were (1) to summarize the findings from the Global Matrix 4.0 Report Cards, (2) to compare indicators across countries, and (3) to explore trends related to the Human Development Index and geo-cultural regions. Methods: A total of 57 Report Card teams followed a harmonized process to grade the 10 common PA indicators. An online survey was conducted to collect Report Card Leaders’ top 3 priorities for each PA indicator and their opinions on how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted child and adolescent PA indicators in their country. Results: Overall Physical Activity was the indicator with the lowest global average grade (D), while School and Community and Environment were the indicators with the highest global average grade (C+). An overview of the global situation in terms of surveillance and prevalence is provided for all 10 common PA indicators, followed by priorities and examples to support the development of strategies and policies internationally. Conclusions: The Global Matrix 4.0 represents the largest compilation of children’s and adolescents’ PA indicators to date. While variation in data sources informing the grades across countries was observed, this initiative highlighted low PA levels in children and adolescents globally. Measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, local/international conflicts, climate change, and economic change threaten to worsen this situation.

Background Despite recent interest in the mental health benefits of increasing physical activity (PA) and reducing sedentary behaviour (SB), little is known about PA and SB counselling provided by mental health professionals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the attitudes and practices of mental health professionals in recommending more PA and less SB to their clients. Methods Quantitative data were collected using a modified version of the Exercise in Mental Illness Questionnaire in a sample of 17 Australian mental health professionals. The collected data were reported using percentages (for categorical data) and means and standard deviations (for numerical data). Additionally, in focus group discussions, 10 mental health professionals provided in-depth information about their clinical practice, facilitators, and perceived barriers in recommending more PA and less SB. They also provided suggestions on how to potentially improve their PA and SB counselling practices. The focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Results Only 35.3% of participants have undergone formal training in recommending PA in the treatment of mental illness. Most participants (64.7%) ranked PA counselling among the top three types of mental health treatment. All participants reported recommending PA to their clients at least “occasionally”, while 88% of them also provided SB counselling. However, the recommendations provided were usually not specific. The most commonly reported barriers for providing PA and SB counselling were a lack of knowledge and confidence. Participants also believed that, if they were more active themselves, they would be in a better position to recommend PA to their clients, by sharing their own experience of evidence-informed strategies designed to increase PA and reduce SB. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that mental health professionals commonly provide generic PA and SB counselling to their clients. PA and SB counselling in the mental health setting could be improved by: including training on PA and SB counselling in formal education and continued professional training for mental health professionals; implementing interventions to increase PA and reduce SB among mental health professionals themselves; and ensuring support from an exercise or PA promotion specialist as a part of a multi-disciplinary approach to mental health care.

We investigated the effects of increasing physical activity (PA) and reducing sedentary behaviour (SB) of mental health professionals on their attitudes towards and practices in recommending more PA and less SB to their clients. A 4-week pre-post intervention trial was conducted involving 17 mental health professionals. The participants who increased their own physical activity during the intervention increased the frequency of recommending more PA (p = 0.009) and less SB (p = 0.005) to their clients. A relatively simple, low-cost intervention, consisting of group behaviour change counselling, goal setting and positive feedback, may improve the practices of mental health professionals. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2021.1972189 .

Cilj je ovoga rada utvrditi prevalenciju tjelesne aktivnosti i sedentarnog ponašanja policijskih službenika u Republici Hrvatskoj, odnosno utvrditi: a) udio nedovoljno aktivnih policijskih službenika; b) distribuciju tjelesne aktivnosti po domenama svakodnevnog života (posao, transport i slobodno vrijeme); c) vrijeme provedeno u sedentarnom ponašanju policijskih službenika te razlike u navedenim varijablama među pripadnicima različitih policijskih rodova (temeljna, prometna i kriminalistička policija). Uzorak ispitanika činilo je 1820 slučajno odabranih policijskih službenika muškog spola u Republici Hrvatskoj. Za procjenu tjelesne aktivnosti i sedentarnog ponašanja korištena je hrvatska verzija upitnika pod nazivom Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Udio nedovoljno aktivnih policijskih službenika iznosio je 31 % pri čemu je najveći udio nedovoljno aktivnih osoba među pripadnicima prometne policije (41 %). Analiza tjelesne aktivnosti prema domenama pokazuje da postoje značajne razlike u tjelesnoj aktivnosti pripadnika različitih policijskih rodova u svim domenama svakodnevnog života te u ukupnoj tjelesnoj aktivnosti. Medijan ukupne razine tjelesne aktivnosti policijskih službenika iznosio je 3360 MET-min/tjedan pri čemu pripadnici temeljne policije imaju najveću razinu ukupne tjelesne aktivnosti (3840,0 MET-min/tjedan), a najmanju pripadnici prometne policije (2640,0 MET-min/tjedan). Policijski službenici u sedentarnom ponašanju provode prosječno 6 sati dnevno, pri čemu najviše vremena u sedentarnom ponašanju provode pripadnici kriminalističke policije (7 sati dnevno). Zaključno, intervencije za unaprjeđenje zdravlja i radne sposobnosti policijskih službenika trebalo bi usmjeriti na promociju tjelesne aktivnosti nedovoljno aktivnih osoba, posebno pripadnika prometne policije i smanjenje sedentarnog ponašanja svih policijskih službenika s naglaskom na pripadnike kriminalističke policije., The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of physical activity and sedentary behaviour among police officers in Croatia, i.e. to determine: a) proportion of inactive; b) distribution of physical activity across domains of everyday life (work, transport, and leisure time); c) time spent in sedentary behaviour of police officers and to determine differences in above-mentioned variables among members of different organisational police units (uniformed, traffic and criminal police). The sample was comprised of 1820 randomly selected male police officers in the Republic of Croatia. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). The proportion of inactive police officers was 31% whereat the highest proportion of inactive participant was among members of the traffic police (41%). The analysis of domain-specific physical activity showed significant differences among various groups of police officers in all physical activity domains as well as in total physical activity. The median of total physical activity of police officers was 3360 MET-min/week whereat members of uniformed police reported the highest level of physical activity (3840,0 MET-min/week) and members of traffic police reported the lowest level physical activity (2640,0 MET-min/week). The median of sedentary behaviour among police officers was 6 hours a day in sedentary behaviour whereat the highest median was determined for members of criminal police (7 hours a day). To conclude, health promotion and work ability intervention for police officers should be directed towards the promotion of physical activity among inactive individuals, especially members of the traffic police and reducing sedentary behaviour of all police officers with emphases on members of criminal police.

