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This is the first meta-analysis of genomic alterations in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma and shows significant differences in the prevalence of gene alterations between primary tumors and metastases, with the added value of using multiple sampling to identify these alterations more accurately. Our results underline the added value of biopsies of metastases to fully explore the biology of metastatic disease for therapeutic purposes. Although antiangiogenic treatments and immunotherapies have significantly improved the prognosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), many patients will develop resistance, leading to treatment failure. Genetic tumor heterogeneity is a major cause of this resistance. To perform a meta-analysis of genomic data for clear-cell RCC obtained from primary tumors and metastases to assess the prevalence of gene mutations and copy number alterations (CNAs). Articles were selected from Medline and Embase libraries using the search algorithm ("Kidney Neoplasms"[Mesh] OR "Renal Cell Carcinoma") AND ("Genomics"[Mesh] OR "Mutation") from January 1999 to February 2021. A critical review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. Ninety-three publications were selected for inclusion in this meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis included a total 14 696 patients, 14 299 primary tumor samples, and 969 metastatic samples. We evaluated the overall and subgroup prevalence of gene mutations and CNAs, including comparisons between primary tumors and metastases. In particular, for metastases we observed that the mutation prevalence was significantly more marked for ten genes compared to primary tumors, with no or little heterogeneity across studies. The VHL mutation prevalence increased significantly from 64% in primary tumors to 75% in metastases (p < 0.001). There was a significant increase in CNA prevalence from primary tumors to metastases for chromosomes 1p36.11, 9p21.3, and 18 in terms of losses, and for chromosomes 1q21.3, 7q36.3, 8q, and 20q11.21 in terms of gains. CDKN2A , also called p16 and involved in cell-cycle progression, is located at the 9p21.3 locus and was lost in 76% of metastatic samples. ASXL1 , located on 20p11.21 and amplified in 50% of metastatic RCCs compared to 21% of primary tumors (p < 0.001), is closely linked to BAP1 function. Our results underline the added value of preferential biopsies on RCC metastases to fully explore the biology of metastatic disease for therapeutic purposes. We reviewed the literature on genetic mutations in primary tumors and metastatic lesions in kidney cancer. Our pooled results for all the relevant studies show a higher level of mutations in metastases than in primary tumors. This highlights the importance of taking biopsies of metastases to analyze genetic mutations and potentially guide selection of the most suitable treatment strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rooftop solar panels paired with home‐scale batteries are increasingly popular in the residential area and they bring a fantastic opportunity to households, considered as prosumers, to make benefits from trading electricity. Unlike research in the literature, we consider the trading with technical influences of utility requirements: Volt‐Watt and Volt‐Var functions. As possible active power curtailments may occur and lead to economic losses to households, our work reveals how a home energy management system (HEMS) maximizes profit from trading energy with an aggregator and an electricity retailer. Appropriate optimization problems are formulated with technical constraints, these functions, and home appliances. HEMS responses are optimized in two phases. The first phase is for planning an optimal day‐ahead energy commitment to the aggregator with a consideration of the predicted power curtailments. On the day of operation, the second phase tries to follow the commitment by reoptimizing the responses in the real condition. Simulation of a practical power system shows that addressing these functions can mitigate power curtailment, reduce economic loss, and improve home profits. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing number of rooftop solar panels and home‐scale batteries in residential areas enables an emerging energy market for homeowners to take part in. By optimizing the energy usage at home, the surplus amount can be exported to the grid for selling to intermediaries like aggregators at a higher price than a feed‐in tariff set by the government. Though not trading with the power utility, the resulting reverse power flow may cause the service voltage to increase and violate the set upper limit. To avoid this problem, the utility asks all grid‐connected inverters to reduce the reverse power by installing volt–watt functions. Unfortunately, this kind of function may reduce the profits of the homeowners since the exported energy cannot match the amount committed to the aggregator. Our research addresses this issue by proposing a double‐layer optimization for each home energy management system. The first layer optimizes the one‐day home energy usage with consideration of uncertainty in the predicted data of load and solar irradiance to estimate the highest home profit as possible. Then, the second layer tries to reduce the high reverse power with minimal impact on the profit found in the first layer. A simulation of a distribution system shows that the proposed method is able to flatten the power profile flowing reversely to the grid and reduce the drawbacks of volt–watt functions. Homeowners are recommended to practice the proposed method when trading the surplus energy. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers two basic smart inverter functions, volt‐var and volt‐watt control of photovoltaic (PV) generations, as options for power utilities to improve the system performance. Using forecast solar irradiance and load demand, parameters of the volt‐var function are optimally adjusted to reduce the active power curtailment resulting from a preset volt‐watt function. This adjustment is performed in coordination with a step voltage regulator to minimize the social cost derived from daily energy loss and solar generation curtailment. On the day of operation, an adaptive control is applied to each PV system to deal with the potential difference between the predicted and the actual solar irradiance. Effectiveness of the proposed method is well illustrated through time‐series simulations of a tested system containing a 6.6‐kV feeder, which accommodates large‐scale PVs and low‐voltage networks with many rooftop solar panels. Results show that appropriate volt‐var settings can remedy the high‐voltage issue caused by high PV generation and that the conflicts between loss reduction and solar energy exploitation efforts can be solved successfully for a given scenario of electricity prices. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs) are malignant tumors with high metastatic potential and resistance to treatments occurs almost constantly. Compared to primary tumors, there are still limited genomic data that has been obtained from metastatic samples. Methods: We aimed to characterize metastatic ccRCC by way of whole-genome analyses of metastatic formalin-fixed samples, using OncoScan® technology. We identified a frequent, unexpected pL1575P NOTCH1 mutation which we set out to characterize for translational purposes. We thus implemented patient-derived xenografts from metastatic samples of human ccRCC to explore its clinical significance. Results: We showed that pL1575P NOTCH1 mutation was an activating mutation, leading to the expression of NOTCH1-intracellular domain-active fragments in both cancer cells and tumor endothelial cells, suggesting a trans-differentiation of cancer cells into tumor micro-vessels. We demonstrated that this mutation could be used as a predictive biomarker of response to CB-103, a specific NOTCH1-intracellular domain inhibitor. One striking result was the considerable anti-angiogenic effect, coherent with the presence of NOTCH1 mutation in tumor micro-vessels. Conclusions: We identified a frequent, unexpected pL1575P_c4724T_C NOTCH1 mutation as a new biomarker for ccRCC metastases, predictive of response to the CB103 NOTCH1-intracellular domain inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is known and objective: There is limited data on the specific risks of anaphylaxis induced by beta‐lactam drugs. The aim of this study was to compare the risks of reporting beta‐lactam‐induced anaphylaxis using the national pharmacovigilance database of Vietnam (NPDV). Methods: The multivariate generalised linear regression model was applied for signal generation and comparison of beta‐lactams. Results: Between 2010 and 2016, there were 2,921 reports of anaphylaxis (19.93%) from 14,655 spontaneous reports of beta‐lactam use in the NDPV. Anaphylaxis signal generation was also found for the subgroup J01D (cephalosporins and carbapenems) (ROR = 1.27 [1.16‐1.39]) and beta‐lactamase‐sensitive penicillins (ROR = 1.74 [1.27‐2.35]). In the third generation cephalosporin subgroup, different risks were identified for the following combinations of beta‐lactams: 1) cefotaxime with cefoperazone+sulbactam; 2) cefixime/cefpodoxime/cefdinir with cefoperazone+sulbactam or ceftizoxime/cefoperazone/ceftazidime/ceftriaxone/cefotaxime. For the second generation cephalosporin subgroup, different risks were found for cefotiam compared to cefmetazole, cefaclor, cefamandole and cefuroxime. What is new and conclusion: These findings identified and highlighted the different anaphylactic risks caused by various beta‐lactams in the main subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources, featured by intermittent outputs, emphasizes the investigation of the potential effects on frequency deviation in the normal operation and solving the associated problems. This paper proposes a method for assessing the impacts of forecast errors in wind and solar generation outputs on a unit commitment problem. An iterative process is used across different spinning reserve requirements until the hourly average and intrahour variation forecast errors in demand and renewable energy generation are fully compensated at the lowest cost. The process, containing time series simulations, is applied to various confidence levels of the forecasted renewable energy generation so that violations of the frequency limit will not occur in the normal operation. The effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method are well illustrated through a case study on the 2030 power system of the island of Hokkaido in Japan. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]