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This study investigates the potential of using nanofluids, specifically those composed of water and Titanium Dioxide (TiO2 ) nanoparticles, to enhance the thermal performance of a double-pipe copper heat exchanger. By incorporating varying concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles (0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%) into water, the researchers aimed to improve the fluid's thermal conductivity and viscosity. The experimental results demonstrated that the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles led to a significant increase in the overall heat transfer rate. The highest heat transfer rate was achieved at a nanoparticle concentration of 0.3%, indicating an optimal balance between enhanced thermal properties and potential flow resistance. However, a slight decrease in heat transfer rate was observed at a concentration of 0.5%, suggesting that higher concentrations may not necessarily lead to further improvements. The study further revealed a substantial 23% improvement in the efficiency of the heat exchanger when using the 0.3% TiO2 nanofluid. This enhancement is attributed to the improved thermal conductivity of the nanofluid, which allows for more efficient heat transfer between the hot and cold fluids. In conclusion, the findings of this research strongly suggest that TiO2 /water nanofluids can significantly enhance the performance of double-pipe heat exchangers. By carefully optimising the nanoparticle concentration and flow conditions, it is possible to achieve substantial gains in thermal efficiency while minimising potential drawbacks such as increased pressure drop. Major Findings: This study explored the use of TiO2 /water nanofluids to enhance heat transfer in a double-pipe heat exchanger. The addition of TiO2 nanoparticles significantly improved heat transfer, with an optimal concentration of 0.3% leading to a 23% increase in efficiency. However, higher concentrations, while improving thermal conductivity, may lead to increased pressure drop, potentially offsetting the benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal pollution in water bodies poses a significant threat to human health. Exposure to heavy metals like lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic can lead to severe health issues. To address this pressing environmental concern, this study investigates the potential of Tinospora cordifolia as a low-cost biosorbent for heavy metal removal. By examining the influence of factors like pH (5.0), adsorbent dose (3.0 g), and contact time (150 minutes), the study aims to optimize the biosorption process. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of Tinospora cordifolia in removing heavy metals from wastewater, highlighting its potential as a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for water purification. Furthermore, activated carbon derived from Tinospora cordifolia was found to be highly efficient in removing Zn(II) ions from synthetic wastewater. This biosorption technique is not only effective but also straightforward and rapid, offering a powerful approach to mitigate heavy metal contamination. The promising results of this study support the potential for further application of Tinospora cordifolia-based activated carbon in water purification efforts, especially in the treatment of zinc and potentially other heavy metals. The study targeted zinc (Zn II) ions in synthetic wastewater. The results showed that activated carbon derived from Tinospora cordifolia was highly effective in removing zinc, especially under optimal conditions. Major Findings: Tinospora cordifolia proved to be an effective and low-cost biosorbent for removing heavy metals from wastewater. Optimal conditions for maximum metal removal were identified, including a pH of 5.0, an adsorbent dose of 3.0 g, and a contact time of 150 minutes. Activated carbon derived from Tinospora cordifolia exhibited high efficiency in removing Zn(II) ions from synthetic wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing push for miniaturization and increased computational power in electronic devices has intensified thermal management challenges, especially in harsh environments with extreme heat, moisture, vapour, dust, and vibration. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of both direct and indirect cooling methods, focusing on heat transfer efficiency, optimization techniques, and practical applications. It emphasizes the critical importance of thermal management for maintaining the performance, reliability, and durability of electronic systems under tough conditions. The review explores advanced materials and cooling technologies, including the role of Thermal Interface Materials (TIMs) in prolonging the lifespan of Integrated Circuits (ICs) and the use of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) in substrate boards for versatile thermal management. It also discusses the effectiveness of Liquid Cold Plates for battery module thermal management and the potential of micro-channel liquid cooling systems in Switching Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) boards. By offering detailed insights into thermal design principles, the paper guides engineers in optimizing IC chip placement and improving system reliability. Additionally, it examines the evolution of traditional cooling methods, the rise of innovative techniques like thermoelectric cooling, and the impact of advancements in materials, design, and manufacturing on energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. The review highlights promising research areas and emerging technologies, contributing to the development of more efficient, reliable, and eco-friendly cooling solutions for extreme environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the aerodynamic properties of different aerofoil shapes and their performance under varying flow conditions to identify the most efficient design based on lift-to-drag ratio, stall behaviour, and overall aerodynamic efficiency. Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, several aerofoil profiles were analysed at different angles of attack and flow speeds. These simulations were validated through wind tunnel experiments, offering a comprehensive understanding of aerofoil performance in real-world scenarios. The combination of CFD analysis and wind tunnel testing enabled a thorough assessment of each aerofoil shape, leading to the discovery of a specific aerofoil with a high lift-to-drag ratio and stable performance at high angles of attack. These results have significant implications for the design of wings and blades in aerospace and aeronautical applications, improving fuel efficiency and performance in both aviation and wind energy sectors. Additionally, dynamic roughness shows potential in reducing separation bubbles, but further investigation is needed to assess its effectiveness at higher angles of attack and elevated Reynolds numbers. Understanding the scalability and practical application of dynamic roughness in real-world scenarios is essential. Current research on surface modifications like dimples and riblets lacks optimized configurations for varying conditions. More research is needed to understand the interaction between surface geometries and the boundary layer, particularly at higher angles of attack and Reynolds numbers. Combining experimental and numerical methods can provide a comprehensive understanding of flow control techniques. The limited research on applying flow control strategies to wind turbine blades indicates a significant opportunity to improve wind energy efficiency. Future studies should focus on optimizing multiple techniques and addressing practical challenges, such as durability, cost-effectiveness, and integration into existing systems. Investigating the cost-effectiveness and durability of these modifications for long-term use will be vital for their successful adoption in the industry. Expanding research to include the effects of environmental factors like temperature and humidity will offer a more complete understanding of flow control in various operating conditions. By addressing these gaps, advancements in aerodynamic performance can be achieved, benefiting the aerospace and wind energy sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuzzy logic, introduced by Lotfi Zadeh in 1965, is a powerful method for modelling complex experiments. This study utilizes fuzzy logic to simulate and predict heat transfer in a double-pipe heat exchanger equipped with wavy inserts. The inserts, in the form of twisted tapes, have varying twist ratios (TR=9, 7, 6). The study investigates a range of Reynolds numbers (Re) from 6000 to 18000, with friction factors ranging from 0.03620 to 0.08231, and Nusselt numbers (Nu) between 66.13 and 253.28. The results for different twist ratios are compared to the ideal case. The experimental results indicate that the highest heat transfer occurs with a twist ratio of 6, leading to a significant increase of 162% in the Nusselt number and a 36.21% rise in the friction factor compared to the ideal scenario. In the fuzzy logic framework, the input variables are the twist ratio (Tr), temperature, and Reynolds number (Re), while the output variables are the friction factor (f) and Nusselt number (Nu). The study demonstrates that the Mamdani fuzzy inference system is an exceptionally effective tool for predicting experimental outcomes, given its low error rate. Upon analysing the data, it is observed that the graphs plotting the Nusselt number versus Reynolds number and friction factor versus Reynolds number, derived from both experimental data and the fuzzy logic model, exhibit nearly identical trends with a margin of error of just 3%. This high level of accuracy underscores the reliability of the fuzzy logic model in replicating the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]