The World Health Organization recommends adults to engage in muscle-strengthening activity (MSA) at least two times per week. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and correlates of MSA in Croatian adults. We analysed self-reported data collected among 4561 Croatians aged ≥18 years within the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS wave 2). We calculated the weighted prevalence of meeting the MSA guidelines, and odds ratios for different population groups, adjusted for a range of sociodemographic and lifestyle variables in a multivariable logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of meeting the MSA guidelines was 8.0% (95% CI: 7.2, 8.8) in the overall sample, 5.4% (95% CI: 4.5, 6.4) among females, and 10.9% (95% CI: 9.6, 12.3) among males. We found significantly lower odds of meeting the MSA guidelines for females, older age groups, inhabitants of sparsely populated areas, those with a low education level, obese individuals, and those who did not rate their health as “very good” (p &lt, 0.05 for all). The vast majority of Croatian adults do not meet the MSA guidelines. Public health initiatives to promote MSA in Croatia should focus on females, seniors, sparsely populated areas, people with low education, obese individuals, and those with impaired health.

Cilj je istraživanja bio utvrditi motive za sudjelovanje u tjelesnoj aktivnosti osoba mlađe i srednje odrasle dobi u Hrvatskoj. Ukupan uzorak sudionika sastojao se od 419 muškaraca (Mdob = 39,85; SD = 1,28) i 442 žene (Mdob = 40,49; SD = 1,31) koji su procjenjivali važnost sedam motiva za sudjelovanje u tjelesnoj aktivnosti (mršavljenje, poboljšanje opće kondicije, povećanje mišićne mase, opuštanje, poboljšanje izgleda, druženje i ublažavanje specifičnih zdravstvenih tegoba). Prema dobivenim rezultatima, muškarci više ističu važnost poboljšanja opće kondicije, izgradnje mišićne mase, poboljšanja fizičkog izgleda i socijalizacije, dok žene znatno češće u tjelesnoj aktivnosti sudjeluju radi reguliranja tjelesne težine i ublažavanja specifičnih zdravstvenih tegoba. U skladu s očekivanjima muškarci i žene mlađe odrasle dobi u tjelesnoj aktivnosti češće sudjeluju radi unapređenja tjelesnog izgleda, dok su osobama srednje odrasle dobi važniji opuštanje i ublažavanje specifičnih zdravstvenih tegoba. Rezultati upućuju na važnost diferencijalnog pristupa u promociji tjelesne aktivnosti muškaraca i žena različitih dobnih skupina. U radu se navode i najčešće barijere za sudjelovanje u tjelesnoj aktivnosti odraslih osoba te načini za njihovo svladavanje., The aim of the study was to determine the motives for the participation in physical activity among young and middle-aged adults in Croatia. The total sample consisted of 419 male participants (Mage = 39.85; SD = 1.28) and 442 female participants (Mage = 40.49; SD = 1.31) who evaluated the importance of seven motives for the participation in physical activity (weight loss, general fitness improvement, increased muscle mass, relaxation, improvement of physical appearance, socialization, and alleviation of specific health problems). According to the results obtained, the male participants mainly point to the importance of general fitness improvement, increased muscle mass, improvement in physical appearance and socialization, whereas the female participants more often participate in physical activity in order to regulate body weight and alleviate specific health problems. As expected, young male and female adults more often participate in physical activity to improve their physical appearance, while middle-aged adults emphasized relaxation effect and health improvement. The results point to the importance of a differential approach in promoting physical activity among men and women of different age groups. The paper also outlines and discusses the most common barriers to the participation in physical activity among adults.

Information on the relationship between domain- specific physical activity (PA) and health- related quality of life (HRQoL) in the general population and specific groups is still scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between PA in work, transport, domestic and leisure-time domains and HRQoL among university students. PA and HRQoL were assessed in a random stratified sample of 1750 university students using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire – long form and 12-item Short Form Health Survey, respectively. The Spearman's rank correlations, adjusted for age, community size, personal monthly budget, body mass index, smoking habits and alcohol intake ranged from −0.11 to 0.18 in female students and −0.29 to 0.19 in male students. Leisure-time, domestic, transport-related PA and total PA were positively related to HRQoL. Inverse correlations with HRQoL were only found for work-related PA in male students. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that only leisure-time PA was related to the Physical Summary Component score (β = 0.08 for females and β = 0.10 for males, P < 0.05). Domain- specific PA levels were not significantly related to the Mental Component Summary score. To get a more comprehensive insight in the relationship between PA and HRQoL, future studies should not only analyse total PA levels but also domain-specific PA levels. The evidence on the positive relationship of leisure-time, transport and domestic PA with HRQoL can potentially be used to support evidence-based promotion of PA in a university setting, and as a hypothesis for future longitudinal studies on such potential causal relationships.

The purpose of this study was to determine the association between physical activity (PA) in different domains (job-related, domestic, transportation, and leisure-time) and health- related quality of life (HRQoL). We used the long version of IPAQ and SF-36 to assess PA and HRQoL, respectively, in a random sample of 1076 Croatian inhabitants. Multiple regression analyses showed a significant relationship between PA and Vitality, Mental Health, and mental summary component score in female participants and Physical Functioning, Bodily Pain, Social Functioning, Mental Health, and physical summary component score in male participants (multiple R range, 0.14-0.21). Leisure-time PA was positively related to HRQoL (β range, 0.11-0.18), whereas transportation (β range, -0.10 to -0.14) and domestic (β range, -0.10 to -0.12) PA was inversely related to HRQoL when adjusted for size of settlement, age, educational level, cigarette consumption, alcohol consumption, and body mass index. Our study added useful information to the body of evidence on the positive correlation between leisure-time PA and HRQoL. Since transportation and domestic PA were inversely related with several HRQoL scales, future studies on the relationship between PA and HRQoL could be important to assess domain-specific PA and not only total PA.

Sve je veći broj znanstvenih dokaza o javnozdravstvenim dobrobitima tjelesne aktivnosti. Tako primjerice, rezultati recentnih meta-analiza koje su provedene na većem broju longitudinalnih istraživanja ukazuju da, u odnosu na tjelesno neaktivne, tjelesno aktivne osobe imaju značajno manji rizik obolijevanja od kardiovaskularnih bolesti, malignih bolesti, dijabetesa tipa 2, kroničnih respiratornih oboljenja, pretilosti i drugih kroničnih nezaraznih bolesti. Osim toga, brojni su dokazi o psihološkim, društvenim, ekološkim i ekonomskim dobrobitima tjelesne aktivnosti. Zbog svega navedenog, Svjetska zdravstvene organizacija tjelesnu neaktivnost svrstava na četvrto mjesto vodećih čimbenika smrtnosti u svijetu. Unatoč brojnim dokazima i upozorenjima o rizicima tjelesne neaktivnosti, većina građana u Republici Hrvatskoj nedovoljno je aktivna. Posebno zabrinjavaju podaci o prevalenciji tjelesne neaktivnosti kod djece i mladih prema kojima je udio neaktivnih veći od čak 60%. Sukladno svemu navedenom, jasno je da promocija tjelesne aktivnosti predstavlja jedan od najvećih javnozdravstvenih izazova današnjice, pri čemu bi posebnu pažnju trebalo obratiti djeci i mladima.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the level, pattern and correlates (socio-demographic, lifestyle and work-related) of physical activity among middle-aged employees in Croatia. Material and Methods In this cross-sectional study the data were collected using a household interview on a random sample of 766 middle-aged employees (52% female) living in Croatia. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-long) was used to assess physical activity. An additional questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic, lifestyle and work-related correlates. Results The median (95% CI) total physical activity for the whole sample was 78.7 (69.1–88.3) MET-hours/week. Most physical activity was accumulated in the domain of work (26.4 (20.3–32.5) MET-hours/week) or in domestic activities (19.2(17.8–20.7) MET- hours/week), whilst a significantly lower physical activity was found in the transport (3.3 (2.9–3.7) MET-hours/week) and leisure-time domains (6.5 (5.7–7.3) MET-hours/week). The multiple regression analysis showed an inverse relationship between educational level and the size of settlements with the domestic-related and total physical activity (β range: −0.11 to −0.22 ; p < 0.01). Among lifestyle correlates, only alcohol consumption was positively related to the total physical activity (β = 0.12 ; p < 0.01), while the perceived level of stress outside work was the only one, which was inversely associated with the work-related (β = −0.09 ; p < 0.01) and leisure-time physical activity (β = −0.10 ; p < 0.01). Conclusions Middle-aged employees in Croatia accumulate most of their daily physical activity in the work and domestic domains. Analysis of the relationship between physical activity and potential socio-demographic, lifestyle, and work-related correlates indicated that physical activity promotional activities should be primarily focused on males, employees living in smaller settlements and those with higher educational levels. The correlates of physical activity among middle-aged employees seem to be domain-specific. Therefore, future studies in this area should consider assessing physical activity in each domain separately.

This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine domain-specific physical activity (PA) levels and their relationship with self-rated health, socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics among Croatian university students. The data were collected using self-administered questionnaires on a random sample of 1,254 students (62.4% females) living in university residence halls in Zagreb, Croatia. PA levels were assessed by using the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), with additional questions asked on gender, age, current year of study, personal monthly budget, community size, smoking status, alcohol intake, body mass index, and self-rated health. The prevalence of insufficient PA was 28.4% (95% CI, 25.1–31.7) and 28.8% (95% CI, 24.6–33.1) among female and male students, respectively. No significant difference was found between genders (p=.867). Male students were significantly more active in the leisure-time domain, while female students reported significantly higher domestic PA (p, Ovo transverzalno istraživanje provedeno je s ciljem utvrđivanja povezanosti tjelesne aktivnosti u različitim domenama sa samoprocijenjenim zdravljem, sociodemografskim karakteristikama i obilježjima životnog stila studenata u Hrvatskoj. Podaci su prikupljeni upitnikom na slučajnom uzorku od 1254 studenta, stanara studentskih domova u Zagrebu (62,4% ženskog spola). Tjelesna aktivnost je procijenjena Međunarodnim upitnikom tjelesne aktivnosti (IPAQ), a dodatnim pitanjima prikupljene su informacije o spolu, dobi, godini studija, mjesečnom budžetu, veličini mjesta iz kojega dolaze, pušenju, konzumaciji alkohola, indeksu tjelesne mase i samoprocijenjenom zdravlju. Prevalencija nedovoljne razine tjelesne aktivnosti iznosila je 28,4% (95% CI: 25,1–31,7) među studenticama i 28,8% (95% CI: 24,6–33,1) među studentima, pri čemu razlika između spolova nije bila statistički značajna (p=0,867). Studenti su bili statistički značajno aktivniji u domeni slobodnog vremena, a studentice u domeni kućanstva (p

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of back pain and neck pain and their relationship with the quality of life in the Croatian general population. Methods This was a cross-sectional study using home-based face-to-face interviews of 1030 participants (51.6% females) 15 years or older. Back and neck pain frequencies were assessed using single items and quality of life using the Short Form Survey and Satisfaction with Life Scale. Analysis of covariance was conducted, where back pain or neck pain frequency was used as the categorical predictor; physical component summary or mental component summary, as the dependent variable; and age, body mass index, and physical activity level, as covariates. Results The prevalence of back pain was 66.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 62.3%-70.3%) and 62.9% (95% CI, 58.7%-67.2%) in females and males, respectively. The prevalence of neck pain was 58.0% (95% CI, 53.8%-62.2%) for females and 53.6 (95% CI, 49.2%-58.0%) for males. Differences between men and women were not significant ( P > .05). Adjusted mean values for physical component summary and mental component summary were substantially lower in participants who reported back or neck pain often/almost always compared with those without pain. Differences ranged from 8.11 to 11.86 points (95% CI, 5.54-13.99) and from 9.61 to 10.99 points (95% CI, 7.35-13.45) in females and males, respectively. Conclusions The findings of this study showed that back and neck pain are highly prevalent and negatively related to quality of life in the Croatian general population. These data might raise the awareness of local government health authorities and lead to improvements in health care service for people with back and neck pain.

S javnozdravstvenoga gledišta, tjelesna aktivnost je ponašanje koje izravno i neizravno može utjecati na zdravlje populacije. Tome u prilog govore rezultati brojnih istraživanja u kojima je potvrđen utjecaj tjelesne aktivnosti u prevenciji i liječenju kroničnih bolesti. Uz vrlo dobro istražene zdravstvene dobrobiti tjelesne aktivnosti, sve je veći broj istraživanja koja ukazuju na psihološke, društvene, ekonomske i ekološke dobrobiti tjelesne aktivnosti. Ne čudi, stoga, da se danas u brojnim zemljama prati rasprostranjenost toga ponašanja u populaciji. Cilj je ovoga rada sažeti rezultate najvažnijih istraživanja prevalencije tjelesne aktivnosti u svijetu s naglaskom na istraživanja provedena na populaciji Hrvatske. Razina tjelesne aktivnosti prikazana je opisom najvećih sustava za praćenje zdravstveno rizičnih ponašanja u svijetu u okviru kojih se prati i tjelesna aktivnost dok su za Hrvatsku sažeti i rezultati istraživanja provedenih na reprezentativnim uzorcima odraslih osoba te djece i adolescenata. Unatoč velikom broju istraživanja, radova i izvještaja u kojima je prikazana prevalencija nedovoljne tjelesne aktivnosti, još uvijek nije moguće izvući jednoznačan zaključak o udjelu dovoljno, odnosno nedovoljno aktivnih u populaciji. Nemogućnost izvođenja jednoznačnoga zaključka u najvećoj se mjeri može pripisati neujednačenoj metodologiji mjerenja tjelesne aktivnosti koja se koristi u različitim istraživanjima. Uz ranije navedeno ograničenje kod donošenja zaključaka moguće je ustvrditi da u populaciji postoji značajan udio nedovoljno aktivnih osoba koji uvelike varira između različitih zemalja. Procjenjuje se da na globalnoj razini prevalencija nedovoljne aktivnosti odraslih osoba iznosi 31 %. U gotovo svim istraživanjima je utvrđena veća prevalencija nedovoljne aktivnosti kod žena nego kod muškaraca i veća prevalencija nedovoljne aktivnosti kod starijih osoba u odnosu na mlađe osobe. Izuzetno visoki udjeli nedovoljno aktivne djece i adolescenata, koji u europskim i sjevernoameričkim zemljama iznosi 81 %, upućuju na potrebu za promocijom tjelesne aktivnosti u toj populaciji. Prevalencija nedovoljne aktivnosti u Hrvatskoj je vrlo slična onoj na globalnoj razini, međutim tome svakako treba dodati podatak od gotovo 60 % stanovnika Hrvatske koji se uopće ne uključuju u vježbanje. Vrlo visoka prevalencija nedovoljne tjelesne aktivnosti kod djece i adolescenata upućuje na poduzimanje urgentnih mjera u smislu promjena navika bavljenja tjelesnim aktivnostima. Uzimajući u obzir podatak o visokoj prevalenciji nedovoljne tjelesne aktivnosti kod odraslih osoba u Hrvatskoj kao i podatak da je u Hrvatskoj 92 % nedovoljno aktivnih djevojčica u dobi od 15 godina te značaj tjelesne aktivnosti za aktualno kasnije zdravlje, razvoj nacionalne strategije za unapređenje tjelesne aktivnosti se nameće kao jedini logičan postupak. Prilikom izrade navedene strategije posebnu pažnju treba obratiti na pripadnice ženskoga spola i srednjoškolce jer je u tim skupinama prevalencija nedovoljne aktivnosti najveća., From the public health point of view, physical activity is a behaviour that can directly and indirectly affect population’s health. This has been well-supported by numerous studies and health benefits of physical activity have been widely accepted. Along with these, there are also psychological, social, economic, and environmental benefits of physical activity, which have been investigated by many studies. Therefore, it is no surprise that physical activity is monitored in many countries. The aim of this paper is to summarize the results of the most important studies of physical activity prevalence across the world with an emphasis on the studies conducted in Croatian population. We presented the prevalence of physical activity by describing the world’s major surveillance systems for monitoring health behaviours. Along with the results of international surveillance systems, we summarized the results of independent Croatian studies conducted on representative samples of children, adolescents, and adults. Despite the great number of studies and reports where the prevalence of insufficient physical activity was determined, it is still not possible to draw an unambiguous conclusion on the proportion of suffi ciently or insufficiently physically active individuals in the population. The inability to draw unequivocal conclusions can mainly be attributed to differences in the methodology of physical activity measurements across various studies. With the above mentioned limitation in mind, it is possible to conclude that there are a considerable number of insufficiently active individuals on a global level. Furthermore, the prevalence of insuffi cient activity varies greatly across countries. It is estimated that the global prevalence of insufficient activity among adults is 31 %. Higher prevalence of insufficient activity among women than men and higher prevalence of insufficient activity in the elderly compared to younger people was found in almost all studies. An extremely high proportion of insufficiently active children and adolescents in the European and North American countries (81 %) indicate that there is a need to promote physical activity in this population. The prevalence of insufficient physical activity in Croatia is very similar to the one on the global level, though the fact that approximately 60 % of Croatian population does not exercise at all, should also be mentioned. Very high prevalence of insufficient physical activity among children and adolescents highlights the need to undertake urgent measures to change physical activity habits. If we take into account the fact that there are 92 % of insufficiently active 15-year-old girls in Croatia and that physical activity is vital for youth’s health, there is an obvious need to develop a national strategy for physical activity promotion among children and adolescents. In this process, special attention should be paid to women and high school students because these are the groups with the highest prevalence of insuffi cient activity.

Literatura nekoga stručnog i znanstvenog područja rabi specifično nazivlje, prevođenje kojega je iz jednoga jezičnoga sustava u drugi vrlo zahtjevan zadatak. Opći i stručni jezik razlikuju se po tome što potonji teži što većoj točnosti izraza. Jezik nekoga područja, stručnoga ili znanstvenoga, ima svoja leksička, semantička, sintaktička, čak i fonološka obilježja koja su specifična baš za to područje. Precizno nazivlje omogućuje valjanu znanstvenu komunikaciju. Isto vrijedi i za znanost o ljudskom kretanju — kineziologiju, a unutar nje i za kineziologiju sporta za pojedine sportove i sportske discipline. Prvi je cilj ovoga rada bio analizirati prijevodne ekvivalente naziva rukomet u engleskome jeziku. Drugi je cilj bio analizirati stručne engleske rukometne nazive i njihove prijevodne ekvivalente u hrvatskome jeziku vezane za: a) bacanja lopte, odnosno za vrste udaraca na protivnička vrata i za dodavanja, b) igrače, c) napad odnosno navalu te d) rukometno igralište. Analizom se prijevodnih ekvivalenata pojedinih rukometnih naziva u hrvatskome i engleskome jeziku nastojalo pokazati da je u normiranju nazivlja nužna suradnja stručnjaka nekoga područja i lingvista. Postupak standardizacije nazivlja treba obaviti sa što većom točnošću i što većom pozornošću kako bi se razvio pojmovni sustav i pridruženo mu nazivlje. Taj se proces, međutim, ne smije ograničiti samo na jedan jezični sustav, već nazivi, kao i pojmovi, moraju biti usporedivi u različitim jezičnim sustavima., Handball-specific terminology has its specific characteristics, as does any terminology connected with a certain sport. In this paper, several selected terms relating to the game of handball were analyzed. These terms included the actual name of the sport, as well as terms referring to types of shots and throws, the handball court, the players, and the attack. The analysis of the name of the sport reveals differences between the cultural environments in which the name was created. The description of a concept and of the name assigned to it is what should be known in one language in order to be able to find an equivalent of this name in another language. The search for a suitable equivalent may end without a consensus having been reached regarding what the description of a certain concept encompasses.

Studies have shown satisfactory reliability of different language versions of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). However, to the best of our knowledge, no previous study reported data on reliability of the Croatian version of IPAQ. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine test-retest reliability of IPAQ in Croatia. We assessed physical activity levels using the Croatian long version of IPAQ in a random stratified sample of 122 Croatian adults (60.1% female) aged 15 to 65 years and in a random stratified sample of 133 university students (61.1% female) living in student dormitories in Zagreb. IPAQ was administered on two occasions, 3-4 and 1-2 weeks apart, in the general population and university students, respectively. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients between test and retest data for domain-specific and intensity-specific physical activity levels ranged between .45 and .77 in the general population, and between .49 and .59 in university students. To conclude, the Croatian long version of IPAQ showed satisfactory reliability for measuring domain-specific and intensity-specific physical activity levels. Nevertheless, a significant amount of unsystematic error in the IPAQ results should always be considered when interpreting the results in relational studies., Dosadašnja su istraživanja pokazala zadovoljavajuću pouzdanost upitnika International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) prevedenoga na različite jezike. Prema saznanjima autora, do sada ni u jednom istraživanju nisu prikazani podaci o pouzdanosti hrvatske verzije IPAQ-a. Stoga je cilj ovoga istraživanja bio utvrditi test-retest pouzdanost IPAQ-a u Hrvatskoj. Dugačkom verzijom IPAQ-a na hrvatskom jeziku procijenjena je razina tjelesne aktivnosti na slučajnom stratificiranom uzorku od 122 odrasla stanovnika Hrvatske iz opće populacije, u dobi od 15 do 65 godina (od čega 60,1% žena) te na slučajnom stratificiranom uzorku od 133 studenta, stanara studentskih domova u Zagrebu (61,1% ženskoga spola). Anketiranje je provedeno u dva navrata, pri čemu su između prvoga i ponovljenoga anketiranja u općoj populaciji prošla 3-4 tjedna, a između dva anketiranja u populaciji studenata tjedan do dva. Spearmanovi koeficijenti rang korelacije između razina tjelesne aktivnosti u različitim domenama i različitoga intenziteta, utvrđeni u testu i retestu, kretali su se između 0,45 i 0,77 u općoj populaciji, odnosno između 0,49 i 0,59 u studenata. Hrvatska verzija IPAQ-a pokazala je zadovoljavajuću pouzdanost u procjeni razina tjelesne aktivnosti. Unatoč tome, prilikom interpretacije rezultata u relacijskim istraživanjima potrebno je voditi računa o nesistematskoj pogrešci IPAQ-a, čija se razina ne može smatrati zanemarivom.

Osim o zdravstvenim dobrobitima tjelesne aktivnosti na individualnoj razini, sve su čvršći znanstveni dokazi o dobrobitima tjelesnih aktivnosti u širem društvenom i ekonomskom kontekstu. Zato ne čudi činjenica da se, posebno u razvijenim zemljama, za različite subpopulacije stanovništva izrađuju i provode strategije promocije tjelesne aktivnosti s ciljem unapređenja zdravlja. Ovim su istraživanjem obuhvaćeni neki temeljni postupci u izradi strategije promocije tjelesne aktivnosti zaposlenika srednje dobi (40-65 godina) u Republici Hrvatskoj. Istraživanje je provedeno na stratificiranom slučajnom uzorku radnog stanovništva srednje dobi. Uzorak je sačinjavalo 766 ispitanika (52% žena i 48% muškaraca). Podaci su prikupljeni metodom strukturiranog intervjua. Na osnovi tjelesnog i mentalnog opterećenja te ostalih relevantnih obilježja radnog mjesta kao što su dominantan položaj pri radu i tipovi opterećenja pojedinih dijelova tijela, uz pomoć taksonomske analize identificirano je pet klastera zaposlenika i četiri klastera zaposlenica: a) zaposlenici i zaposlenice koji dominantno sjede tijekom radnog vremena; b) zaposlenici i zaposlenice koji dominantno hodaju tijekom radnog vremena; c) zaposlenici i zaposlenice koji dominantno stoje tijekom radnog vremena; d) zaposlenici i zaposlenice koje obilježava dominantno sjedenje tijekom radnog vremena te visoko mentalno opterećenje i visoka razina stresa na poslu; e) zaposlenici koje obilježava dominantno prenošenje tereta tijekom radnog vremena. Konačno, predložene su smjernice za oblikovanje programa za pojedine klastere koje sadrže sportsko-rekreacijske aktivnosti primjerene s obzirom na dominantna opterećenja na radnom mjestu i preferencije zaposlenika prema pojedinim aktivnostima., There is growing scientific evidence of physical activity (PA) benefits, not only at individual level, but also social and economic benefits. Therefore, PA benefits have been recognized in developed countries and promotion strategies for PA activities have been developed and implemented. This study presents some basic procedures for the development of PA promotion strategies for middle-aged employees (40 to 65 years old) in Croatia. Research has been carried out on a representative sample of middle-aged employees in Croatia (n=766). Data were gathered by structured one-to-one interviews. On the basis of physical, mental strain and workplace characteristics and by means of cluster analysis, we identified 5 clusters in male and 4 clusters in female participants: a) male and female employees who predominantly sit during work time b) male and female employees who predominantly walk during work time c) male and female employees who predominantly stand during work time d) male and female employees who predominantly sit during work time and are highly mentally strained and stressed out during work time e) male employees who predominantly carry load during work time Finally, we created guidelines for the development of health-oriented PA programs for each group of employees.

Insufficient physical activity is related to the progress of different diseases (1-11), causing 1.9 million premature deaths per year globally (12). Furthermore, physical activity is closely related to mental health and well-being (13-17). Therefore, many strategies for promoting physical activity have been developed and implemented, such as “Global Strategy of Diet, Physical Activity and Health” (18) and “Healthy People 2010” (19). The development of these strategies created a need for standardization of physical activity measurements, which would allow the comparison between different studies from different countries. Although, there is no internationally accepted measure of physical activity (12), International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) is widely used in physical activity studies across the world (20). The long form of IPAQ measures frequency, duration, and intensity of physical activity in 4 domains of life: work, transport, domestic and garden, and leisure-time. Studies have shown an acceptable validity and reliability of IPAQ for use in population-based studies of physical activity (21,22). Although in the European Union and other developed countries a number of population-based studies on physical activity have been conducted, in transition European countries, such as Croatia, there is a lack of such data. In Croatia, there have been some studies on the prevalence of physical inactivity (23,24), but there has been no quantitative data on physical activity, especially with physical activity expressed as metabolic units (MET), which are the units that enable comparison between the studies. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no population-based study in Croatia which examined all 4 domains of physical activity. The aim of our study was to determine physical activity levels in a representative sample of Croatian population aged 15 years and older, using the long form Croatian version of IPAQ.

The aim of this research is to examine university students' attitudes on recreational exercise. The sample included 473 students from the University of Zagreb. We analyzed the data by analysis of frequency and a statistical method called "Relation model of action". The results indicated that there were two general courses in students' attitudes on recreation activities. The first course represents general values and the second course reflects the attitudes on specific sports and recreational activities. It can be concluded that university students recognize the importance of exercise but they do not understand its real meaning and they do not exercise regularly. Therefore, it is important to foster positive attitudes towards exercise early in youth, which would allow young people to preserve the healthy habit of exercise throughout their whole life. There is a need for quality system of education, which would start early in childhood.

Znanstvene spoznaje u posljednja tri desetljeća upućuju na važnost redovitih sportsko-rekreacijskih aktivnosti za zdravlje pojedinca. Osim zdravstvenih dobrobiti tjelesne aktivnosti na individualnoj razini, sve su čvršći znanstveni dokazi o dobrobitima sportsko-rekreacijskih aktivnosti u širem društveno-ekonomskom kontekstu. Zato ne čudi činjenica da je vrijednost sportske rekreacije prepoznata posebno u razvijenim zemljama, gdje se izrađuju i provode strategije unapređenja sportsko-rekreacijskih aktivnosti za različite segmente populacije. Ovim su istraživanjem obuhvaćeni neki temeljni postupci u izradi strategije promocije sportsko-rekreacijskih aktivnosti zaposlenika srednje dobi u Republici Hrvatskoj. Istraživanje je provedeno na reprezentativnom uzorku radnog stanovništva srednje dobi u Republici Hrvatskoj. Srednja dob podrazumijeva osobe starosne dobi od 40 do 65 godina. Ukupni je uzorak sačinjavalo 766 ispitanika (52% žena i 48% muškaraca). Nadalje, uzorak je dvoetapno stratificiran, i to prema regijama (šest) i veličini naselja (četiri kategorije), a ispitanici su u uzorak birani postupkom slučajnog odabira. Podaci su prikupljeni metodom strukturiranog intervjua. Intervju se sastojao od šest zasebnih cjelina: Upitnik za procjenu tjelesne aktivnosti (International Physical Activity Questionnaire - IPAQ), Upitnik za subjektivnu procjenu zdravstvenog statusa („ Zdravstvena anketa SF-36“ ), Upitnik za procjenu tegoba lokomotornog sustava i psihofizičkih tegoba, Upitnik o općim podacima tj. sociodemografskim obilježjima, Upitnik o obilježjima rada i radnog mjesta te Upitnik preferencija i interesa za sportsko-rekreacijske sadržaje. Za sve mjerne instrumente je utvrđena zadovoljavajuća pouzdanost, koja je provjerena metodom test-retest. Za obradu podataka korištene su sljedeće metode: korelacijska analiza, regresijska analiza, Kruskall-Wallisova ANOVA te klaster analiza (K-means). Sukladno prvom parcijalnom cilju istraživanja, utvrđena je razina tjelesne aktivnosti zaposlenika srednje dobi u Republici Hrvatskoj. Preporučenu razinu tjelesne aktivnosti u slobodno vrijeme, što iznosi 30 minuta tjelesne aktivnosti umjerenog intenziteta pet dana u tjednu, dostiže 29, 67% zaposlenika i 32, 75% zaposlenica, što znači da 70, 33% zaposlenika i 67, 25% zaposlenica srednje dobi u Republici Hrvatskoj nije dovoljno tjelesno aktivno. Nadalje, ispitivanje povezanosti tjelesne aktivnosti i subjektivno procijenjenog zdravlja kod zaposlenika srednje dobi u Republici Hrvatskoj trebalo bi poslužiti kao važan argument u shvaćanju važnosti oblikovanja strategije unapređenja i promocije sportsko-rekreacijskih aktivnosti među zaposlenicima. Pa smo tako, sukladnom drugom parcijalnom cilju istraživanja, ispitali povezanosti tjelesne aktivnosti i subjektivno procijenjenog zdravlja. Utvrđena je negativna povezanost tjelesne aktivnosti na poslu i tjelesne aktivnosti u transportu/prijevozu sa subjektivno procijenjenim tjelesnim zdravljem. S druge strane utvrđena je pozitivna povezanost između tjelesne aktivnosti u slobodno vrijeme i subjektivno procijenjenog tjelesnog i mentalnog zdravlja. S obzirom na to da se subjektivna procjena zdravstvenog statusa smatra jednim od najpouzdanijih indikatora za evaluaciju zdravstvenog statusa, zaključili smo kako postoji pozitivna povezanost između tjelesne aktivnosti u slobodno vrijeme i zdravlja kod zaposlenika srednje dobi u Hrvatskoj te, zato, opravdan razlog za izradu strategije unapređenja sportsko-rekreacijskih programa. Naime, sportsko-rekreacijski programi koji su pravilno dozirani, pravilno provođeni i nadzirani od strane stručnjaka (kineziolog sa specijalizacijom iz sportske rekreacije) predstavljaju najkvalitetniji oblik tjelesne aktivnosti u slobodno vrijeme i upravo zbog toga dovode do najboljih zdravstvenih učinaka. Nadalje, rezultati provedenog istraživanja upućuju na to da je tjelesna aktivnosti vrlo složen fenomen te da je prilikom istraživanja povezanosti tjelesne aktivnosti i zdravlja potrebno voditi računa o različitim aspektima tjelesne aktivnosti koji su na različit način povezani sa zdravljem. Sukladno trećem parcijalnom cilju istraživanja, ispitali smo povezanosti tjelesne aktivnosti u slobodno vrijeme s psihofizičkim tegobama i tegobama lokomotornog sustava uvjetovanih obavljanjem pojedinih profesionalnih poslova. Utvrđena je statistički značajna negativna povezanost tjelesne aktivnosti u slobodno vrijeme i psihofizičkih tegoba, odnosno, tegoba lokomotornog sustava. Negativne korelacije, naime, upućuju na rjeđe pojavljivanje tegoba kod osoba koje se više bave tjelesnim aktivnostima u slobodno vrijeme. Sukladno četvrtom parcijalnom cilju istraživanja, na osnovi tjelesnog i mentalnog opterećenja te relevantnih obilježja radnog mjesta (dominantan položaj pri radu i vrste opterećenja pojedinih dijelova tijela) te uz pomoć klaster analize identificirali smo pet klastera kod zaposlenika i četiri klastera kod zaposlenica: a) zaposlenici i zaposlenice koji dominantno sjede tijekom radnog vremena ; b) zaposlenici i zaposlenice koji dominantno hodaju tijekom radnog vremena ; c) zaposlenici i zaposlenice koji dominantno stoje tijekom radnog vremena ; d) zaposlenici i zaposlenice koje obilježava dominantno sjedenje tijekom radnog vremena te visoko mentalno opterećenje i visoka razina stresa na poslu ; e) zaposlenici koje obilježava dominantno prenošenje tereta tijekom radnog vremena. Zatim smo, sukladno petom parcijalnom cilju istraživanja, analizirali razlike između dobivenih klastera zaposlenika i zaposlenica u odnosu na iskazane tegobe lokomotornog sustava i psihofizičke tegobe te preferencije i interese za sportsko-rekreacijske sadržaje. Budući da su se klasteri zaposlenika i zaposlenica značajno razlikovali samo u manjem broju iskazanih tegoba i interesa za sportsko-rekreacijske sadržaje, izradili smo smjernice za oblikovanje sportsko-rekreacijskih programa koje su temeljene isključivo na obilježjima radnog mjesta. Uz navedeno predložili smo i sportsko-rekreacijske programe za otklanjanje i prevenciju najučestalijih tegoba te unapređenje sposobnosti i zdravlja kod zaposlenika i zaposlenica. Smjernice za oblikovanje sportsko-rekreacijskih programa prikazali smo u dva koraka. U prvom koraku opisali smo smjernice za oblikovanje osnovnih i ciljanih sportsko-rekreacijskih programa za zaposlenike i zaposlenice prema pojedinim klasterima koje sadrže najprimjerenije aktivnosti s obzirom na dominantna opterećenja tijekom obavljanja profesionalnog posla te preporuku za doziranje opterećenja vježbanja. U drugom koraku prikazali smo temeljne preporuke kinezioloških programa za djelatnike svih pet klastera te opisali dodatne i dopunske sportsko-rekreacijske programe primjerene pojedinoj skupini zaposlenika.

Analiza nazivlja vezanoga za sportsko-rekreacijske aktivnosti koje je u uporabi u njemačkome jeziku pokazala je kako su značajan broj tih naziva anglizmi. Međutim, nije zanemariv bio ni broj naziva koji su izvorno nastali u njemačkome jeziku. Svaki jezik ima svoje specifičnosti, kako s obzirom na koncepcijsko određenje pojedinih pojmova, tako i s obzirom na njihovo imenovanje. Očigledno je da za brojne analizirane nazive koji se rabe u njemačkome nema prikladnih ekvivalenata u hrvatskome jeziku, stoga je jedini način za njihovo razumijevanje opis sadržaja koji označavaju. Skup analiziranih naziva pokazuje različite načine njihove tvorbe, kao i originalnost u stvaranju novih naziva. S obzirom da je sport društveni fenomen koji se razvija zajedno s društvom, za očekivati je da će broj sportsko-rekreacijskih aktivnosti i dalje rasti, a zajedno s njima stvarat će se i novo nazivlje.

Značaj prirodnog i građevnog okoliša odražava se i na kineziološke sadržaje, odnosno sportske objekte. Suvremena društva, u kojima sport i kineziologija imaju primjećenu i priznatu ulogu moraju uvažavati suvremene potrebe i trendove te jedan sve više eksponirani ekološki osvješteni pristup – održivu gradnju, a time posljedično i održivu gradnju sportskih objekata. Stoga je održiva gradnja sportskih objekata u RH kao logični dio strategije održivog razvoja neminovnost koja se mora sagledati u svom punom značenju i važnosti. Za potpunu realizaciju održive gradnje, a koja ne obuhvaća samo vrijeme gradnje već i ukupan vijek korištenja sportskih objekata, nužan je i kvalitetan menadžment, jer takvo upravljanje sportskim objektima zahtijeva interdisciplinarna znanja. ABSTRACT: The significance of natural and building environment is reflecting on kinesiology contents and sports facilities. Contemporary society, in which sport and kinesiology have been noticed and recognized, must take into consideration the contemporary needs and trends and furthermore one environmentally exposed and awake approach - sustainable construction, and thus consequently a sustainable construction of sports facilities. Therefore, the sustainable construction of sport facilities in Croatia, as a logical part of the strategy of sustainable development, is a necessity that must be seen in its full meaning and importance. To complete the implementation of sustainable construction, which includes, not only during construction but also during the total lifetime, use of sports facilities, is also necessary to have high quality management, because management of sports facilities requires interdisciplinary knowledge.